DATA vs.

INFORMATION
• Data are the foundation of information, which is the bedrock of knowledge.
• Database
• Shared, integrated computer structure that stores a collection of data
ADVANTAGES OF A DBMS
• Improved data sharing
• Improved data security
• Better data integration
• Minimized data inconsistency
• Improved data access
• Improved decision making
• Increased end-user productivity
TYPES OF DATABASE
• Single-user database
• Supports only one user at a time
• Multi user database
• Support multiple users at a time
• Centralized database
• Data located at a single site
• Distributed database
• Data distributed across several different sites
• Operational database
• Supports a company’s day-to-day operations
• Data warehouse
• Stores data used for tactical or strategic decisions
• Extensible markup language (XML)
• Represents data elements in textual format
• XML database support semi structured XML data
DATABASE SYSTEMS
• Database system consists of logically related data stored in a single logical data repository
DATA MODELS
 Define how the logical structure of a database is modeled. Data Models are fundamental entities to introduce
abstraction in a DBMS.
ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP MODEL
 Entity-Relationship (ER) Model is based on the notion of real-world entities and relationships among them.
1. Library Management System 2. Hospital Management system

 Relationship  Relationship
o Borrowed by o Test_log
 Due date o Performed_by
 Return date o Dr_patient
 issue  Entity
o Published by o Test
 Entity  Test_id
o Books  Test_name
 Available  Date
 Price  Time
 Title  result
 Book_id o Patient
 author  Patient#
o Publisher  Name
 Pub_id  Insurance
 Address  Date_admit
 name  Date_checked
o Member o Doctors
 Expiry_date  dID#
 Name  name
 Address  Specialization
 Memb_type
 Memb_date
 Memb_id
 • Mapping cardinalities
• one to one
• one to many
• many to one
• many to many
RELATIONAL MODEL
• The most popular data model in DBMS is the Relational Model. It is more scientific a model than others. This
model is based on first-order predicate logic and defines a table as an n-ary relation.
THE MAIN HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS MODEL ARE:
• Data is stored in tables called relations.
• Relations can be normalized.
• In normalized relations, values saved are atomic values.
• Each row in a relation contains a unique value.
• Each column in a relation contains values from a same domain.
DATABASE SCHEMA
 A database schema is the skeleton structure that represents the logical view of the entire database
WHAT IS RELATIONAL MODEL?
 RELATIONAL MODEL (RM) represents the database as a collection of relations. A relation is nothing but a table
of values.
 Every row in the table represents a collection of related data values.
 These rows in the table denote a real-world entity or relationship.
SOME POPULAR RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ARE:
• DB2 and Informix Dynamic Server - IBM
• Oracle and RDB — Oracle
• SQL Server and Access - Microsoft
TABLES
 In the Relational model the, relations are saved in the table format. It is stored along with its entities
TUPLE
 It is nothing but a single row of a table, which contains a single record.
PROPERTIES OF RELATIONAL TABLES
 Relational tables have six properties:
o Values are atomic.
o Column values are of the same kind.
o Each row is unique.
o The sequence of columns is insignificant.
o The sequence of rows is insignificant.
o Each column must have a unique name.