Billboard (magazine)

Billboard is an American music and entertainment magazine

published weekly by Penske Media Corporation. The magazine
Billboard
provides music charts, news, video, opinion, reviews, events, and
style related to the music industry. Its music charts include the Hot
100, the 200, and the Global 200, tracking the most popular
albums and songs in different genres of music. It also hosts events,
owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows.

Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James

Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later
acquired Hennegan's interest in 1900 for $500. In the early years
of the 20th century, it covered the entertainment industry, such as
circuses, fairs, and burlesque shows, and also created a mail
service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more
on the music industry as the jukebox, phonograph, and radio
became commonplace. Many topics it covered were spun-off into
different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to
cover outdoor entertainment, so that it could focus on music. After
Donaldson died in 1925, Billboard was passed down to his
children and Hennegan's children, until it was sold to private
investors in 1985, and has since been owned by various parties. November 16, 2019, cover
featuring Paul McCartney and
highlighting the magazine's 125th
anniversary
Contents
Editor Hannah Karp
History
Former Lee Zhito, Tony
Early history
editors Gervino, Bill Werde,
Focus on music
Tamara Conniff
Changes in ownership
Categories Entertainment
1990s–present
Frequency Weekly
News publishing
Publisher Lynne Segall
Listicles
Total 17,000 magazines per
See also
circulation week
Notes 15.2 million unique
References visitors per month[1]
External links Founder William Donaldson
Archives and James Hennegan
Founded November 1, 1894 (as
Billboard Advertising)
History Company Eldridge Industries
Early history Country United States
Based in New York City
The first issue of Billboard was
Language English
published in Cincinnati, Ohio, by
William Donaldson and James Website billboard.com (http://bil
Hennegan on November 1, lboard.com)
1894. [2][3] Initially, it covered the ISSN 0006-2510 (https://ww
advertising and bill posting w.worldcat.org/searc
industry,[4] and was known as
h?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:000
Billboard Advertising.[5][6][a] At
6-2510)
the time, billboards, posters, and
paper advertisements placed in
public spaces were the primary means of advertising.[6] Donaldson handled
editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing
First issue of Billboard
Co., managed magazine production. The first issues were just eight pages
(1894)
long.[7] The paper had columns like "The Bill Room Gossip" and "The
Indefatigable and Tireless Industry of the Bill Poster".[2] A department for
agricultural fairs was established in 1896.[8] The Billboard Advertising publication was renamed The
Billboard in 1897.[9]

After a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegan's interest in the business
in 1900 for $500 (equal to $13,100 today) to save it from bankruptcy.[7][10] On May 5, Donaldson changed
it from a monthly to a weekly paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial
quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London, and Paris,[9][10] and also
re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment such as fairs, carnivals, circuses, vaudeville, and
burlesque shows.[2][9] A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent
coverage of outdoor events in 1901.[8] Billboard also covered topics including regulation, a lack of
professionalism, economics, and new shows. It had a "stage gossip" column covering the private lives of
entertainers, a "tent show" section covering traveling shows, and a sub-section called "Freaks to order".[2]
According to The Seattle Times, Donaldson also published news articles "attacking censorship, praising
productions exhibiting 'good taste' and fighting yellow journalism".[11]

As railroads became more developed, Billboard set up a mail forwarding system for traveling entertainers.
The location of an entertainer was tracked in the paper's Routes Ahead column, then Billboard would
receive mail on the star's behalf and publish a notice in its "Letter-Box" column that it had mail for them.[2]
This service was first introduced in 1904, and became one of Billboard's largest sources of profit[11] and
celebrity connections.[2] By 1914, there were 42,000 people using the service.[7] It was also used as the
official address of traveling entertainers for draft letters during World War I.[12] In the 1960s, when it was
discontinued, Billboard was still processing 1,500 letters per week.[11]

In 1920, Donaldson made a controversial move by hiring African-American journalist James Albert
Jackson to write a weekly column devoted to African-American performers.[2] According to The Business
of Culture: Strategic Perspectives on Entertainment and Media, the column identified discrimination
against black performers and helped validate their careers.[2] Jackson was the first black critic at a national
magazine with a predominantly white audience. According to his grandson, Donaldson also established a
policy against identifying performers by their race.[11] Donaldson died in 1925.[2]

Focus on music
Billboard's editorial changed focus as technology in recording and playback developed, covering "marvels
of modern technology" such as the phonograph and wireless radios.[2] It began covering coin-operated
entertainment machines in 1899, and created a dedicated section for them called "Amusement Machines" in
March 1932.[10] Billboard began covering the motion picture industry in 1907,[8] but ended up focusing on
music due to competition from Variety.[13] It created a radio broadcasting station in the 1920s.[9]

The jukebox industry continued to grow through the Great Depression, and was advertised heavily in
Billboard,[9]: 2 62  which led to even more editorial focus on music.[9] The proliferation of the phonograph
and radio also contributed to its growing music emphasis.[9] Billboard published the first music hit parade
on January 4, 1936,[14] and introduced a "Record Buying Guide" in January 1939.[10] In 1940, it
introduced "Chart Line", which tracked the best-selling records, and was followed by a chart for jukebox
records in 1944 called Music Box Machine charts.[9][10] By the 1940s, Billboard was more of a music
industry specialist publication.[5] The number of charts it published grew after World War II, due to a
growing variety of music interests and genres. It had eight charts by 1987, covering different genres and
formats,[10] and 28 charts by 1994.[11]

By 1943, Billboard had about 100 employees.[8] The magazine's offices moved to Brighton, Ohio, in 1946,
then to New York City in 1948.[11] A five-column tabloid format was adopted in November 1950 and
coated paper was first used in Billboard's print issues in January 1963, allowing for photojournalism.[10]
Sometime prior to September 1960, the name had been changed to The Billboard.[15]

Billboard Publications Inc. acquired a monthly trade magazine for candy and cigarette machine vendors
called Vend, and, in the 1950s, acquired an advertising trade publication called Tide.[9] By 1969, Billboard
Publications Inc. owned eleven trade and consumer publications, a publisher called Watson-Guptill
Publications, a set of self-study cassette tapes, and four television franchises. It also acquired Photo Weekly
that year.[9]

Over time, subjects that Billboard still covered outside of music were spun-off into separate publications:
Funspot magazine was created in 1957 to cover amusement parks, and Amusement Business was created in
1961 to cover outdoor entertainment. In January 1961, Billboard was renamed as Billboard Music
Week[6][9] to emphasize its newly exclusive interest in music.[13] Two years later, it was renamed to just
Billboard.[9][10] According to The New Business Journalism, by 1984, Billboard Publications was a
"prosperous" conglomerate of trade magazines, and Billboard had become the "undisputed leader" in music
industry news.[5] In the early 1990s, Billboard introduced Billboard Airplay Monitors, a publication for disc
jockeys and music programmers.[6] By the end of the 1990s, Billboard dubbed itself the "bible" of the
recording industry.[6]

Changes in ownership

Billboard struggled after its founder William Donaldson died in 1925, and, within three years, was once
again heading towards bankruptcy.[9] Donaldson's son-in-law Roger Littleford took over in 1928 and
"nursed the publication back to health".[9][12] His sons Bill and Roger became co-publishers in 1946[12]
and inherited the publication in the late 1970s after Roger Littleford's death.[9] They sold it to private
investors in 1985 for an estimated $40 million.[16] The investors cut costs and acquired a trade publication
for the Broadway theatre industry called Backstage.[9]

In 1987, Billboard was sold again to Affiliated Publications for $100  million.[16] Billboard Publications
Inc. became a subsidiary of Affiliated Publications called BPI Communications.[9] As BPI
Communications, it acquired The Hollywood Reporter, Adweek, Marketing Week, and Mediaweek, and
also purchased Broadcast Data Systems, a high-tech firm for tracking music airtime.[9] Private investors
from Boston Ventures and BPI executives re-purchased a two-thirds interest in Billboard Publications for
$100  million, and more acquisitions followed. In 1993, it created a division known as Billboard Music
Group for music-related publications.[9]

In 1994, Billboard Publications was sold to Dutch media conglomerate Verenigde Nederlandse
Uitgeverijen (VNU) for $220 million.[17][b] VNU acquired the Clio Awards in advertising and the National
Research Group in 1997, as well as Editor & Publisher in 1999. In July 2000, it paid $650 million for the
publisher Miller Freeman. BPI was combined with other entities in VNU in 2000 to form Bill
Communications Inc. By the time CEO Gerald Hobbs retired in 2003, VNU had grown substantially
larger, but had a large amount of debt from the acquisitions. An attempted $7  billion acquisition of IMS
Health in 2005 prompted protests from shareholders that halted the deal; it eventually agreed to an
$11 billion takeover bid from investors in 2006.[9]

VNU then changed its name to Nielsen in 2007, the namesake of a company it acquired for $2.5 billion in
1999.[19][20] New CEO Robert Krakoff divested some of the previously owned publications, restructured
the organization, and planned some acquisitions before dying suddenly in 2007; he was subsequently
replaced by Greg Farrar.[9]

Nielsen owned Billboard until 2009, when it was one of eight publications sold to e5 Global Media
Holdings. e5 was formed by investment firms Pluribus Capital Management and Guggenheim Partners for
the purpose of the acquisition.[21][22] The following year, the new parent company was renamed as
Prometheus Global Media.[23] Three years later, Guggenheim Partners acquired Pluribus' share of
Prometheus and became the sole owner of Billboard.[24][25]

In December 2015, Guggenheim Digital Media spun out several media brands, including Billboard, to its
own executive Todd Boehly.[26][27] The assets operate under the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media
Group, a unit of the holding company Eldridge Industries.[28]

1990s–present

Timothy White was appointed editor-in-chief in 1991, a position he held until his unexpected death in
2002. White wrote a weekly column promoting music with "artistic merit", while criticizing music with
violent or misogynistic themes,[29] and also reworked the publication's music charts.[29] Rather than relying
on data from music retailers, new charts used data from store checkout scanners obtained from Nielsen
SoundScan.[9] White also wrote in-depth profiles on musicians,[30] but was replaced by Keith Girard, who
was subsequently fired in May 2004. He and a female employee filed a $29 million lawsuit alleging that
Billboard fired them unfairly with an intent to damage their reputations.[31] The lawsuit claimed that they
experienced sexual harassment, a hostile work environment, and a financially motivated lack of editorial
integrity.[31][32] Email evidence suggested that human resources were given special instructions to watch
minority employees.[32] The case was settled out-of-court in 2006 for a non-disclosed sum.[33]

In the 2000s, economic decline in the music industry dramatically reduced readership and advertising from
Billboard's traditional audience.[31][34] Circulation declined from 40,000 in circulation in the 1990s to less
than 17,000 by 2014.[33] The publication's staff and ownership were also undergoing frequent changes.[32]

In 2004, Tamara Conniff became the first female and youngest-ever executive editor at Billboard, and led
its first major redesign since the 1960s, by Daniel Stark and Stark Design. During her tenure, Billboard
newsstand sales jumped 10%, ad pages climbed 22%, and conference registrations rose 76%.[35] In 2005,
Billboard expanded its editorial outside the music industry into other areas of digital and mobile
entertainment. In 2006, after leading Billboard's radio publication, former ABC News and CNN journalist,
Scott McKenzie, was named editorial director across all Billboard properties.[36] Conniff launched the
Billboard Women in Music event in 2007.[37][38][39][40]

Bill Werde was named editorial director in 2008,[41] and was followed by Janice Min in January 2014, also
responsible for editorial content at The Hollywood Reporter.[41] The magazine has since been making
changes to make it more of a general interest music news source as opposed to solely an industry trade,
branching out into covering more celebrity, fashion, and gossip.[33][34][42] Min hired Tony Gervino as the
publication's editor, which was unusual, in that he did not have a background in the music industry.[42]
Tony Gervino was appointed editor-in-chief in April 2014.[43] An item on NPR covered a leaked version
of Billboard's annual survey, which it said had more gossip and focused on less professional topics than
prior surveys. For example, it polled readers on a lawsuit that singer Kesha filed against her producer
alleging sexual abuse.[33]

Gervino was let go in May 2016. A note from Min to the editorial staff indicated that Senior Vice President
of Digital Content Mike Bruno would serve as the head of editorial moving forward.[44]
On June 15, 2016,
BillboardPH, the first Billboard chart company in Southeast Asia, mainly in the Philippines, was
announced.[45] On September 12, 2016, Billboard expanded into China by launching Billboard China in a
partnership with Vision Music Ltd.[46]

On September 23, 2020, it was announced that Penske Media Corporation would assume operations of the
MRC Media & Info publications under a joint venture with MRC known as PMRC. The joint venture
includes management of Billboard.[47]

News publishing
Billboard publishes a news website and weekly trade magazine that cover music, video and home
entertainment. Most of the articles are written by staff writers, while some are written by industry
experts.[10] It covers news, gossip, opinion,[2] and music reviews, but its "most enduring and influential
creation" is the Billboard charts.[6] The charts track music sales, radio airtime and other data about the most
popular songs and albums.[6] The Billboard Hot 100 chart of the top-selling songs was introduced in 1958.
Since then, the Billboard 200, which tracks the top-selling albums, has become more popular as an
indicator of commercial success.[2] Billboard has also published books in collaboration with Watson-Guptill
and a radio and television series called American Top 40, based on Billboard charts.[10] A daily Billboard
Bulletin was introduced in February 1997[6] and Billboard hosts about 20 industry events each year.[1]

Billboard is considered one of the most reputable sources of music industry news.[11][34] The website
includes the Billboard Charts, news separated by music genre, videos, and a separate website. It also
compiles lists, hosts a fashion website called Pret-a-Reporter, and publishes eight different newsletters. The
print magazine's regular sections include:[1]

Hot 100: A chart of the top 100 most popular songs of the week
Topline: News from the week
The Beat: Hitmaker interviews, gossip and trends in the music industry
Style: Fashion and accessories
Features: In-depth interviews, profiles and photography
Reviews: Reviews of new albums and songs
Backstage pass: information about events and concerts
Charts and CODA: More information about current and historical Billboard Charts
Listicles
Billboard is known for publishing several annual listicles on its website, in recognition of the most
influential executives, artists and companies in the music industry, such as the following:

21 Under 21[48]
40 Under 40[49]
Women in Music[50]
Billboard Dance 100[51]
Billboard Power 100[52]
Dance Power Players[53]
Digital Power Players[54]
Hip-Hop Power Players[55]
Indie Power Players[56]
Latin Power Players[57]

See also
Billboard Argentina
Billboard Brasil
Billboard Candid Covers
Billboard Japan
Billboard K-Town
Billboard Mashup Mondays
Billboard Touring Awards
Billboard Türkiye
Top Heatseekers

Notes
a. Some sources say it was called The Billboard Advertiser[2]
b. 19 publications according to the Chicago Tribune[18]

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External links
Official website (https://www.billboard.com/)

Archives
Billboard Archive on Google Books (https://books.google.com/books?id=VxMEAAAAMBAJ)
1940–2010 (https://books.google.com/books/about/Billboard.html?id=pBQEAAAAMBAJ)
archived online by Google Books
Charts since 1958, articles since 2001, reviews 2008-2016 (https://www.billboard.com/archiv
e) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20111207163132/http://www.billboard.com/archive)
December 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine archived online by Billboard
World Radio History (https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard-Magazine.ht
m) (1920–2014). Incomplete.

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