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Chapter 02
Chapter 02
Solution
(a) D = 0.2 m, Q = 0.02 m3/s, Ω = 151.8 rad/s, ∆p = 150
kPa = ρgH. Calculating the parameters,
ΩQ 1 2 151.8 × 0.021 2
Ωs = = = 0.501.
( gH )3 4 ( 150 )3 4
D( gH )1 4 0.2 × 1501 4
Ds = = = 4.95.
Q1 2 0.021 2
ΩQ1 2 Ω D( gH )1 4 Ω D
Ωs = = =
( gH )3 4 ( gH )34 Ds 1 2
( gH ) Ds
Ω D 75.92 × 0.8
⇒ ( gH )1 2 = = = 24.5
Ω s Ds 0.501 × 4.95
∴ H = 24.52 9.81 = 61.19 m
Ωs 0.501
Q1 2 = ( gH )3 4 = × 6003 4 = 0.80
Ω 75.92
∴ Q = 0.64 m3 s
(1) the rotational speed and the electrical power that can be delivered if the system
efficiency (turbine and generator) is 85%.
Solution.
The power is given by P = ηρ gQH = 0.85 × 9810 × 1.5 × 120 = 1500 kW Ans
( ρ)
1
2 1.5 ×106 2
N P 150
103
N sp = =
( gH ) ( 9.81×120 )
5 5
4 4
= 0.842 revAns
From Fig.2.8 it appears that this turbine should be of the Kaplan class. Details and
appearance of the various classes of turbine are given in Chapter 9.
3
2.8. A hydraulic turbine running at160 rpm, discharges 11 m / s and develops 2400 kW at a
net head of 25 m. Determine,
(1) the efficiency of the turbine
(2) the speed, flow rate and power output of this turbine when running under a net head
of 40m assuming homologous conditions and the same efficiency.
Solution
2
H 2 N2 N2 H2 40
= ∴ = = = 1.265
H1 N1 N1 H1 25
Q2 N 2
= ∴ Q2 = 1.265 × 11 = 13.9 m3 / s Ans
Q1 Q1
3
N
3
202.4
P2 = P1 2 = 2.4 ×106 × = 4.858 ×10
6
N1 160
P2 = 485.8 kW Ans.
2.9. A hydraulics engineer is planning to utilise the water flowing in a stream, normally able to
provide water at a flow rate of 2.7 m3/s, and a head of 13 m for power generation. The engineer
is planning to use a 2.0 m diameter turbine operating at a rotational speed of 360 rpm and at a
hoped for efficiency of 88%.
(a) Determine the likely power developed by the turbine, the specific speed and specific
diameter and the most suitable type of turbine for this duty.
(b) The engineer then decides, first of all, to test a geometrically similar model turbine with a
diameter of 0.5 m, (operating at the same specific speed and specific diameter as the prototype)
and with a head of 4.0 m. Determine, for the model, the volume flow rate, the rotational speed
and the power.
Solution
(a) The power developed by the prototype turbine is
1 1
ΩQ 2 37.7 × 2.7 2
Ωs = 3
= 3
( gH ) 4 ( 9.81×13) 4
= 1.632Ans
From Fig.2.8 it would appear that the most suitable type of turbine is the Francis.
1 1
D ( gH ) 4 2 ( 9.81×13) 4
Ds1 = 1
= 1
2 2
Q 2.7
= 4.09 Ans
(b) As the specific diameter of the model is the same as that of the prototype, after transposing
1
D ( gH 2 ) 4 0.5 ( 9.81× 4 )
1 0.25
2
∴ Q2 = 2 = = 0.306
Ds 2 4.09
∴ Q2 = 0.0936 m 3 / s Ans
Q1 Q2
Using eqn, (2.13a), but writing N instead of Ω , i.e. =
N1 D1 N 2 D23
3
3 3
Q D 0.0936 2
∴ N 2 = 2 1 N1 = 360
Q1 D2 2.7 0.5
Stage efficiency, ηt = 87 %
For both sets of conditions assume that the axial velocity across the stage remains
constant.
Determine,
Assume that the average specific heat ratio for both operating conditions, γ = 1.36
Solution
Part (a)From the rules of similarity, see eqn.(2.9b), the pressure ratios for the hot
engineand as a cold rig are equal, i.e.
p01 p01 11
= = = 2.2 ∴ p02 rig = 2.6 / 2.2 = 1.182 bar
p02 rig p02 eng 5
T
1 − o2
T01 rig γ −1
Also ηrig = ηeng = 0.87 = γ −1
, where = 0.2647
γ
p γ
1 − 02
p01
T02 5 0.2647
∴1 − = 0.87 1 − = 0.1639
T01 rig 11
Part (b)
Dynamic similarity rules give:
mɺ T01 mɺ T01
=
p01
rig p01 eng
= 105 kW Ans
1.36 × 287
N.B. C p = γ R / ( γ − 1) = = 1.084 kJ/kg K
0.36