I.

Look at the following extract from a text about a psychology experiment:

In the year 1971, Zimbardo accepted a tenured position as professor of psychology at Stanford
University. There he conducted the Stanford prison study, in which 21 normal college students
were randomly assigned to be "prisoners" or "guards" in a mock prison located in the basement
of the psychology building at Stanford. The two-week planned study into the psychological
impact of prison life ended only after 6 days due to emotional trauma being experienced by the
participants.

Are the following statements true, false or not given?

1. The participants in the study were all psychology students.

2. They were given the choice of playing the role of prisoner or guard.

3. A real prison was used in the experiment.

4. The study aimed to investigate the mental and behavioural effects of life in prison.

II. Read the text below about Issac Newton.

Sir Isaac Newton was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher,
alchemist, and theologian. His Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Latin for
"Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"; usually called the Principia), published in
1687, is one of the most important scientific books ever written. It lays the groundwork for most
of classical mechanics.

Newton is considered by many scholars and members of the general public to be one of the most
influential people in human history. French mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange often said that
Newton was the greatest genius who ever lived. Newton himself had been rather more modest of
his own achievements, famously writing in a letter to Robert Hooke in February 1676: “If I have
seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.”

Are the following statements TRUE, FALSE or NOT GIVEN?

1. Newton's Principia is recognised as a groundbreaking text in its field.
2. Many experts regard Newton as the greatest genius the world has seen.
3. Newton wrote that he had achieved everything without the help of others.

III. The following excerpt comes from test 3 in Cambridge IELTS book 10.

The travel industry includes: hotels, motels and other types of accommodation; restaurants and
other food services; transportation services and facilities; amusements, attractions and other
leisure facilities; gift shops and a large number of other enterprises. Since many of these
businesses also serve local residents, the impact of spending by visitors can easily be overlooked
or underestimated. In addition, Meis (1992) points out that the tourism industry involves
concepts that have remained amorphous to both analysts and decision makers. Moreover, in all
nations this problem has made it difficult for the industry to develop any type of reliable or
credible tourism information base in order to estimate the contribution it makes to regional,
national and global economies.

Are the two statements below true, false, or not given?

1. Visitor spending is always greater than the spending of residents in tourist areas.

2. It is easy to show statistically how tourism affects individual economies.

IV.

Primal Therapy

Primal therapy is a trauma-based psychotherapy created by Arthur Janov, who argues that
neurosis is caused by the repressed pain of childhood trauma. According to Janov, repressed pain
can be sequentially brought to conscious awareness for resolution through re-experiencing
specific incidents and fully expressing the resulting pain during therapy. In therapy, the patient
recalls and reenacts a particularly disturbing past experience, usually from early in life, and
expresses normally repressed anger or frustration, especially through spontaneous and
unrestrained screams, hysteria or violence. Janov criticises the talking therapies as they deal
primarily with the cerebral cortex and higher-reasoning areas and do not access the source of
emotional pain within the more basic parts of the central nervous system.

Primal therapy became very influential during a brief period in the early 1970s, after the
publication of Janov's first book, The Primal Scream. It inspired hundreds of spin-off clinics
worldwide and served as an inspiration for many popular cultural icons. Singer-songwriter John
Lennon and actor James Earl Jones were prominent advocates of primal therapy. However, it has
since declined in popularity, partly because Janov did not produce enough evidence to convince
research-oriented psychotherapists of its effectiveness.

Are the following statements true, false or not given?

1. During primal therapy sessions, patients are encouraged to remember traumatic

childhood events.

2. Primal therapy patients must talk calmly to the therapist.

3. Primal therapy enjoyed a short heyday.

4. Although it is less popular these days, many people still advocate this form of therapy.