Ind Management

Correspondence Course
J Mechanical Engineering
Industrial Engineering
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I ME I Correspondence Course
Syllabus
Eng~-ering Metrology: - Linear 1\1easurements, Tolerances, Interchangeability,

Lim:~~~ Size, Indian Standard, ISO Systems of Limits and Fits, Plain Gauges,
Gauge Design, Positional Tolerances, Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing,
Comparator- Characteristics of Comparator, Different types of Comparators,
Straightness, Flatness, Squareness, Parallelism, Circularity and Rotation, Angular
Measurement, Measurement of Surface Finish, Principle of Jigs and Fixtures
Design.
2. Production, Planning and Control: - Types of Layout, Forecasting- Long Term

Forecasting, Short Term Forecasting, Correlation Co -effiCient, The Moving
Average Forecaster, Exponential Smoothing Forecaster, Loading, Master
Scheduling, Perpetual Loading, Order Scheduling, Dispatching, Routing,
Johnson's Algorithm.
3. Inventory Management:- Introduction, Parameters for Regulation of Inventory

Level, Economic Batch Quantity under different conditions, ' ABC Analysis.
4. Operating Research:- PERT & CPM- PERT Network, Error in Drawing Networks,
Dummy Activity, Time Estimates, Earliest Expected Time, Latest Occurrence
Time, Float and Slack, CPM, CPM Network, Cost Analysis; Linear Programming-
Linear Equation and Inequalities, Optimization Problem, Graphical Solution,
Simplex Technique, Degeneracy, Duality; Transportation- Voge l's Approximation
Method, Assignment; Queuing Theory- Queuing System, Characteristics of
Queuing Systems, Queue Discipline, Queue Model with Poisson Input-Exponential
Service, Decision Variable.
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I:
...u
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--
~
a. Topics Covered
en
- I:
• Limits, Fits and Tolerances
• Linear and Angular Measurement
• Comparators
• Form and Finish Measurement
• Work Holding Devices
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METROLOGY AND INSPECTION
When ' a system has been worked out, so that any component will assemble correctly
with any mating component, both being chosen at random, the system is called an
interchangeable system.
Concept of Interchangeability:-
It is very difficult to manufacture any component or part with exact dimensions due to
human in accuracy or machine or process incapability . Thus for the components to meet
functional aspect as well as to bring down the cost of production, principle of
interchangeability concept is introduced. Interchangeable production means production
of parts to such a degree of accuracy that will ensure an assembly which will meet the
functional requirements.
Tolerances:-
Tolerance can be defined as the magnitude of permissible variation of a dimension or
other measured or control .criterion from the specified value. The primary purpose of
tolerances is to permit variation in dimensions without degradation of the performance
beyond the lim its established by the specification of the design .
Basic Dim ension:-

A basic dimension is the dimension, as worked out by purely design considerations.
Since the ideal conditions of producing basic dimension do not exist. The basic
dimension can be treated as theoretical or nominal size, and it has only to be
approximated.
Different ways of expressing Tolerances:-

Tolerances are basica lly specified in two forms
i. Unilateral :- In this approach, the total tolerance as related to a basic dimension
is in one direction only.
ii. Bilateral:- In case of bilateral tolerances, the total tolerance is specified on both
sides (Plus and minus) of the basic dimension . Bilateral tolerances usually have
plus and minus tolerance of equal amount, but not necessarily always.
Limits of Size:-
There are three considerations in deciding the limits necessary for a particular
dimension. These are
i. Functio-:, requirement:- Functio" of the component, what is required to do.

ii. interchange ability:- Ease of replacement in the event of failure
iii. Economics:- Minimization of production time and cost.
Degree of tolerance thus decides the limit of size. A limit system consists of a
series tolerances arranged to suit a specific range of sizes and functions, so that
limits of size may be selected and given to mating components to ensure specific
classes of fit.
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Some Important Definitions:-

1. Nominal size:- The nominal size of a dimension or part is the size by which it is
2.
referred to as a matter of convenience.
Basic size:- This is the size of a part in relation to which an -limits of variation are
. (
determined. Often, basic size and nominal size of a part oftJimension are used with
the same sense. 1 ',C
(k1'
3. Zero Line:- This is a line which represents the basic size so that the deviation
from the basic size is zero.
3:
Ow
....IN
w_
eill./)
f-U
z-
:::ll./)
0<1:
eil
L
<1: ZERO LINE
BASIC SIZE
3:
Ow
....IN
w_
eill./)
f-U
z-
=>1./)
0<1:
eil
L
<1:
HOLE HOLE HOLE
ABOVE OF BELOW
BASIC BASIC BASIC
SIZE SIZE SIZE
BASIC SIZE & ZERO LINE
4. Actual size:- This is the measured size

5. Limits:- These are two extreme permissible sizes for any dimension (high and
low) •
6. Tolerances:- Tolerance on a dimension is the difference between the high and low
limits of size. It varies with different grades of work. It can be unilateral or
bilateral.
7. Allowances:- An intentional difference between the hole dimension and shaft
dimension for any type of fit is called the allowance. Maximum allowance is
obtained by subtracting the maximum shaft size lrom the largest hole size and the
minimum allowance is the di(ference between the largest shaft and the smallest
hole size. Thus allowance is positive for clearance fit and negative for interfe'rence
fit.
8. Fits:- When two parts are to be assembled, the relation resulting from the
difference between their sizes before assembly is called a fit. Depending upon the
actual limits of hole or shaft, the fit may be clearance fit or a transition fit or an
interference fit.
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i. Clearance fit :- in thi s t ype of fit, the largest permitted shaft diameter is
,L' smaller than the diameter of the smallest hole, so that the shaft can rotate or
slide though wi t h different degrees of freedom according to the purpose of the
mating members
II J' f
.i i. Interferenc~ait:- In t hi s t ype of fit, the minimum permitted diameter of the

shaft is la rger t ha n the max imum allowable diameter of the hole. In this case,
the shaft and t he hole members are intended to be attached permanently arid
used as a solid compo nent.
iii. Transition fit:- I n a fit of this type, the diameter of the largest allowable hole
is greater t han tha t of the smallest shaft, but the smallest hole is smaller than
the largest shaft, so th at small positive or negative clearance between the shaft
and hole membe rs 'are e'r«ployable .
CLE ARANC E FIT INTERFERANCE FIT TRANSITION FIT
9. Deviation:- Deviation is def ined as the algebraic difference between a size

(actual, maximum etc.) and th e corresponding basic size.
10. Upper Deviat ion:- This is the algebraic difference between the maximum limit
of size (of either hole or shaft) and the corresponding basic size. It is
deSignated by letters ES for hole and es for shaft. It is a positive quantity when
the maximum limit of size is greater than the baSi size and a negative quantity
when the maximu m limit of size is less than the bac:jf size.
11. Lower Deviation:- This is t he algebraic differ~ .Ice between minimum limit of
size and t he correspond ing ba sic size. It is a positive quantity when the minimum
limit of size is greater th an the basic size and negative quantity when the
minimum limit of size is less th an th e ba sic size. It is deSignated by EI for a hole
and ei for a shaft . •
12. Fundamental deviation:- It is that of the two deviations which is conventionally
chosen to define t he position of the tolerance zone in relation to the zero line.
This may be upper or lower dev iat ion which is closest to the zero line. It fixes the
position of zero line.
13. Minim um clearance:- I n a clearan ce fit, it refers to the difference between the
minimum size of hole and t he maximum size of shaft.
14. Maximum clearance:- In tfe case of clearance or transition fit, it refers to the
difference between the maxi m um si ze of hole and the minimum size of shaft.
15. Minimum I nterference:- It is th e difference between the maximum size of hole
and the minimum size of shaft in an interference fit prior to assembly.
16. Maximum Interference:- In an interference or a transition fit, it is the difference
between the minimum si ze of hole and the maximum size of shaft prior to
assembly .
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I ME I Correspondence "®,bcurse
MINIMUM CLEARANCE
< . OR POSITIV ALLOWANCE
71'>
MAXIMUM !::." '{'..
CLEARANCE
,"elj'!
00 :, .0J 1 i r~i
~ !. .,
Minimum and maximum clearance
17. Allowance:- The difference between the maximum shaft size and minimum hole
is known as allowance. In a clearance fit, this is the minimum clearance and is
positive allowance. In an interference fit, it is the maximum interference and is
negative allowance.
MINIMUM
INTERFERANCE
MAXIMUM
INTERFERANCE
OR NEGATIVE
ALLOWANCE
Minimum and Maximum Interference
18. Basic shaft is a shaft whose upper deviation is zero. It is designated as shaft 'h'.
Basic hole is one whose lower deviation is Lero. It is denoted as hole 'H'
For shafts 'a' to 'g', the deviatio~ ;s below the zero line and for shafts 'j' to 'zc', it
is above the zero line.
For holes 'A' to 'G', lower deviation is above the zero lien and for 'J' to 'zc', it is
below the zero line.
Upper deviation for shaft is denoted by cs and lower deviation by ei: For holes,
the corresponding devicftions are denoted by ES and EI respectively. The other
derivations may be derived directly using the absolute value of the tolerance IT
by means of the algebraic relationship. .
ei = es- IT
es = ei+ IT
In hole basis system, different clearances and interferences are obtained by
associating various shafts with a single hole whose lower deviation is zero (H
>
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hole). This is standard practice and it is very convenient to make correct holes of
fixed sizes.
Whereas in shaft basis system upper deviation of shaft is zero, and different fits
are obtained by varying the limits on the holes.
In 1.S. specification, 18 grades of tolerances are designated:
IT01, ITO, IT1 to IT 16. These are known as standard tolerances and their
numerical values have been determined in terms of the standard tolerance unit i,
where i in microns is expressed as
i(microns) = 0.454'0 + 0.0010
o is the geometric mean of the lower and upper diameters of a particular
diameter step in which the diameter lies, D is in mm.
This formula has been empirically calculated. The relative magnitude of each
grade is given below:
Gardes ITS IT6 IT7 ITS IT9 ITlO ITll ITl2 IT13 ITl4 ITlS IT16
Values 7i lOi l6i 2Si 40i 64i lOOi l60i 2S0i 400i 640i lOOOi
The two effects influencing the magnitude of tolerance are

(i) Size (i) Quality
The size effect is accommodated by the fundamental tolerance unit
i = 0.45.vD + 0.0010
Example 1:- Calculate the limits of tolerance and allowance for a 25mm shaft and
hole pair deSignated Hsd g • 25mm lies in the diameter steps of 18 and 30mm.
0= ""18 x 40 = 23.2mm
The value of fundamental tolerance unit
i = 0.45.vD + 0.0010 = 1.3microns.
For hole quantity 8, from table, the fundamental tolerance
= 25i = 33microns.
For the 'H' hole, the fundamental deviation=O
Hence the hole limits are 25.000mm and 25+0.033mm=25.033mm
Hole tolerance = 25.033-25.000=0.033mm
For the quality '9' shaft, the fundamental tolerance
= 40i = 40 x 1.302 = 52microns
For 'd' shaft the fundamental deviation is given as (from standard result)
= _160°.44 = -65microns.
The shaft limits are 25.008-0.065=24.935mm and

25.000-(0.065+0.052) = 24.883mm
Tolerance = 24.935-24.883mm=0.052mm
Some Important Terminology:-

1. Fits:- When two parts are to be assembled, the relation resulting from the
difference between \their size before assembly is c<;llled fit.
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I ME J ~orrespondence :<;;~d.Urse
'I,: ~ymbols for tolerance a'nd'.deviations, and symbols for fits:- oii
The tolerance, the value of which is a funceiSr:r;i1f fhe b8sl t size is designat~d~by a
j
. number symbol, called the grade. The posit-ion of tolerand~ zone with res p~ct to
the zero line, which is a function of the bask size is indi'cat€f€l by a letter symbol,
a capital letter for hol~~) ~,d a small ,letter shafts. Th~iot'9lerance size . is ... thu'S '
defined by its basic value followed by 5\ .. sym~9IJ~ .~qm'P§li$~d of a letter and a
numeral, e6 g{OS~g7' 01 bl" G Jln,; , 2"'1":-
A fit is indicated by the basic size cJ<':~J}l rnPtf:l, to both cqrpponents, followed by a
symbols corresponding tp_ ~~ch compone,Q t\s ~ t~,~h0.leJ~ei~ .g first, e.g. 50 H 8g7.
nt! 6f, ," .. ' c::. . .
2. Size:- A number expressing,l in a particula r., u:nitp. ttie,.numerical value of a length.

Actual size:- The size of a part as may be found by measurement.
Limits of size:- The two ' extreme permissible sizes between which the a~tual
size is contained.
Maximum limit of size:- The greater of the two is called the maximum limit.
Minimum limit of size:'7 The smaller one of the two Iil1lits of size is called the
minimum limit.
Basic size:- The size which reference to which the limits of size are fixed.
: ;~
TOLERANCE UPPER
DEVIATION
DE~~;I~)N ~~~~ ~--r--

ZERO~
LINE . .
}
. 7
.. /
I 1
FUNDAM ENTAL
MAXIMUM
DEVIATION MINIMUM LIMIT
BASIC LIMIT OF SIZE
SIZE OF SIZE
•
1 1 1
3. Deviation:- The algebraic difference between a size and the corresponding basic
size.
4. Zero Line:- In a graphica '( representation of limits and fits, a straight line to
which the deviations are referred. The zero line is the line of zero deviation and
represents the basic size.
5. Tolerance:- Tolerance is equal to the algebraic difference between the upper
and lower deviations and has an absolute value without sign. For limits and fits,
the difference between ~he maximum limit of size and minimum limit of size is
called the tolerance.
6. Tolerance zone:- In a graphical representation of tolerance, the zone bounded
by the two limits of size of the part is called the tolerance zone. It is defined by i!s
magnitude and by its position in relation to the zero line.
7. Shaft:- A term used by convention to deSignate all external features of a part,
including those which are not cylindrical.
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8. Hole:- A term used by convention to designate -aU internal features of a part,

including those which are not circular .
.)
9. B~sic Shaft:- A Sj1.:,a ft whose upper deviation is zero or where maximum limit of
.J< ,?ize is equal to ba§1Lsize. It is h-shaft.
1'0. -" Basic Hole:- A nol:e' whose lower deviation is zerO" or whose minimum limit of
size is equal to basio..'S i'ze. It is H-hole.
.1 ,-.J."
11. 'Go' Limit:- It refers to upper limit of a shaft and lower limit of- a hole. Thus it
corresponds to the nYaximum mater-ia-I condition. t6Jib
,~ ,...... , ,: ' t'"" ( \
12. 'Not Go' Limit:- It refers to the lower limit of a shaft and upper limit of a hole.
Thus it corresponds to the minimum material condition.
13 . Maximum and minimum metal conditions:- Maximum metal condition (MMC)
corresponds to condition when a part has maximum amount of metal, Le.,
corresponding to high tolerance of shaft and low tolerance of the hole. Similarly
minimum metal conditions corresponds to minimum size of shaft and maximum
size of hole.
Classification of Fits:-
Depending on the basis of negative, positive or zero value of the clearance, fits are
classifieds as
L Selective Fit:- Selective fit is required where the object is to make a shaft and
hole with a finite fit and not a permi ssible range on fit. This fit is known as the
ideal or selective fit.
iL Push Fit:- Push fit also known as 'snug fit' represents the closest fit that permits
assembling parts by hand. It requires a greater force that can be exerted by hand
in assembling the parts. With a push fit, there should be no perceptible play
between the mating parts.
iii. Driving Shaft:- When a plug or shaft is made slightly larger than the hole into
which is to be inserted and the allowance is such that the parts can be assembled
by driving, this is known as a driving fit. Such fits are employed when the parts are
to remain in a fixed position relative to each other.
iv. Forced or pressed Fit:- forced or pressed fit is the term used when a pin, shaft
or other cylindrical part is forced into a hole of slightly smaller diameter,
ordinarily by the use of hydraulic press or some other types of press capable of
exerting a considerable pressure. A force fit has a larger allowance than a driving
fit, and therefore, requires greater pressure for assembling.
v. Shrinkage fit:- A shrinkage fit is obtained by making the internal member
slightly larger than the hole in the external diameter. In shrinkage fit, the
pressure is not required for assembly but instead the external member is heated
.- and expanded sufficiently to permit inserting the internal member easily. Then as
the external part cools or is cooled by applying water or dry ice, it shrinks tightly
around the internal part.
Limits Gauges:-
~
The simplex form of limit gauges are those used for inspecting holes of shaft. Gauges
are inspection tools of rigid design, without a scale, which serve to check the dimensions
of manufactured parts. Gauges do not indicate the actual value of the inspected
dimension on the work. They can only be used for determining as to whether the
inspected parts are made within the specified limits.
Plain gauges are used for checking plain (unthreaded) holes and shafts. Gauges are
classified as
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1. According to their type:-
a. Standard and limit gauges
b. Limit Gauges
2. According to their purposes:-
a. Workshop
b. Inspection
c. Reference or master gauges
3. According to the form of the tested surface:-
a. Plug gauges for checking holes
b. Snap and Ring gauges for checking shafts
4. According to their design:-
a. Single limit and double limit gauges
b. Single ended and doubled ended gauges
c. Fixed and adjustable gauges
Gauge Design:-
To a greater or lesser extent, every gauge is a copy of the part which mates with the
part for which the gauge is designed. If a gauge is designed as an exact copy of the
opposed part in so far as the dimension to be checked is concerned, is called a 'standard
gauge.
Taylor's Principle:- According to Taylor, 'Go' and 'No Go' gauges should be designed to
check maximum and minimum material limit which are checked as below.
'Go' Limit:- This designation is applied to that limit of the two limits of size which
corresponds to the maximum material limit considerations, i.e, upper limit of a shaft and
lower limit of a hole. The form of the 'Go' gauge should be such that it can check one
feature of the component is one pass .
'No Go' Limit:- This designation is applied to that limit of the two limits of size which
corresponds to the minimum material condition, i.e. the lower limit of a shaft and the
upper limit of a hole. •
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing:-
Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing are means of spe~ifying engineering design and
drawing requirements with respect to actual function and relationship for part features;
which can be most economically produced. Geometric tolerances are concerned with the
accuracy of the relationship of one feature to another; and these are specified
separately. These represent the maximum permissible overall variation of form, or
position of form, or position d~ a feature.
Geometric characteristics and Symbo ls:-
The use of symbols on drawing in place of notes has the advantages of uniform-
meaning, no misunderstanding, compact and quickly and easily drawn, international
language requiring no interpretation etc.
,
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-'---' - -
The various geometric characteristics and symbols used are given below
Geometric characteristic Symbol
Flatness
0
Straightness
.m 'lOlL
Roundness (circularity)
0
,-"
Cyl i nd ricity
q
Profile of a line f\
Profile of a surface
~
Perpendicularity
(squareness or normality) ~
Angularity
L
Parallelism
II
Circular runout
Total runout
I
'" -
Total
Position
-$-
Concentricity
.. 0-
Symmetry
Maximum material
condition MMC -----, G
Regardless of feature size RFS
(0
Projected tolerance zone ,
0
~
Datum target
Diameter (cylindrical)
tolerance zero
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Basic, exact dimension
} I
Datum identification symbol
Cl 1
Symbol Toler-
Feature control symbol of dia ance At ma¥. materia l
characteristic
Comparators:-
The comparator is an instrument used for comparing the dimensions of a component
with a standard length. They work on relative measurements.
Characteristics of comparators:-
Various fundamental requirements which every comparator must fulfill are as follows:
i. The instrument must be of robust design and construction so as to withstand the
effect of ordinary usage without impairing its measuring accuracy.
ii. The indicating devices must be such that the readings are obtained in least
possible time and for this, magnification system used should be such that the
readings are dead beat. The system should be free from backlash and wear
effects and the inertia should be minimum possible.
iii. Provision must be made for maximum compensation for temperature effects.
iv. The scale must be linear and must have straight line characteristic.
v. rhe indicator should be constant in its return to zero.
vi. Measuring pressure should be low and constant
Uses of Comparators:-
The various ways in which the comparators can be used are as follows:
i. In mass production, where components are to be checked at a very fast rate
ii. For inspecting newly purchased gauges
iii. As laboratory standards, where components are to be checked at a very fast rate.
iv. In selective assembly· of parts, where parts are graded in three groups depending
upon their tolerance
v. As working gauges, to prevent work spoilage and to maintain required tolerance
at all important stages of manufacture.
Types of comparators:-
1. Mechanical comparators
2. Mechanical optical comparators
3. Electrical and Electronic'comparators
4. Pneumatic comparators
5. Fluid displacement comparators
6. Projection comparators
7. Multi check comparators
8. Automatic gauging machines
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Mechanical comparators:-
In these comparators, magnification is obtained by mechanical linkage and other
mechanical devices.
i. System of Displacement Amplification used in Mechanical comparators:-
a. Rack .and Pinion
b. Cam and gear train
c. Lever with toothed sector
d. Compound levers
e. Twisted Taust Strip
c. Lever combined with band wound around drum
ii. Dial Indicator:- This is generally used for inspection of small precIsion machined
pC!rts, with a V-block attachment, it can be used for checking out of roundness of
a cylindrical component.
iii. The Johanson 'Mikro Kator'
iv. Read Type Mechanical comparator
v. Sigma Comparator
Electrical Comparator:-
These comparators have little or no moving parts and hence can retain their accuracy
over periods and also the sensitivity can be adjusted at will. A higher magnification can
be achieved , as compared to mechanical comparator. Linear variable differential
transformer (LVDT) is the most popular electro-mechanical device used to convert
mechanical displacement into electrical signals.
"\
Pneumatic Comparators:-
Air gauging has recently increased due to its very high amplifications as no physical
contact is made either with the setting gauge or the part being measured. Based on the
physical phenomenon on which the operation of pneumatic gauges is based, these may
be classified as
i. Flow or velocity type:- It operate by sensing the manometry rate of air
flow
ii. Back pressure type:- It operates by senSing the velocity differential
pressure across a venture chamber.
Optical comparators:- In optical comparators, magnification is obtained with the help
of light beans which have advantage of being straight and weightless. Optical
comparators have their own built in illuminating device which tends to heat the
instrument and thus accuracy is liable to suffer. In mechanical optical comparators, a
small displacement of the measuring plunger is amplified first by a mechanical system
consisting of pJvoted leavers and further a simple optical system involving the projection
of an image is amplified.
Electronic Comparator:- It is based on the principle of application of frequency
modulation or radio oscillation~ It provides a reliable means of measuring external and
internal measurements with a remarkable accuracy and ease.
Measurement of Geometry of form or Shape:-
The conditions of external and internal roundness demand the most attention of any
form or shape measurement, since this type of geometry comprises the great majority
of mecnanica\ form conoitions \nffianU~ac.tur\ng o?e.rat\cms.
,I
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Straightness:-
A tioe is said to be straight over a given length, if the variation of the distance:-, of its
pol:nt~ from two perpendicular to each other are parallel to the g~neral direction 'of the
line and it remains with in the specified tolerance limits. 'f C~i'
Straightness is checked by :}tH"
i. Straight Edge ii. Spirit Level iii. Auto Colli mator

Flatness:- Simplest form of flatness testing is possible by cofu'?paring the surface with
an accurate su~ane i ';,
Squarness Testlng:- Indicator method arid ' focusing telescope methods are used for
squarness.
Roundness arid circularity:- These two terms, roundness and circularity are often
used interchangeably. Roundness is defined as a condition of a surface of revolution (like
cylinder, cone or sphere) where all pOints of the surface intersected by any plane
perpendicular to a common axis in case of cylinder and cone (or passing through a
common centre in case of sphere) are equidistant from the axis (orcentre)
Devices for measurement of roundness:-
The most commonly used devices for measurement of roundness are
i. Diameteral
ii. Circumferential confining gauge
iii. Rotating on centres
iv. V-Block
Angular Measurement and circular Division:-
The angle is defined as the opening between two lines which meet at a point.
Instruments for angular measurement: :-
1. Vernier and optical Bevel Protector
2. Universal Bevel protector
3. Sine Bars
4. Angle Gauges
5. Spirit Level
6. Clinometers
7. Optical instruments for Angular Measurement such as auto collimator
Surface Finish:-
Factors controlling the surface texture are
i. Fatigue Life:- If a component is subjected to repeated reversals of stress, it
undergoes fatigue and its life is considerably shorter than it would be if the part
carried an equipment constant load. The number of stress reversals it can with
stand at a given stress is called the fatigue life. Fatigue always seems to start at a
sharp corner, where stress concentrations occur.
ii. Bearing Properties:- A pe~ectly smooth surface, i.e. with no irregularities is not
a good surface for a bearing . In the best form of surface for a bearing, large
contact areas reduce friction and the valleys help to retain a film of lubricant.
iii. Wear:- The rate of wear is dependent on the areas in contact, larger the area,
lower the load per unit area and hence lower the ratio of wear.
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(
r
Some Important Terminology:-
1. Surface Texture:- Repetitive or random deviations from the nominal surface
which form the pattern of the surface. Surface texture includes roughness,
waviness, lay and flaws.
2. Surface Roughness:- It concerns all those irregularities which form surface
relief and which' 'are conventionally defined with the area where deviations of
form and waviness ,are eliminated.
3. Primary Texture (Roughness):- It is caused due to the iar:egularities in the
surface roughness which result from the inherent action of the production
process.
4. Secondary Texture (Waviness):- It results from the factors such as machine
or work deflections, vibrations, chatter, heat treatment or warping strains.
Waviness is the component of surface roughness upon which roughness is
superimposed.
5. Flaws:- Flaws are irregularities which occur at one place or at relatively infrequent
or widely varying intervals in a surface (like scratches, cracks, random, blemishes
etc).
6. Lay:- It is the direction of the predominant surface pattern ordinarily determined
by the method of production used.
LAY
DIRECTION OF
DOMINANT PAlTERN
ROUGHNESS SPACING
PRIMARY TEXTUDE (ROUGHNESS)
ERROR OF FORM
Methods of Measuring surface Finish:-
There are two methods used for measuring the finish of machined part:
1. Surface Inspection by compa rison method
2. Direct instrument measurements .
1. Surface Inspection by comparison methods:-
The various methods available under this method are as follow:
i. Touch Inspection
ii. Visual Inspection
iii. Scratch Inspection
~
iv. Microscopic Inspection
v. Surface Photographs
vi. Micro Interferometer
vii. Wallace surface Dynamometer
viii. Reflected light intensity
ix. Comparison with standard specimens
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I ME I Correspon den ce<~ ,;.. ,j se

l·
-'-~.:-
2. Direct Instrum ent Measurements:-

These m eth ods enable to determine a numerical value of th e surface finish of any
su rface. The various methods available under this method are as follow :
sid
i. Stylus Prob Instruments
: i2UIT
ii. Th e Tomli nson surface meter } jeU.
iii. Profilom et er
iv. Tal ys urf
Principles of, Jii.~ and Fixture Design:- ~, '
Jigs:- Jigs are th e m achine sho p devices which consist of locatio n, cla m ping and means
of tool g u id i nq~ dThese are applica ble to drilling proce ss and hence referred to as drill
Jigs. Drill jigs are useful for mass production
Fixtures:,- , Fixtu res are work holding devices which consist of locat ion, clamping and do
not include m eans of tool guiding. Fixtures are used for millin g, t urning, grinding and
si ll} ilar operations.
Location:-
i. It ensures t hat t he work piece is given the required and desired constraint .
ii. It positions th e locators so that swarf will not cause misa lign me nt
iii. Make the location points adjustable if a rough easting or f orging is being
machined .
iv. Introduce fu ll proofing devices such as fooling pins, projection s, etc. to prevent
incorrect pos itioning of the work piece.
v. make' t he location progressive
Clamping:- It serves th e following purposes
i. Positi on the clamps to give best resistance to the cutting forces
ii. Positi on of t he clamps so that they do not cause deformati on of the work piece.
iii. if possible, clam p should be made integral w ith th e fixtu re body
iv . Make all cla mping and location motions easy and nat ural t o perform.
Locators:- Locato rs are usually made separate from the fixture or jig body and are of
direct case hardened steel accurately ground to size and accurate ly positioned in the jig
or fixture.
Locators may be cla ssified as:-
i. Flat locators
ii. Cylindrical locators
iii. Conical locators
iv. Vee locators l
Principle of Location:-
Kinematic principles can be ap plied in consideri ng th e location of work in a j ig or fixture.
A body which is free in space has six degrees of freedom, w hich includes three freedom
of translation and th ree freedom of rotation. When locate d in a j ig, a work piece must be
constrained from moving in aA\t direction. This can be done by six locations in case of
body known as six point locatio n prin ciple or 3-2- 1 pri nciple.
3-2-1 principle of location states that to locate a piece fu lly, it has to be placed and held
against three pOints in a base plane , two points in a vertical plane and one point in a
plane square with the first two . It is important th at the above planes be square with
each other and the pOints should be spaced as far apart as possible.
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- -------------------------------------------------------~
. ~:::rrA
.-~.~n1lin 3
I ME I Correspondence Goti'
Level - 1
'-l
1. To produce stabre interference effects, the following must be 9bserved

1) The light must be of uniform frequency
2) The light must be of uniform wave length
3) The amplitudes should differ widely
4) Any phase difference existing should not vary with time
(A) 1 & 2 (B) 2, 3 & 4 (C) 1, 2 & 4 '1~ ~1/ 3 &. 4
. '71i:l . /' ,
T
2. When using a micrometer, a constant measuring pressure can, ,~_e obtained b,y
using
(A) Thimble (B) Spindle (C) Ratchet (D) Barrel '
3. The diameter of a bore was measured by a pin gauge. The length of which was
measured by vernier caliper as 250.01mm. The swing of the free end of the
gauge was measured as 34.0mm, then the diameter of the bore is
(A) 262.3mm (B) 158.2mm (C) 356.1mm (D) 250.6mm
4. Which of the following is not the essential requirement for accuracy of

measurement with a sine bar?
(A) Flatness of upper su rface
(B) Equality of size and roundness of rollers
(C) Exact distance between roller axes and mutual parallelism " i:
(D) Parallelism between top & bottom surfaces
5. Which of the following instrument is most accurate?

(A) steel scale (B) micrometer screw gauge
(C) vernier caliper (D) optical projector
6. The wrong statement about Taylor's principle of gauging is

(A) Go gauges should be full form gauges
(8) Go gauges should check all the related dimensions simultaneous.ly
(C) It is sufficient to u~e Go gauges on the width and length of the component
(D) Not Go gauges should check only one dimension at a time
7. The figure shows the principle of

Hole tolerence
L
(A) Traceability
(B) Interchangeability ~
Number
of hole
gradings
1
(C) Matched fits
(D) Selective assembly
,
I~
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I ME I Correspondenc'e~~(!tjurse
8. The two slip gauges in precision measurement are joined by

.'1
(A) assembling (B) sliding (C) adhesion (D) wringing
"
9. The compound lever mechanism of a mechanical comparator is shown in the

figure. The magnification of the system is 120mm (I:. lmm
( ,I.(), )~i
_u ~ --.i- fulcrum
..
! :
(A) 3000
(B) 3500
pointer
•
(C) 3800
(D) 4200
10. Basic shaft & basic hole are those whose upper deviations & lower deviations are
(A) +ve, -ve (B) - ve, +ve
(C) minimum, maximum (D)zero, zero
11. Which of the following method is not used for measuring (testing) straightness?
(A) spirit level method (B) auto collimator
(C) interference method (D) beam comparator
12. Which of the following method is not the correct way of specifying numerical
value of surface roughness?
(A) centre line average (CLA) value (B) mean line & envelop line system
(C) r.m.s. value (D) peak to valley height
13 . The max imum clearance of the following dimensions when assembled is

Hole Shaft
44.5mm 43.975
44.515mm • 43 .957
(A) 0.015 (B) 0.018 (C) 0.558 (D)0.525
14. A dial is to be produced to a sensitivity of 5 seconds of , arc for a bubble

movement of 2.5mm, the radius to which it must be ground is
(1 sec=4.85x10- 6 rad)
(A) 103.09m ( B) 107.13m (C) 93.4m (D)87.16m
15. Expressing a dimension as 25.3±Q, QS mm is in case of

(A) unilateral tolerance (B) bilateral tolerance _
(C) limiting dimension (D) all of these
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.'iI.II.' I. "' ••• a 'Ii • •
16. According to well accepted practice, slip gauges which have been handled for a
few minutes should be left for sometime. The reason for this could be
~ (A) The moisture transferred from hand would evaporate
(B) The structu ~ pf gauges, if d istu rbed would stabilize
(C) Gauges attain the room temperature again
(D) With continuoUs use, gauges may wear quickly
u
17. Which of the figure below gives the correct disposition of manufacturing tolerance
for screw thread limit gauges for both Go & No Go gauges in cas'e of ring caliper
gauges?
(A) A
(\)
u
(B) B C
tU
l...
(C) C (\)
0
~
(D) D
(E) E
B D
18. IS: 919 on limits & fits specifies following numbers of grades of fundamental
tolerances and fundamental deviations respectively
(A) 25, 18 (B) 25, 16 (C) 18, 22 (D) 18, 25
19. The comparator utilizing the principle of a button spinning on a loop of string is
(A) Aramson comparator (B) Sigma comparator
(C) optical comparator (D) Eden-Rolt comparator
20. In figure, the combination of hole and shaft represents hole basis system
~tolerance on hole
IIIi!I IIiIItolerance on shaft
Zero
li ne
B
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D)D

(E) E
21. The cutting tool angles are measured by a

(A) Contour gauge (B) Snap gauge
(C) Combined limit gau~e (D) Position gauge
22. An assembly between two parts should be such that the clearance between them
should be maximum. Now the maximum clearance is given by
(A) Maximum shaft- minimum hole (B) Maximum hole -minimum shaft
(C) Minimum shaft- maximum hole (D) Minimum hole- maximum shaft
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t ••••••••• I ME I CorrespondenC~~~;Q\.tTSe
23. The linear measurement device used for setting apart the work pieces atJ{Jesired
distances in milling, grinding and shaper vice is 'lQ
(A) Engineers square (B) Engineers taper '\j
(C) Engineers parallel (D) Feeler gauge
:J9 21J .
24. Squareness of any two'"IIJl~chan ical surfaces can be e,a,~;~y checked with tge help
of a ..
jnuc ' ~- '0." " "
(A) Auto collimator (B) Dial indicator
(C) Engineers parallel (D) Clinometers
1,
25. The appropriate device for measuring the relief angles on large cutting tools is
(A) Angle gauge (B) Sine bar
(C) Clinometer (D) Auto collimator
26. Which of the following fits requires heating of the external member?
(A) Forced fit (B) Driving fit
(C) Shrinkage fit (D) Interference fit
27. Certain terms connected with limits and fits are as below given. Of these, the
hole and shaft are involved with the terms
Terms:
1. Basic size 2. Tolerance 3. Allowance 4. Fit
(A) 1 and 2 (B) 2 and 3 (C) 3 and 4 (D) 1 and 4
28. The clearance between the piston and cylinder can best be measured by a
(A) Universal surface gauge (B) Feeler gauge
(C) Radius gauge (D) Screw gauge
29. The interference between a shaft and hole is given by the size difference of
(A) Maximum shaft and minimum hole
(6) Minimum shaft ctnd maximum hole
(C) Minimum shaft and minimum hole
(D) Maximum shaft and maximum hole
30. Which of the following is not a turning fixture is?

(A) Tool post (B) Collet (C) Mandrel (D) Face plate
31. A casting jig is used i" the production engineering mainly due to the reason that
(A) It absorbs and dampens out vibrations
(B) In case of dropping, it brakes instead of bending and prevents production of
a defective part.
(C) A number of castings of same characteristics can be made frorti-'6ne pattern.
(D) Complicated shapes can only be cast.
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_ _ I ME I Correspondence COUT~S~
32" c9tldentify the manufacturing process through which a milling fixture is preferably
prepared.
(A) Forming (8) Casting (C) Milling (D) Welding
33. The fixtures are used in connection with

"t A) ' Turning and MHI~ng ,- (8) l'Urning and Drilling
(C) Milling and Tapping (D) Shaping and Count er boring
OJ 0 ,
34. In the operations below, a jig is not used in the

(A) Milling (8) Reaming (C) Drilling (D) Counter boring
35. In 3-2-1 principle of location relating to jigs and fixtures, a total of

(A) six (6) pins arrest six (6) degrees of freedoms
(8) nine (9) pins arrest nine (9) degrees of freedoms
(C) six (6) pins arrest nine (9) degrees of freedoms
(D) nine (9) pins arrest six (6) degrees of freedoms
36. The pins used for locating a work piece whose dimensions are subject to variation
are
(A) cylindrical locating pins (8) support pins
(C) conical pins (D) jack pins
37. Consider the following activities:

1. Locating elements 2. Grinding elements
3. Clamping devices 4. Auxiliary devices
Now the order of drawing of the elements of jigs and fixtures around the part are
(From First to last)
(A) 1324 (8) 1234 (C) 1432 (D) 1423
38. A body in free space has 12 (twelve) degrees of freedom. The number of pins
needed for arresting all the degrees of freedom will be
(A) 9 (8) 6 (C) 12 (D) 4
39. About the Jigs and fixtures, the true statement is

(A) Jig guides the tool and heavy in construction
(8) Fixture does not guicte the tool and heavy in construction
(C) Jig does not guide the tool and light in construction
(D) Fixture guides a tool and light in construction
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I ME I- Gerrespondehce--C-ourse
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40. 'Not Go' limit refers to

(A) Upper limit of shaft and lower limit of hole
(B) Upper limit of shaft and upper limit of hole
(C) Lower limit of shaft and upper limit of hole
(D) Lower limit of shaft and lower limit of hole
1nt: '';,'
41. A shaft with
• 40-- 00.0494
.
025
specification and a hole with 35°·100
0.009 specification will have
(A) clearance bit
, r
(En interference bit (C) transition bit (D) None of these
42. Match the List I with List II:

List I (Geometric characteristic) List II (Symbol)
(A) Surface profile ( 1) (\
(B) Line profile (2)
@
(C) Concentricity (3)
/ /
(D) Flatness (4)
0
(A) A - 3 B-1 C - 2 D - 4 (B) A - 1 B-2 C - 3 D - 4
(C) A - 1 B - 4 C - 3 D - 2 tD) A - 4 B-1 C - 2 D - 3
43. Allowance in clearance fit is

(A) Maximum clearance and is a positive allowance
(B) Maximum clearance and is a negative allowance
(C) Minimum clearance and is a positive allowance
(D) Minimum clearance and is a negative allowance
•
44. Surface finish of a component in use is affected by
I. Fatigue life of component
II. Bearing properties of component
III. Wear of component
(A) I and II only (B) II and III only (C) I and III only (D) I, II and III
45. Fixtures are

(A) Used only for locating and clamping the work piece
(B) Used only for guiding the tools
(C) Both (A) and (B)
(D) None of these
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46. In NC part programming spindle speed of 739 rpm will be coded by the magic - 3
rule as
(A) N730 (B) 5730 (C) N037 (0)5037
47. Match List I with List II:

List I List II
(A) Stylus method (1) Pressure measurement
'IV-
(B) Spirit level (2) Circularity measurement
(C) Bourdon tube method (3) Surface Roughness measurement
(D) V-block and dial indicator (4) Angular measurement
(A) A - 1 B-2 C - 3 0 - 4 (B) A - 2 B-3 C - 4 0 - 1
(C) A - 3 B - 4 C - 1 0 - 2 (D) A - 2 B-1 C - 4 0 - 3
48. Match the following:

List I List II
(1) Flush contour (A)
b-,C
I
(2) Machining finish (B)
b-,
I
(3) Chipping finish (C)
/ 1L
(4) Concave contour (D)
/' ZS
(A) 1 - 0 2 - B 3 - C 4 - A (B) 1 - C 2 - 0 3 - B 4 - A
(C) 1 - C 2 - B 3 A 4 - 0 (D) 1 - 0 2 - C 3 - B 4 - A
49. Consider the following statements:

1. In a shaft basis system, the different clearances or interferences are
obtained by associating various holes with a single shaft whose lower
deviation is zero.
2. In the hole-basis system, the different clearances or interferences are
obtained by associcJting various shafts with a single hole whose upper
deviation is zero.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(A) 1 only (B) 2 only
(C) both (D) Neither 1 nor 2
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I ME I Corresp_oh
_
d ~Jac e;:Ji~@Mrse
J .~ ~,
50. Match the List I and List II:

List I List II
(i) Surface profilometer 1. Calibration
IW'-t,
(i i) Lig ht section in icroscope 2. Comparator ,
10)
(iii) Microkater 3. Film thickness measurement
(m t
(iv) Interferometer 4. Center line average .
Codes:
(A) (i) - 4 (ii) - 3 (iii) - 2 (iv) - 1 (B) (i) - 3 (ii) - 4 (iii) - 1 (iv) - 2
(C) (i) - 3 (ii) - 4 (iii) - 2 (iv) - 1 (D) (i) - 1 (ii) - 2 (iii) - 4 (iv) - 3
51. In tape preparation for an NC machine tool, the code 5624 would represent
. spindle speeds of
(A) 624 rpm, 240 rpm, 264 rpm (B) 624 rpm, and 240 rpm
(C) . 624 rpm and 246 rpm (D) 240 rpm and 246 rpm
52. One of the pins in a dual pin locator of jig or fixture is shaped as a "diamond pin
iocator" because
(A) Diamond pin does not wear fast.
(B) It is easy to clamp.
(C) Any variation between the centers of holes is taken care of.
(D) It will be easy to machine afterwards when the locator is worn out.
53. Pocket Milling is an example of

(A) Point - to --: pOint system (B) Straight line system
(C) Contour system · (D) None of these
54. H7 - g6 provides
(A) Slacking running fit (B) Sliding and location fit
(C) Heavy fit (D) Press fit
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____ __ I ME I Con:espondence_C4lH'Se I'
"I\, f} ~ '~
I .......
Level - 2
1. The following resu lts were . obtained usi ng an NPL-type absolute length
interferometer with a slip gauge of nominal length 3rrm at 20°C. Ignoring
environmental corrections such as barometric pressure
~'1U2b observed ; ' calculated
Colour A(11m} "':;n9ir i
fra ction' j c fraction
Red 0.6438 0.91 0.66
Green 0.5086 0.66 0.09
Blue 0.4800 0.66 0.00
Violet 0.4678 0.70 0.99
Then the length of the gauge is -
(A) 0.003mm (6) 0.0004mm (C) 0.0072mm (D) O.ci017mm
2. The diameter of the bore in plain ring gauges was reassured by lying (t in a flat
surface & placing three 20mm diameter balls equally spaced inside it, with a
30mm diameter ball resting on them, the distance from the surface to the top of
the 30mm ball was measured as 42.60mm, then the diameter of the bore is
(A) 55.51mm (6) 60.16mm (C) 64 .06mm (D)73.9mm

•
3. In an optical micrometer the width of the glass block of refractive index 1.5 is
10mm. Then the displacement caused by rotation of the glass block by 10
minutes (1 minute = 0.0003 rad) is
(A) 0.06mm (6) 0.045mm (C) 0.023mm (D)O .Olmm
4. A pneumatic comparatoll has a linear characteristic given by piP = -0.5M I C + 1.1

over the range piP from 0.55 to 0.86 and is supplied with air at 2.5 bar, the
control jet is 0.6mm diameter and the magnification factor of the meter used is
2,000. Then the diameter reassuring Jet which should be fitted so that a range of
0.03mm is just within th e linear range stated is
(A) 1.2mm (6) 1.8mm (C) 2.3mm (D) 2. 7mm
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! Engineering Success
. . . . . 1 .. . . . . . . . . .
S. The figure shows a train of gear wheels driven by a driving band which applies
pull to a drum 20mm in diameter, ca rried by wheel A. The whole arrangement
forms a displacement measurement system. The numbers of teeth on the wheels
A,B,C,O & E are lS0, 7S, lS0, 100 & SO
driving
band
The overall gain of the system in degree/mm

(A) 26.7 (B) 30.6 (C) 34.4 (D) 39.3
6. For a sine bar, that the error of angular setting I S I arising from errors of the
dimensions I & h is given by
(A) ~S = secS ~h+ tanS M (B) ~S= tanS ~h_secs M
e e e e
(C). ~S = tanS ~h + secS M
e e
7. The Indian standard (15:919) is based on fundamental tolerance units i and

deviation corresponding to letter designation for each range. The fundamental
tolerance for quality IT 6 is 10i and subsequent tolerance grades are based on R
S series. For size of 3Smm, j = 16 and the fundamental deviations for H & fare 0
& 2S in units of O.OOlmm. Then the limits of tolerance for hole HS3S is
(A) H83s::8:8ci (B) H83s:::8:8ci (C) H83s::8:8f (D) H835=8:8~
S. The limit of size for inspection gauges conforming to Taylor's principle to check
the rectangular hole is shown in figure. The limits of size for a SOmm HS hole are
low limit SO.OOmm, high limit SO.039mm. The limit size for a 7Smm HS hole is
low limit 7S.00mm & 7S.046mm. Fundamental deviation for H hole = 0,
i(micron) = 0.04501 / 3 + O.OOlD, ITS = 25i
SOmm is in diameter step 30 - SO
75mm is in diameter step SO - SO
Assume gauge tolerance to be 10% of work tolerance, Go gauge: -
(A) 75.011mm, 7S.00~m
(B) 7S.1106mm, 7S.010mm

sommH+--t------_ _.+ __ m m
•• - .-
(C) 75.0046mm, 7S.000mm
(D) 7S.017mm, 7S.001mm 75mmH8
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: ~}~~ ,"
I ME I Correspondence C~'i"·se·-l;
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~ ., "''- """'v'
9. ..:; Match the following:

r.iI
.' List- I List-II (application)

a Disc type micrometer 1 For sensitive measurement of small parts
b Blade type micrometer 2 To measure diameter at the bottom
,
/ of narrow grooves
c Indicator micrometer 3 For measurements of thickne~.? of closely
spaced section
d Bench micrometer 4 For repeat accuracy of the me?lsiJrement
(A) a - 1, b - 2, c - 3, d - 4 (B) a-3,b-2,c-l,d-4
(C) a - 3, b - 2, c - 4, d-1 (D) a-2,b-3,c-4,d-l
10. Calculate the radius of curvature (R) of the dial of a spirit level of 200mm base
length with one scale division indicating a change of level of 2.51Jm in 100mm.
The length between scale divisions along the curvature is 3mm
o - centre of curvature of dial
(A) 160mm (B) 145mm (C) 13Sm m ( D) 120m m
11. A hol e & shaftin g system has the following dimen sions
50 HYcS
the standard tolerance is i = 0.45D1/ 3 + O.OOlD
D = diameter of geometric means of steps
The multiplier for grade S is 2~ .
Fundamental deviation for shaft C, for D>40mm is given by -(95+0.SD) microns
The diameter range is between 50 to SOmm
Then the minimum size of shaft is
(A) 49.S0mm (B) 49.S544mm (C) 49.7316mm (D)none
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12. A hole & shafting system has the dimension' 60 H - 7 . The standard tolerance is
m-6
i = 0.45(D/ + O;POO1O, D = diameter of ~eometric mean step of 50 to 80mm,
13
iee re
i = standard tolerance, micron, the multipliers are
',.~ grade: 6" ,r
mu Itiplier : 10 r'~£6 E' .
rt ,"
The fundam~ntal deviati·oill;':,;;for 'fit ~'i: Kilff i~:given 'by ,F,D. = + (IT 7 IT 6) for the
relevant rrftnge of diamet~rnhen the tYifp i~Ofifit is
(A) interference. fir (8) transition fit ."~~ (C) clearance fir (D) none
13. The figure given below indicates a component with tolerances

0.100
OO_.0_00_ _ _ _-~)
+-_.;..7.;.. datum line
i = 0.45(D)1/3 + O.OO1O(microns)
D is geometric mean of diameter steps between 30 & 50mm
Grade of tolerance IT7=16i (microns)
Fundamental deviation f = -5.5D°.41 (microns)
The dimension of hole length Q is
0.100 0.131 0.100 0.120
(A) 36°. 009 mm (8) 36o . 100 mm (C) 350 ,oo9 mm (D) 3S0.0 10mm
14. The operation of a pneumatic comparator is represented by the equation
%=1.10-b~ foro.6>%>0.8
P = supply pressure, b = constant= 0.5 for P of 2kg/cm2

p= pressure between measuring & control orifices
M=1tDL, C = control orifice area = 2: d2

. 4
D = measuring orifice dia~ter
The control orifice diameter is 1.0mm and measuring orifice is 1mm diameter
hole, then
The pneumatic sensitivity is
(A) 122kg / mm4 (8) 118kg / mm4 (C) 126kg/mm4 (D) 115kg/mm4
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15. The CLA(Ra) value of a surface for which the sampling length was 0.8mm
The graph was drawn to a vertical magnification of 10,000 & a . horizontal
magnification of 100 & the areas above & below the datum line were
above 150 80 170 40mm2
below 80 60 150 . 120mm2
(A) 2.611m (D) 2.811111m
16. In the measurement of surface roughness, heights of 20 successive pe.aks and

troughs were measured from a datum and were: .'
35,25,40,22,35,18,42,25, 35,22,36,18, 42,22,32,21,37,18, 35,20 microns
If these measurements were obtained over a length of 20mm, then the RMS
value of rough surface is
(A) 40.1611 (8) 38 .31111 (C) 31. 191111 (0)28.71111
17. The figure shown below indicates ,~ ste,el C-40 plug diameter is to be concentric
and the concentricity error should not exceed 0.02Smm. The square ness of the
faces with the axis of rotation is to be within a permissible error limit of 0.02mm
grade of tolerance ITS ~ 7i i = 0.4501 /3 + 0.0010
where 0 is the geometric mean of 18mm and 30mm
R350
I - ~
Ra O. 04
\I
Grou nd
_8
0.0
+0.040
<1>38 ADO 0.000
--- -- -1---------------
3 - <p 25.000hs
E ~ E 40 .280±0.050 ~~
E C =7.
78.380±O-lOO
Then the dimensions of 'C' is

(A) 38.1±o.050 mm (8) 37.100±o.050 mm
(C) 39.000±O.050 mm (D) 38.00±O.068 mm
18. The dimensions on the block shown below
i"" 0.45(0)1/3 + 0.0010(mic,ons)
o is the geometric mean of diametric steps

Diameter steps for boss are between 30mm & 50mm & the diameter steps for
hole are between 18mm & 30mm
Grade of tolerance IT7=16i & ITS=25i(microns)
'.,1:~ ·~ .' "'-I)
.' ' I ME I Corresponderice Cou:r:$e
B II A10 .OS
J.-
... -
Then the dimensions of 18H7 is

( Ii.) 18+0.0309m
+0.000
m ( 8) 180.0136mm
0.100 ( C) 180.0209mm
0.0000 ( D) 180.0183mm
0.0100
. . . . I j Ofib .LIII II.,j·

19. The figure given below indicates a component with tolerances
i = 0.45D1/3 + O.OO1D(microns) -- h.,., ~ -t: _~:! '.-..
D is the geometric mean of diameter step between :l8.mm & 30mm

Grade of tolerance ITS = 25i(microns)
Fundamental deviation g = -2.5D°.34 (microns)
-0.03 0.000 0.002
60°·008 30°. 003
27g8 40- ° .02
( ) <E(----~) <E(------+) ( )
<E(-~G~---+)~(-----O-.OO------+)
100- 0 . 10
The dimension of 27g8 is
(A) 27=g :g~7 mm (8) 28=g:g~8mm ( C) 2]+° ·007 mm
+0.04 (D) none

List-I List-II
a) Spline plug gauge 1 A gauge, the outside measuring surface of which
are designed to verify the specific uniformity of
holes
b) Ring gauge 2 A gauge, the inside measuring surfaces of which
are circular in form
c) Snap gauge 3 A fixed gauge arranged with inside measuring
surface for callipering diameter, lengths, thick-
ness or width
d) Plug gauge 4 A plug gauge having a series of projecting keys
equally spaced about the periphery, which fit
into the spline-ways to be gauged
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(A) a - 2, b - 1, c - 3, d - 4 (B) a-4,b-2,c-3,d-l

(C) a -1, b - 2, c - 3, d - 4 (D) a-4,b-3,c-2,d-l
21. The "Go" plug gauge and "Go" snap gauge inspects respectively the
(A) Maximum limit oJ hole and maximum limit of shaft
(B) Minimum limit of shaft and minimum limit of hole
(C) Maximum limit of hole and minimum limit of shaft
(D) Minimum limit of hole and maximum limit of shaft
22. Taylor's principle of design of gauges stipulates that 'No Go' and 'Go' gauges
should be designed to check respectively the
(A) Minimum material limit and minimum material limit
(B) Maximum material limit and max imum material limit
(C) Maximum material limit and min imum material limit
(D) Minimum material limit and maximum material limit
23. Consider the measuring devices below:

1. Straight edge 2. Auto collimator 3. Spirit level
Now the instruments used to test the straightness are
(A) All the 1, 2 and 3 (B) Only 1 and 3
(C) Only 2 and 3 (D) Only 1 and 2
24. Choose the correct statement about the spirit level

(A) It is used for static leveling of the machinery
(B) It is angular measurement device of great precision
(C) Both A and B
(D) Neither A nor B
25. The difference in size between the 'Go' and 'No Go' limits of snap and plug
gauges represents the quantity
(A) Allowance (B) Lower deviation
(C) Upper deviation (D) Tolerance
26. In the interference fit or press or force fit, the

(A) Shaft is always equal to the hole size
(B) Shaft is always large, than hole size
(C) Shaft is always smaller than hole size
(D) Shaft and hole sizes bear no fixed relation between them
27. 60 mm H7 - f8 designates a
(A) hole (B) shaft (C)fit (D) limit
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28 . A 80mm shaft rotates in a bearing. The tolerance for both shaft an'(ij .bearing ·i§ }::
0;08mm and the required allowance is 0.1 mm with the basic hole !?tand~rd, the
sizes of maximum shaft and minimum hole are (in mm) ' - , -
(A) 80.08 anvd 80 (B) 79.9 and 80 (C) 79.92 and 80 (D) SO and 79.92
29. UnilateraLanfl lbiiateral tolera·nces are specified -', .' '"',,,;

(A) Both for interchangeabl€ni'ariufactl:lre dnly " ::;\.,'
(BY Both 'for mass produCti('H\ Of jobs only "I, .: .~
(C) Interchangeable manufacture and mass production of jobs respectively

(D) Mass production of jobs and interchangeable manufacture respectively .
";: ;
30. The closest fit ·that permits assembling parts by hand among the following i~
(A) push fit (8) driving fit (C) selective fit (D) press fit
31. The 'NOTGO' limit of a testing gauge represents

(A) Lower limit of hole and upper limit -of shaft with minimum material condition
(B) Lower limit of a shaft and upper lirn~ ,pf::..9t!,D9Ie with minimum 1l19terial
condition
(C) Lower limit of a shaft and u,pper limit of hole with maximum material
condition
(D) Lower limit of a hole and upper limit of a shaft with maximum material
condition
32. In drilling a hole, the operator machines it to

(A) lower limit (B) upper limit
(C) base size (D) no particular criteria
33. In the gears of the machine tools, the fit used is

(A) wringing fit (B) tight fit (C) force fit (D) push fit
•
34. Two mating hole and shaft have dimensions
Hole: 34.5 mm Shaft: 34.47 mm
34.52 mm 34.44 mm
The allowance for the parts is
(A) 0.03 mm (B) 0.04 mm (C) 0.05 mm (0)0.01 mm
,
35. The allowance in the mating parts is given by the difference between the
(A) Maximum metal conditions of hole and shaft
(B) Minimum metal conditions of hole and shaft
(C) Maximum metal condition of shaft and minimum metal condition of hole
(D) Maximum metal condition of hole and minimum metal condition of shaft
>,
__+_C_o_rr_es~p_on_d_e_nc_e_C_o_u_rs_e_+_Tar_G_A_T... e~_ie...
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~
- .....
f!1i3!~!~rfn~s~!!!
.........
- -
. '. 1 ''":) I .:' ~
~I,.: .
Wear .allowance is normally taken as ,
.. .
(A) ' 0.5% of work tolerance (8) 5% of work tole'rance
(C) 0.1% of work tolerance (D) 10% of wor~ ~HJ erslnce
) . ,
~:) ,
37. A shaft has the limits of 45~~:~~ mm. When , 45 mm--is : its. di.a,meter/ the gauge
maker's tolerance to be taken for thts ,shaft ~ill.pe ... '.(:,' ' f , roE) /,
(A) 0.002 mm (8) 0.003 mm _',. (C)~.O;()OLmrn (D)0.005 / rhm
"" ::: ;..,.'1 .:;."1 ; -1. \ ,.,),l-- ~ (~.
38 . The dimensions of a hole are 50.05 nim on high limit and 49.94 mill on l'Ow limit.
For this gauge maker's tolerance and wear allowance are respectively
(.A) 0.001 mm and O..QO.?, .rnm, . . . c, ~., ,_ (8) 0.011 mm and 0.0055 mm
(C) 0.01 mm and 0.0055 mm (D) 0.011 mm and 0.005 mm
39. Choose the true statement about 'Go' and 'No Go' gauges
(A) No Go gauge's maSt cfiways be" pO(l nto conditions of maximum passability
(B) No Go and Go gauges must always be put into conditions of maximum
impassability .
(C) Go gauges must always be put into conditions of maximum passability
(D) No Go gauges must always be put into conditions of maximum impassability
40. The correct statement about work shop and inspection gauges is
(A) These two types of gauges tolerances are arranged to fall outside the work
tolerance .
(8) These two types of gauges tolerances fall inside the work tolerance
(C) Workshop gauges tolerances are arranged to fall outside the work tolerance
while inspection gauges are arranged to fall inside the work tolerance
(D) Workshop gauges tolerances are arranged to fall inside the work tolerance
while inspection gauge tolerances are arranged to fall outside the work
tolerance •
41. A 100 mm sine bar is used to find the included angle of a plug gauge as shown in
figure. Height of slips below the lower cylinder is
25 mm. If angle is 30° what is the height of slips
below the upper cylinder.
(A) 50 mm ,
(8) 75 mm 'T'"
h
(C) 125 mm
(D) 150 mm
1
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42 . Figure shows some of the commonly used symbols for geometric characteristic
and tolerance son detail drawings as per ISO standards.
List I List II
(1)
(2)
$ (A) Symmetry , •
(B) Total input

--- -
' ..
0
"
,
(3) (C) Cylindricity
/:j
(4) (D) Position
(5)
L I (E) Diameter
The correct order for symbols 1, 2, 3, 4 an_d 5 j s.:

(A) D, A, E, C, B (B) E, B, D, C, A
(C) D, A, C, B, E (D) A, D, C, E, B
43. In NC machines input information are provided by means of

(A) magnetic tapes , (B) electrical tapes
(C) mini computer (D) semi-conductors
44. Match the following List I and List II:

List I List II
(A) G 02 (1) Absolute programming
(B) G 03 (2) Incremental programming
(C) G 90 (3) Counter clockwise circular interpolation
(D) G 91 ( 4) Clockwise ci rcu la r interpolation
(A) A - 4 B - 3 C - 1 D - 2 (B) A - 3 B - 4 C - 1 D - 2
(C) A 3 B - 4 c- - 2 D - 1 (D) A - 4 B-3 C 2 D - 1
45. Match the following List I and List II:

List I (Measuring instruments) List II (Applications)
(A) Talysurf (1) T - slots
(B) Telescopic gauge (2) Flatness
~
(C) Transfer calipers (3) Internal diameter
(D) Autocollimator (4) Roughness
(A) A - 3 B - 4 C - 1 D - 2 (B) A - 4 B-3 C - 1 D - 2
(C) A - 4 B-3 C - 2 D - 1 (D) A ' - 3 B - 4 C - 2 D -1
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I ME I Corresponde~ce6'Xr~e
.·46. In the given figure. Size A refers to Hole

(A) Lower deviation
(B) Minimum interference
(C) Minimum clearance
Basic assem~1.y' .. {.rl. __-:-.,I.... . ~.~.J
size
E
... :t.~ Tolerance on
shaft
(D) Maximum clearance shaft
.f .~ •.
Statement for Linked Answer Questions: 47 & 48
A shaft and hole are specified a$ :25 H7 / f8 fit being given with usual notations.
(a) i(microns) = 0.45 Jjij + 0.0010 (0 in mm)

IT7 = 16; and ITS = 25; s I
(b) The upper deviation for shaft = _5.50°.41
2i c bn6.J:>
(c) 25 mm f a II s .In t h e d:lameter step 0 f 18 an d 30 .
·L
47. Size of the hole aJJ ·£1,a'h are:

( A) 25°·021
0.00'
25- 0 . 02
- 0.0325 ( B) 25°·015
O.po,
25-0.0325
- 0.02 ( C) 25°·021 25- 0 .Q2
0.00' - 0.0525
(D) 25° ·015 25- 0 .02
0.00' -0.025
48. Maximum clearance is:

(A) 0.74 mm (B) 0.0735 mm (C) 0.053 mm (0)0.04 mm
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--- -- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---.,i.
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~
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Engineering Success
• • • • 11 • • • • • • • • • I ME I Correspond:eh~e Course~
Answer Keys
Level-1
1 C 2 C 3 D 4 D 5 D 6 C , ,7 D
8 D 9 A 10 D 11 C 12 B 13 C 14 A
"
c.
15 B 16 C 17 B 18 D 19 A " 20 A 21 A
22 B 23 C 24 A 25 C 26 C 27 C 28 B
29 A 30 A 31 B 32 B 33 A 34 A 35 C
36 D 37 A 38 A 39 B 40 C 41 B 42 D
43 C 44 D 45 A 46 B 47 C 48 B 49 D
50 A 51 D 52 C 53 B 54 , A
-'
Level-2
• ~fl t:!!S Arl <:;:::1-::1
1 B 2 A 3 D 4 B C 6 D 7 A
8 C 9 C 10 D 11 " ~c;- 12 !r ,I;), 'r 13 C 14 A
15 B 16 C 17 B 18 C 19 A 20 B 21 D
22 D 23 A 24 C 25 A 26 B 27 C 28 B
•
29 C 30 A 31 B 32 A 33 A 34 A 35 A
36 B 37 D 38 B 39 A 40 D 41 B 42 A
43 A 44 A 45 B 46 C 47 C 48 B
Explanations:-
Level - 1
(250 .04)2
3. = 250.62mm
~(2 50.04)2 - (17.00)2
9. Magn ification = ~20 x 100 = 3000

1 4
14. R= 2.5 6 = 103.09mm

5 x 4.85 x 10-
,
41. For interference fit m inimum diameter of shaft> maximum diameter of hole.
Level - 2
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I ME I Correspondence C~ur se-
1. E =:= i (nl - N1 ) + (fl - F1 ) = 0.6;38 ((nl - Nd + (0.91- 0.66))
Similarly E= 0.5086 ((nl - Nd + (0.66 - 0.99))

2
n1 - Nl = 1, n2 :- N2 -= 1, n3 - N3 = 1, n4 - N4 = 2, :. E = 0.0004mm
2. H = 42.60mm d1 = 20mm d2 = 30mm, D = 2~H(dl + d2) - H2 + d1 = 55 .51mm
3. Displacement is given by, d=W(i-t) =W{1-t) =10 XO.0003 Xl0( 1- /5) = O.Olmm
4. PP = -0.5 M M 0.5M
C + 1.1,0.55 = -0.5 C + 1.1,-C- = 0.55
0.5x n:DCmax _ 0 55 C 0.55 X 0.09 ' S'Iml'1 arIy -P = 0 . 85·

n:(0.3/ - . , max O.D
5 P
Cmin = 0.2~.~g.09 ,linear range = 0.03mm :. Lmax - Lmin = 0.03
O.03 -- 0.55xO.09 _ 0.25xO .09 ~

D-18
- . mm
0.05D 0.5D
. .
5. Gain of gear train = -150 x -150 100
-x - =6
75 100 50
In one revolution Of strum, the distpnce covered = ..:n: (~0) = 2n: x 10mm
The number of degre~s q:o'y'er:-~d by wheel E in one revolution of drum = 6 x 360 0
Overa II gain in d egre~ / m .in = 6 x (360) -_ 34 4

I 22 .
2x-y x l0
6. For a sine bar

i
sin e =.1){, If H = h & L = £ then Sine = ~ differentially cose Ae = (edh - hde) / e2
dh _ hde = dh _ (esine)d£, dh _ de sine,Ae = ~ _ de sine = sece Ah _ tane M
ee2 e e2 e ecos e e cos e e
£
, £
7. for a size of 35mm, i = 16 microns = 0.0016mm, IT = 6 = 10i = 0.016,1¥te. = 1.5849
IT7 = IT6 x 1.5849"'" 0.025, ITS = IT7 x 1.5849"'" 0.040

fundamental deviation for H hole = 0 :. Hole H835~o~00040
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Correspond~nce Course '~~

0 "'1\~
10. If 'I' be the movement of bubble corresponding to a tilt of base by angle a

L = length of base, R = radius of dial
e h
-h = gra dO t f I
len 0 ang e a,
sensitivity of e
R L' L spirit level a (~O
2.5~m
L = 200, h = x 200 = 0.005mm, e= 3mm R = · ~I;.)h 120m
100 , , h.
. . 1/3
11. D = .j50 x 80 = 63.2mm, i = 0'.45 (D) + O.OOlD = 0.00185mm
the value of fundamental deviation for shaft C
= -(95+0.8D) microns = -0.14556mm, Max. size = 50-0.14556=49.8544mm
12. D = .J50 x 80 = 63.2mm, i = 0,45(D)1/3 + O.OOlD = 0.00185mm

For hole H, fundamental deviation = 0, minimum size of hole = 60.000mm
For hole H7, the value of tolerance = 16i = 0.0296mm
Maximum size of hole = 60 + 0.0296 = 60.0296mm
Fundamental deviation for shaft = IT7 - IT6 = 6i = 0.0111mm
Minimum size of shaft = 60.000+0.0111=60.0111mm
Value of tolerance = 10i = 0.0185mm
Maximum size = 60.0111+0.0185 = 60.0296mm -7 transition fit
13. i = 0,45(D)1/3 + O.OOlD, D = .j30 x 50 = 38.7, i = 0.00156mm

fundamental deviaion of shaft = -5.5D°.41 m icrons=-0.0245mm
40f7'1~24"o~:g~§4
• _.. T
tolerance is 16i = 0.0249<Smm, Dimension of
.. dimension of hole length Q = 35g:6g~mm
rcDLa
14. -p = 0 .6, 0.6 = 1.10 - 0.5x - - =? La = 0.25mm
p ~d2
4
Similarly E. = 0 .8, 0.8 = 1.10 _ 0.5 x 1t x 1.0 x' Ln =? Ln = 0.15mm

p ~x~
4
Linear range = 0.25-0.1:J=0.lmm
Measuring head sensitivity = O,4x tOO) = 122kg / mm
4
, rcx1.0x 0.25+0 .1 5
15. CLA = sum of areas x 1000 x 1

o sampling length vertical magnification horizontal magnification
850 1000 1
Sum of areas = 850mm2 , CLA = 0.8 x 10000 x 100 = 1.06~m
,
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I.U.!J ..•• If ••••••••• I ME I Correspondence Course
16. RMS· ~ FI:I' 0

352 + 252... 202
1- - -- - -
20
= 31.18 microns
17. Fundamental deviation of shaft h = 0, tolerance IT5 = 7i

D = ~18x30 = 23.21,i'= 0.45{D)1 / 3 + O.OOlD = 1.308 microns
0.000
7i = 7 x 1.308 = 0 ..0092mm, dimension of 25h5=25-0.0092mm
dimension of C = 78 .380±0.100 - 40.280±0.oso -1 = 37.100±0.osomm
18. D = ~30 x 18 = 23.21mm, i = 0.45{D)1/3 + 0.001 x 23.21, i = 0.001308mm

fundamenmtlal deviation of hole H=O,tolerance grade 7 is 16i=0.0209mm
dimension of 18H7 is = 18 b.~g~g9mm
19. D = ~18 x 30 = 23.0mm

tolerance of ITS=25i=0.0325mm
fundamental deviation for 9 = -2.5xD°.34 = -0.0073mm
Maximum size = 26.9927mm
Minimum size = 26.9602mm
Dimension 27g8 is 27=g:g~7mm
. h-25
41. sm30 = => h =; -75mm
L
,i. ~lJ
47. D = ~18 x 30 = 23.23mm

i = 0.45:ifi5 + O.OOlD = 1.30jl
IT7 = 16; = 16 x 1.30 = 21,u = 0.021mm
ITS = 25; = 25 x 1.30 = 32.5,u = 0.0325mm
Upper deviation for shaft = -5.5 D°.41=-201J hole
=0
Hole -7 lower limit
Upper limit = 0.021
Shaft -7 lower limit = 0.02 ,
il 0.021
Size of hole
Upper limit
= 25°. 021
0.00
= 0.0325 + 0.02 = 0.0525
0.020{
O} 0.0325
Size of shaft = 02
25-- 00 ..052 5
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Topi,s Covered.
• Forecasting Models
C
-a-.
I:
&I
• Aggregate Production Planning
• Scheduling and Materials Planning
..1: '
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-a
e
a.
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2 wi~thout the written permission. ' 43
PRODUCTION, PLANNING AND CONTROL
Production is defined as the manufacturing of goods and serVices and planning is defined
as the service of related and coordinated activities - materials control, process planning,
scheduling
Production planning, therefore, is the pre-determination of manufacturing requirements
such as men, materials, machines, manufacturing process for the production of goods of
the right quality, in the right quantities and at the right time.
Control is to r~view the work progress; make corrections whenever required thereby
ensure that programmed production takes place . Production planning and control thus is
the process of planning production in advance, setting rate of each item, fixing starting
and finishing dates for each item, authorizing shop activity by release of production
orders, follow up the progress of products and expediting wherever required.
Objectives of production planning and control:

(i) To plan systematically production related activities to meet targets of production
with the available resources of the firm
(ii) To provide for manufacturing requirements such as men, machines, materials etc.
of the right quality, in the right quantities at the right time
(iii) To schedule production facilities in the optimum manner
(iv) To co-ordinate the activities of different departments relating to production to
achieve regular, steady and balanced flow of production
(v) To ensure conformance to delivery commitments and to inform sales department
regarding difficulties.
Functions of production planning and control:

(1) . Initial planning: It involves preparation of production stage charts, determination
of policy decisions on deliveries an d stock holdings.
(2) Pre-production planning: It covers capacity planning and order intake control
(3) Ordering: It includes make or buy decisions and ordering of own made and
pu rchased items
(4) Inventory control: requirements of stock and stock'Control
(5) Control of manufacture: this includes controlling activities in the manufacturing

process. Types of functions a,e
(a) Shop load analysis
(b) Production scheduling loading
(c) Control routing
(d) Keeping progress records
(e) Shortage control
Different companies assign different functions to its PPC department (Production

Planning Control Department). It is common practice to assign following functions to PPC
department
(i) Order preparation
(ii) Materials control
(iii) Tools control
(iv) Process planning
(v) Scheduling
(vi) Dispatching
(vii) Progressing
(viii) Expediting
Work order: A work order is an internal document of the PPC department and is raised
to authorize its different wings to initiate action on the item(s) indicated therein.
Order preparation: Order preparation is the process of converting sales orders into
work orders, converting work orders into shop orders, preparing auxiliary orders and
releasing subsequently to those concerned to authorize manufacturing activities.
Materials planning: Materials planning are the scientific way of determining the
requirements of raw materials, bought out parts and others and ensuring their
availability in the right quantities, at the right time within capital lock up.
Techniques for materials planning:

Materials planning techniques can be classified into two groups:
(i) Materials planning techniques for direct materials
(ii) Materials planning techniques for indirect materials
The broader classification is as follows:
' .... ' ,

Material Planning Techniques
•
Material group Technique
A Direct material
(a) High value (i) Bill of materials
(ii) Material requirement planning
(ii i) Inventory control

~
(b) Low value (i) Inventory control

B Indirect materials (i) Past consumption analysis technique
(ii) Exponential smoothing
(iii) Inventory control
Bill of materials:
Bill of materials (BOM) also called part lists or building lists, is the document generated
at the design stage. It details the structure of the product by dividing the final assembly
into major assemblies, major assemblies into sub-assemblies and sub-assemblies into
parts. Bill of material provides details such as part name, part number, description,
quantity required, material etc.
Materials requirement planning (MRP):

Material requirements planning (MRP) is the scientific technique for planning the
ordering and usage of materials at various levels of production and for monitoring the
stock (inventories) during these transactions. MRP therefore is both inventory control
and scheduling technique. It utilizes the master schedule for the end products, product
structure for determining requirements of sub-assemblies, components and raw
materials, procurement/manufacturing lead times and inventory status of products, sub-
assemblies, parts and materials.
Material requirement planning · (MRP) is particularly useful when one or all of the
following conditions are present.
(i) The final product is complex and is made up of several levels of assemblies which
have many a common parts and sub-assemblies
(ii) The procurement lead times for components and raw materials are relatively long
(iii) The manufacturing cycle is long for the finished products
(iv) The demand for the products is known and it is desirable to make specific
procurement/manufacturing plans
Procedural steps in MRP:

Step 1: Determine the gross requirements of the finish products
Step 2: Determine the net requirements of finished products
Step 3: Develop a master production schedule
Step 4: Explode the bill of materials and determine gross requirements
Step 5: Screen out Band C category of items
Step 6: Determine the net requirements of items
Step 7: Adjust requirement for scrap allowance
Step 8: Schedule planned orders
Step 9: Explode the next level
Step 10: Aggregate requirements and determine order quantities
Step 11: Write and place the planned orders
Step 12: Maintain the schedules
~
Process Planning:
Process Planning is the process of establishing the shortest and most economical path
that each part is to follow from the point it is received as raw materials until it leaves as
a finished part or a finished product.
The document which incorporates this vital information is called process sheet or route
sheet.
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The information contained in the process sheet can be put to a variety of uses. ' 110
(i) Scheduling
(ii) Materials movement
(iii) Cost reduction and cost control
(iv) Costing
(v) Method of working
(vi) Requirement of manpower and machines
(vii)
,
Shop.efficiency
~Q)
Scheduling:
Scheduling is the process of fitting a shop order into the uncommitted time available for
a machine or a group of machines required for the manufacture of the item and within
the total time which is not greater than the promised delivery period.
The scheduling must:
(i) Ensure maximum utilization of the plant at minimum cost
(ii) Ensure that requirements of manpower is optimum and is evenly distributed, there
being no peaks and valleys
(iii) Keep itself abreast of hiring, dismissals, retrenchment etc : of the 'l'{ork force
(iv) Possess up-to-date information regarding availability of materials, expected
del ivery dates, materials rejection shortage, purchase orders cancelleq etc.,,,,
(v) Possess up-to-date data on each machine regarding its break down, availC!bility of
spares, average frequency of breakdowns, replacement schedules
~.-"
etc. "
·t ~ l'('-~lr.,
Input of scheduling:
The following are the major inputs of the scheduling function
(A) Performance standard
(8) Unit of measurement
(C) Unit of loading and scheduling
(D) Effective capacity per work
.-/
centre -
(E) Extent of rush orders

(F) Overlapping of operatiolis
(G) Loading charts
In short, scheduling is time phase of loading. It is defined as the assignment of work to
a facility specifying the particular sequence of the work and the time of actual
performance.
Loading: It is defined as the assignment of work of a facility. The facility may be man,
machine, a department, a grotlp of men, group of machine of a plant. In loading the
sequence of operations of the jobs, and the actual time of starting a job are not
mentioned.
For effective loading anq scheduling, these should be followed as rules:
(1) Loading should be done at the higher level of organization
(2) Whenever possible, in formal loading, scheduling should be done
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Different Techniques of Loading and scheduling:

(i) Master scheduling
(ii) Perpetual Loading
(iii) Order scheduling
(iv) Loading by schedule period
Master scheduling:
The technique is very simple. It does not provide the detailed information regarding a
job, rather it gives an overall picture of the jobs.
Perpetual Loading:
This system makes use of load analysis sheet, Gantt chart and a file known as open
order file. The open order file collects a copy of every work order. The work order is a
document which in a way and authorization letter passed on to the lower level in a shop
for carrying out the work.
Order scheduling:
It is the most detailed technique of planning the activities. In this technique the
following information are necessary for each operation:
(i) Set up time
. (ii) Starting time
(iii) Completion' time
(iv) Material movement time
I
'-------'
Loading by scheduled period:
In this system; Gantt chart is used to show the scheduled periods. For each job, the
following information are collected
(i) Set up time
(ii) Operation time
(iii) Total number of operations.
(iv) Technological sequence of each job
(v) The machine on which operation will be performed
Gantt charts:
Gantt chart is very useful in loading and scheduling, dispatching and progressing
The chart consists of a simple grid formed by a series of horizontal and vertical lines.
The vertical lines divide horizo~tal lines into small squares representing units of
measurement which may be days, weeks or months. The horizontal lines divide vertical
lines into sections which are used to represent either operations Uob schedule) or to
represent work centers (load chart)
The chart may be drawn to show at a glance the scheduling of various operations
involved in a job or it may be drawn to show work ahead of each machine or work
centre with respect to time i.e. in days or weeks.
'*
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The former is known as thejob schedule while ,the lat er is called load charts.
A typical Gantt chart is shown below.
r-~--~
. J
~T.
__~
,.~---------------------------------------------.
Gantt Load Chart . ~J,',

Department Week 1 Week 2 Week 3
Or facility
A
B
, ..t- '
C
D
Techniques, for scheduling:

(i) Johnson's two machine algorithm
(ii)Index Method
(iii) Critical. Path Analysis
Routing: Routing is the path followed by products for being processed at various
machine tools and departments . The sequence of operations required for least back
tracking is maintained.
Dispatching: Dispatching is executing planning. It is concerned with starting the work

(or process). It therefore ensu res that the plans are properlY~ rm'pleme'rYtgli :llIt is the
physical handling over of a manufacturing order to the operating facility .
The definition of dispatching - Release of orders and instructions for "thedistarting of
production for any item in accordance with the route sheet and schedule charts.
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~ ------·--- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -."""'M
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' GATEFORUM.
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•En• fI ineering Sliccess
• • •-...... .. . .
FORECASTING
Sales forecasting is the estimate of level of demand to be expected for a product for
some period of time in the future.
Types of forecasting c;w
(1) Long term forecasting

(2) Short term forecasting
Purpose of forecasting . '<""'
~ -'
(1) By knowing the future demand of its products, the management take the
followi ng decisions:
(a) To expand the existing unit
(b) To open new units
(c) To shut down some of the existing units
(d) To diversify the products for its survival
. (2) To make arrangements for finance by taking loans from the government or floating
share in the public or by collaborating with some other firrns , .,'
,',
(3) To make proper arrangement for training the personnel in its own industry or
sending them in other industries in the country or aboard to meet the future need
of skill and expertise~ " , 'tL,',,:::
Forecasting Techniques
(1) Historical estimate ., ", .{
(2) EstiIT\.~~?, q by I ~,a) ,esrr.lan . <1;
'~
(3) Statistical analysis • f I
(4) Ave.r.ag:e of past sales data and moving average

~~~ . .,
(5) Exponential smoothing method
(6) Market research by suitable questionnaire
Statistical Analysis - Method of Least Square

(a) Curve fitting: In the meth od of least square, it is assumed that the product is
already in the market and data of past sales behavior is available
"
Characteristics of the curve of best fit ·
(i) .S.um ofdeviatidns=O ' .
(ii) Sum of square of deviations should be minimum
(b) Deviation: Let a straight line is representing the given data of sales or demand
Let the equation be .\
de = a + bt. .. (A)
where
a, b = constants
de = dependentvariable ( calculated)
Let di = dependent variable (Given)
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~ Engineering SUcce&5
Table 1 ;,(-:i i
Year 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976

Demand
a and b are calculated by solving these equations
Ed - n.a = bLt" .. (i)
E (dt) - aLt= bit2 ••• (ii)
Calculate the demand using equation (A)
Year 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
Demand del de2 de3 de4 deS
(c) Standard error of estimate- This is defined as
Sd = ~( di - del / (n - f)
where
n = number of observations
f = degree of freedom
,
To minimize Sd, we should minimize the factor A, 'f) Y', ,
)
(d) Forecaster - The curve which is assumed to represent the demand and from which
the forecasting will be done for the future periods, is known as a forecaster.
Types of forecaster:
(i) Constant forecaster
(ii) Linear forecaster
(iii) Quadratic forecaster
•
(iv) Cyclic forecaster
The Moving Average Forecasting Technique

In this method, the forecast value is the average of past sale. But this does not remain
constant. It is made up to date by taking the most recent data in consideration and
neglecting the most prior data.'
Example: The sales of a particular item during last five years are given below
Year 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
Sale 10 15 15 20 30
.
Forecast for 1975 Will be = 10 +15+15+20+30
5 '
.
= 18 units
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Let us assume that the actual sale in 1975 was 35 units
Forecast for 1976 from moving average method will be = 15 + 15 + 30 + 35

5 = 23 units
The Exp.o nential Smoothing Forecasting Technique · .;,

This method is a modification of the arithmetic average and moving averag-'e method,
Here, weightage given to various past data are varying, However, the sU(11 of the total
weightage is 1
Let a= smoothing constant
The data will be multiplied by
al a(l-a), a(1-a)2
Mathematically, the exponential smoothing forecast is defined as
2 j
Dt = a,d t + a (1 - a) dtl + a (1 - a) dt2 + ",a (1 - a) dtj
the sum of total weightage is
S=a+a(l-a) + a(l- a)2
= a[ 1 + (1- a) + (1- a)2 + ",J

=a 1 =1
'l -(l-a)
"-
\
The sum of the weightage is unity, so that smoothed estimate Dt is an average value,
without the written permission. ' 53
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Level - 1
1. The most commonly used criteria for measuring fore cast error is
:::fJb
(A) mean, absolute deviation (B) mean
I
standard error
(C) mean absolute percentage error (D) mean square error
-- ' 'J- "

2. Principle tool usep in schedul,ing & loading is
t.,; , ! ...
(A) ABC analysis (B) Gantt chart (C) EOQ mudel (D)CPMjPERT
3. A company intends to use exponential smoothing technique for making a forecast

for one of its products. The previous year's forecast has been 78 units and the
actual demand for the corresponding period turned out to be 73 units. If the
value of the smoothening constant ,u is 0.2, the forecast for the next period will
be '
(A) 73 un its (B) 75 units (C) 77 units (D) 78 units
~
4. Which one of the following statement is correct in relation to production, planning

and control?
(A) Expediting initiates the execution of production plans whereas dispatching
maintains them and sees them through to their successful com pletio'n
(B) Dispatching initiates the execution of producti,o Q, pL9 f1 ~,:<wJ:u~r~9 ~. ~xpediting
maintains them and sees them through to their successful completion
(C) Both dispatching and expediting initiate the executi6n'Of pr od ucti-ohiYlans
(D) Both dispatching and expediting maintain the production plans and sees
them through to their successful completion.
, .'
5. Which of the following input data are needed for MRP?

1. Master production schedule 2. Inventory position
3. Machine capacity 4. Bill of material
.
Select the correct answer using the codes
•
(A) 1, 2 & 3 (B) 2, 3 & 4 (C) 1, 2 & 4 (D) 1,3 & 4
6. Given
T = underlying trend
C
S
= cyclic variations
= seasonal
,
within the trend
variation within the trend
R = residual, remaining or random variation as per time series analysis of sales '
forecasting, the demand will be a function of
(A) T & C (B) R & S (C) T, C & S (D)T, C, S & R
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I ME I Correspondence CQtft;~e5
7. Which of the following factors are to be considered for production scheduling?

1. Sales of fo recast 2. Component design
3. Route sheet 3. Time standards
,
Select the correct a'n's wer
~" :".'
(A) 1, 2 & 3 ;2 ' (B) 1, 2 & 4 (C) 1,3 & 4 (0)2,3 & 4
",'. ';
8. In manufacturing management the term \\dispatching" is used to describe

f "( _, • '
(A) Despatch of sales order > ( (Bf dispatch of factory mail

",. f ,~,
(C) Despatch of finished product to the user(Oy dispatch of work ordersi 'through
shop floor
9. Routing in production planning & control refers to the

(
(A) Balancing of load on machines
(B) Authorization of work to be performed
(q Sequence of operation to be performed
(D) Prog ress of work performed
""V" ,r'" 1-1' I( ,

10. Whicn one of the following methods can be used for forecasting the sales
potential of a new product?
;(6' '\', . \;..'11 ~;- "\A'ci'(:, r~~',,q - 'j\~
(A) l im e' series ahalysis (B) Jury of executive opinion method
(C) Sa les force composite method (D) Direct survey method
11. The routing function in a production system design is concerned with

(A) Ma n power utilization "
(B) Machine utilization
(C) Quality assurance of the product
(D) Optimizing material flow through the plant
12. Cons ider the following statements

•
Dispatching
1. is the action of operation, planning & control
2. release work to the operating divisions
3. conveys instructions to the shop floor
Select the correct answer
(A) 1, 2 & 3
,
(6) 1 & 2 (C) 2 & 3 (D) 1 & 3
13. Men, material and machine are the important resources of production . The
combination of these that can't have a flow process chart for them is
(A) Material and machine (B) Men and machine
(C) Material, men (D) None of these
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14. The production unit requiring all the functions of the production, planning and
control is "
(A) job shop unit (8) mass production unit
(C) flow production unit (D) batch production unit
15. The departmentco'nc€rned with Jigs and fixtures ne@tve8 and cutting and process
parameters i.n a production concern are/is ~f!
(A) production, planning and control ' " (8) ind'ustrial engineering
(C) maintenance :.'. , " (D) production
16. Of the following, which is not an input to materials requirement planning?

(A) planned order (8) inventory status file
(C) master production schedule (D) bill of materials
17. . Material resource planning (MRP) is a technique for determining the

(A) Quality and timing for acquisition of demand items
(8) Quantity and timing for acquisition of demand items
(C) Quality and speed of acquisition of demand items
(D) Quantity and speed of acquisition of demand items
18. In material resource planning, the question of "What and When to produce" is
addressed by the
(A) Master production schedule (8) Planned order release
(C) Inventory status file (D) Bill of materials J
19. Correlation analysis method of forecasting is on/a/the

(A) Econometric or casual method of forecasting
(8) Judgement technique applied to forecasting
(C) Delphi technique applied to forecasting
(D) Time series analysis method of forecasting
20. Inspection of a component can be categorized under

(A) Operation process chart of material type
(8) Flow process chart of man and material type
(C) Flow process chart of man type
(D) Operation process chart of man and material type
~
21. The aggregate planning is a

(A) Long term planning decision
(8) Intermediate term planning decision
(C) Short-term planning decision
(D) Un-time bound planning decision
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•• ., ••
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Scheduling is
(A) time phase of loading (B) cost phase of loading
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of thes~
23. Consider the following statements concerning SQC charts

1. Control charts for attributes can be used when the parameter under control
is the proportion or fraction of defectives.
2. P - charts are based on binomial distribution.
3. C - charts are based on Poisson's probability distribution.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(A) 1 and 2 (B) 2 and 3 (C) 1 and 3 (D) 1, 2 and 3
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----- - -------------- .....
~·';iJ ~l'-~n' . '. Level-2
~. f~, 1r; ,' j ,~. ,. _,i', . I ; I
company for the last 12
A M J J A S··(P. 0 N 0
3 ..
560 640 510 710 800 820 ,, 909 860 950
I~~,U-1 Eb r ~W~) demand" in the month of Jan 1994 is 857 nos. then the forecast for
the month of Feb 1994 is
(A) 865 (8) 873 (C) 890 (0)910
,> . '/
2. Last 10 months sales of a product of A8C Company are
Month J F M A M J J A S 0
Sales 350 640 420 480 510 450 638 720 805 750
',' ,,' ,
Assuming a smoothing factor of 0.5, then the exponentially weighted moving

forecast for the month of November is
(A) 751 (8) 736 (C) 748 (0)763
3. Historical data on the sale of tractors of company for the year 1987 t.0 1993 is
given below i
year sales
1987 3286
r <
)
1988 4751
1989 5867
1990 4580
1991 5020'
1992 8444
., '
1993 11072"
"i,1
Extrapolate the trend for the year 1994 ignoring the effect of seasonal and
random fluctuation
(A) 10417 • (8) 11142 (C) 9316 (0)10818
4. : A company manufacturing TV sets finds that there exists a relationship between

the population and sale of TV sets in the city. The following data has been
collecte9 · '
population in the
15 22 25 36 42
city (in lacs)
number of TV~
65 80 96 130 185
dema nded (h u nd reds)
The demand for TVs for a city with a population of 60 lacs is
(A) 25,476 (8) 24,752 (C) '23,118
\1.'
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,1
5. ABC company specializes in the manufacturing of gears. It has 10 gear hobbing

machines in their gear shop. A work sampling study was conducted to determine
the percentage time lost due to v,a rious causes. The study, reve,a led.thataround, ;,
25% ' time was lost due to reasons attributable to manp9~r:lJent. Industrial
engineering department of the company has established standard . time for. all the
machLnes. Daily ,.se(~ion wise efficiency reports. pr~par~~? b.~ ; }he· '!r'iO.ustrial
engineering department reveals that operators give aroLlnd g,O% dJ ther;s.tandard
output. Then the effective capacity for scheduling is '·' .
(A) ' 680 hrs. (B) 576hrs. (C) 418 hrs. : " .' fbr7~(Phrs .
.; .. ~;'i "" ,iTt f~' :;
6. Match the following (Gantt chart)

List-I(Symbols) List-II( description)
"
a) 1 Set up time
~
b) 2 Date of updating ~f the chart
~ .' , "
,,, , ,, ,
c)
~ ~
3 Time when work started
5
'" -pC" -:-- :" \

81 y
4 Time required for scheduled
production
. .!
(A) a-1 r b-2 r c-3 r d-4 (B) a-3,b-4,c-2 r d-1
(C) a-3 r b-4 r c-1 r d-2 (D) a-3 r b-1 r c-4 r d-2,
7. Benefits of inspection and quality control are

1. gives economy in production through reduction of defective wor;k and
consequent increase in utilization of facilities and labour
2. ensures that parts are within the specified limits of accuracy , and they fit
properly during assembly
3. avoid idle time of the machines by change of route of some Qf th~ jobs or
diverting jobs from other machines .
Which are is true? •
(A) 1 & 2 (B) 2 & 3 (C) 1 & 3 . (D)all
8. A worker manufacturing 50 parts in 6 hours and 30 mins. If this Unieincludes

time for setting his machines also r then the efficiency of the operator is
Consider the following data
Setting time = 35 min ,
Production time per pa'rt =8 min
(A) 121% (B) 118% (C) 116% (D) 110%
9. Suppose a firm is manufacturing automobiles and finds a relationship between

sales of automobile and the index demand for cars. The sales for the last five
years are
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, Engineering Succeas I ME I Correspondence Course
year: 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

sales: 110 130 150 160 180
demand
100 110 140 150 200
index:
Then the relationship between demand index and sales of automobile is
(A) y = 50 .6 + O.13x (8) y = 43.3 + 0.06x
(C) y = 53.6 + 0.66x (D) y = 61.6 + 0.03x
10. A job shop incurs at a cost of Rs. 60/ - per day for each day a job is in the shop.
At the beginning of a month there are five jobs in the shop with the following
data
Job 1 2 3 4 5
Processing time 5 3 8 2 6
(day)
due date
(days)
10 12 20 9 8
(
then the minimum total cost is
(A) 2830 (8) 3420 (C) 3890 (0)4360
11. A Gantt plan with an 80% guarantee is used on a job that is 30% process
controlled. The plan uses a standard hourly rate of Rs. 20 and a bonus rate of Rs.
25 per hour. The standard time for the job is 0.1 hr/piece. Then the earnings for
a worker per day (8 hours) of work, if 85 pieces were produced on a given day is
guaranteed
wages
~~--------------~
>-
co
U
'-
(])
0-
i'" ( )!
(])
0.5
number of piece day ~

•
OS==output standard
(A) 256.50jday (8) 228.50jday (C) 305.10/day (D) 415.00/ day
12. In a time series forecasting model, the demand for five time periods was
10,13,15,18 & 22. A linear regression fit resulted in an equation F = 6.9 + 2.9t
where F is the forecast for period t. The sum of absolute deviations for the five
data is {\
(A) 2.2 (8) 2 (C) -1.2 (D) 24.3
13. Scheduling is
(A) Cost phase of loading (8) Time phase of loading
(C) Cost and Time phase of loading (D) None of these
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14. Gantt chart for the following examination work

A. Design questionnaire - 10 days
B. Print question paper - 3 days : {. ,'.,
C. Distribute to various centers - 6 days
::; 23·
D. Answer que~ti ~ ~ naire - 1 day
r·
E. Collect answer books at main office - 6 days
/0 , .. ( ' v c-
26 days
,:. "
(A) A I (B) A I
B C :J B L :J
c I----
C r-- c C =:J (
-
D - D b
I---- I---
E I---- P E t---- b
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 o 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
(C) A (D) A
';J \! 1-, 2 B .1'011 t B cb
I J ...... .. " l
C L: . c c :J
D D L
E E - b
-
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 o 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
15. A manufacturer's master product schedule of a product is given below

period planned: week-l week-2 week-3
planned production: 50 100 100
week-4 week-5 week-6
100 150 50
each product requires a purchased component A in its sub-assembly. Before the

start of week-1 f there are 400 components of type A in stock. The lead time to
procure this component is 2 weeks and the order quantity is 400. number of
components A per product is only one. The manufacturer should place the order
for
(A) 400 components in we@k-1
(B) 400 components in week- 3
(C) 200 components in week-l & 200 components in week-3
(D) 400 components in week-5
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16. Consider the date given in the following table

Period Demand Production plan
Regular Overtime Others
Production Production
...
1 500 500 - -
2 650 650 -
3 , 800 -+i' ... 650 150 -
,
4 900 ':650 50 ?
Given the fact that production in regular and overtime is limited to 650 and 150.
The balance demand of 100 units in the 4th period can be met by
(A) Using overtime in period 2 (
(B) Using regular production in period 1
(C) Subcontracting
(D) Using any of the steps indicated in A, B & C .
17. A firm finds that a relationship exists between the rupees sales of one of its
product group and a given economic indicator specially a comparison between
past sales and the corresponding values of the indicator reveals the following
period sales economic index
-- (Rs,lO,OOO)
1 2.1 104
2 1.9 101
3 2.3 106
4 1.5 99
5 1.2 95
6 2.7 109
7 3.6 120
8 1.4 98
9 0.9 90
;,
10 2.0 103
If the value of the index for a further period is expected to be 111. Then the
sales can be expected during that period is
(A) 1.06 (B) 2.87 (C) 3.2 (D) 3.9
18. The product structure of product P is shown in figure. The assembly of 2 units of
Band 3 units of C t~ produce 1 unit of A takes 1 week. The ordering lead t imes
for B, C & Dare 2, 1 & 2 weeks
The master schedule for product P is as follows
weeks: 6 7 8
demand: 20 10 50
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The net requirements of item C if the initial inveiltory of A, B, C & D is 10, 20, 15
& 50 is
(A) 265
(B) 195 1
A
~3
(C) 216
4
~ ~
D
CD) 183
19. There are two machines Ml & M2 which process jobs A, B, C, D, E & F. The
processing sequence of these jobs is Ml followed by M2 • Consider the following
data in this regard .
Process time required in minutes
Jobs A B C D E F
Ml 4 7 3 12 11 9
M2 11 7 10 8 10 13
The processing sequence of jobs that would minimize the make span is
CA) C - A - F - E - D - B (B) C - A - B - D - E - F
(C) C-A-D-B-F-E CD) E-F-D-B-A-C
20. Consider the ·following sets of tasks to complete the assembly of an engineering
component
task time precedence
(in seconds)
A 10 -
B 20 -
C 15 A
D 5 B
E 30 C
F 15 E
G 5 . D
The expected production rate is 3000 units per shift of 8 hour duration. The
minimum number of work stations that are needed to achieve, this production
level is
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 10 (D)ll
21. Forecasting is basically projection based on the

(A) present data only 1\ (B) past and present data combined
(C) past data only CD) data to be available in future
22. Short term forecasting is need for the activity of

(A) product diversification (B) investment planning
(C) capacity planning (D) material control
~9n~!~rfn~s~~
--ILt!.I .... I
. .••••• • • • ••
23. In exponential smoothing method of forecasting, the weightage : given for most
recent data and the older periods are respectively .",
.. . I .
(A) More, dec~ease exponentially (8) Lesser; decrease exponentially
" . . ' !f I ,.
(C) More, increase exponentially (D) Less~er;' increase exponentially
24. Delphi Technique used· iii demand forecasting tech'ri'ique is

(A) One of the time' series'·methods u$ed for forecasting
(8) Nothing but econometric forecasting
(C) A judgement technique used for forecasting
(D) A mathematical model used for forecasting
25. The .execution phase of production planning and control is

(A) loading and scheduling II 2i 2dot (8) rmtt i:rl1.l1' 9
(C) expediting (D) dispatching (
26. A plant has three (3) work stations. The station times for these are 6 minutes, 9
minutes and 5 minutes respectively. If the cycle time is the maximum of these,
the line efficiency for the plant is
(A) 26% (8) 47% (C) 74% (D) 53%
27. The demand for a branded tooth paste in Hyderabad in the .month of Ju/y,'05 is
200 units. The forecast for the same in the month is 120 units. If the smoothing
constant is 0.25 then the forecasted number of tooth pastes for August, 2005 is
(A) 20 (8) 140 (C) 240 (D) 80
28. The demand for particular product of a company for the months August,
September, October, November and December 2005 are on hand. In applying
exponential smoothing method for arriving at the demand in the first month of
the New Year 2004, he weightage will be maximum for the month of
(A) August 2005 (8) September 2005
(C) November 2005 . (D) December 2005
29. In a study to estimate the idle time of a machine, out of 100 random
observations, the machine was found idle on 40 observations. The total random
observations required for 95% confidence level and ± 5% accuracy are.
(A) 384 (8) 600 (C) 2400 (D) 9600
30. A production line is said to 'e balanced when

(A) There are equal number of machines at each work station
(8) There are equal number of operators at each work station
(C) The waiting time for service at each station is same
(D) The operation time at each station is the same
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31. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer:
list I (Topic) list II (Method of solving)
.... ..:.'
(f\) forecasting (1) North-West corner method
<
(B) Linear programming (2) Rowan plan

(C) Wage incentive (3) Method of penalty
(D) Work measurement (4) Time seri'es analysis
(5) Work fact or system
(A) A - 4 B-3 C - 1 D - 5 (B) A - 4 B - 5 C - 1 D - 3
(C) A - 4 B-3 C - 2 '0 - 5 (D) A - 3 B-1 C - 2 D (- 4
32. There are two machines M1 and M2 which process jobs AI BI C I DI E and F. The
processing sequenre -·f..o::-r these jobs is M1 fo llowed by M2 . Consider the following
data in this regard
Process time required in minutes
Jobs A B C D E F
M1 4 7 3 12 11 9
M2 11 7 10 8 10 13
The processing sequence of jobs that would minimize the make 'span is:
(A) C-A-F-E-D-B (B) C-A-B-D-E-F (C) C-A-D-B-F-E (D)E-F-D-B-A-C
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~ •••• 'I.' •• ' • • " l ~ ,
,- i.c c..
~ .- ~"
Answer Keys . i. "', , ,-
- '.
Level-1 , ~~,
,
'{
, .
1 D 2 B 3 C 4 B 5 ~ ~13 :" , 6 \" C 7 D
8 D 9 C 10 D 11 B 12 ~\B 13 A\ 14 A
,\..t
'."
15 B 16 A 17 B 18 A 19 'A 20 6 21 B
u ,',.
22 A 23 D
Level-2
1 C 2 B 3 A 4 B 5 .i B 6 C ,7 A
8 C 9 C 10 B 11 B 12 --~ - 13 B 14 C
15 B 16 D 17 B 18 B 19 C 20 D 21 C
22 D 23 A 24 C 25 D 26 C 27 B 28 A
29 A 30 D 31 C 32 B
Explanations:-
Level - 1
3. New forecast = old forecast + a (actual - old forecast) = 78 + 0.2{73 -' 78) = 77
Level - 2
1. 3 months moving average

Moving Moving
Month Sales
total average
J 410
F 560 1450 483
M 480 1540 513
A 500 1620 540
•
M 640 1650 550
J 510 1860 620
J 710 2020 673
A 800 2330 777
S 820 2529 843
0 909 2589 863
N
D
860
950
2719 , 906
Forecast for the month of February 1994 = average of three immediate months
preceding the month of February
= 2719+857-906 =890
3
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without the written permission, 6'6
Weighted
2. Month Sa les Weight sales
Oct 750 0.500 375
_ Sep 805 0.25Q__2DL_. ___ ,_..
Aug 720 0.125 C.9 0
i ______ --' J
., Jul 638 0.062 AO I {. I »

I,
1
. or
.1
Jun- -450 0.031 : 14,- -.~ - - ~ -I . ~. ~

May 510
* j !\ ,J :'JI.1-
0.061 · - 8:-+1- ---1r-- -'- r'- _. -
t j
-',-' - _.... 1 ._ _ . _ •
. at L '.'
. '- ..- '- --'--1 _ .. ...
,t.".
{.~.-,- Apr 480 0.008 .4
Mar 420 0.004 3
Feb 640 0.002. d 1 L. 2 L d .,<
Jan 350 0.001

' ..
3. J i o I 2f
deviation of
year (sales) year from 1990 X2 xy
(y) (x)
1987 3286 -3 9 -9858
88 4751 -2 4 -9502
89 5867 -1 1 - 5869
90 4580 0 0 0
91 5020 +1 1 +5020
92 8494 +2 4 +16888
93 11070 +3 9 +33216
n = 1 LY = 43,020 LX = 0 LX2 = 28 LXY = 29,893
a = LY = 6145.7
n
b = LXY = 1067.8
LX2
:. equation of line of best fit is y=6145.7+1067.8x
By putting x=-3,-2,-l,O,l,2,3
trend
year X
values
1987 - 3 2942
88 - 2 4010
89 -1 5078
90 0
91 1
6146
7214
,
92 2 8281 '..
93 3 9349
from above equation the projection of forecast for the year 1994 will be 10417
X = 4 )
tractors (
,Y = 6145.7 + 1067.8 x 4
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. ,1
miJ2~!~rfn~s~~!
~ ,~ ~
\- ~'A ~
... . . . . . . . . . . . 1: • • I ME I Correspqndence C,o..: .~e
4. population demand X2
XV
(x) (y)
15 65 225 975
'~~t.."'''.. 1
22 80 484 1760 .~ ~.. f i :... I;
25 96 625 2400
36 130 1296 46~O
42 185 1764 7770
LX = 140 LY = 556 LX2 = 4394 LXV = 17585 .
\.tj, r'"'~
Y = a + bx, LY = na + bLx, LXY = aLx + bLX2 ~.. by solving above

a=-8 .08 b=4.26,y=-8.08+4.26x,put x=60,y=247.52 hundreds = 24752 sets
5. Available hours/ work = 10 x 6 x 16 = 960

Utilization index = 1 - % time lost due to delays & interruptions)= 1-0.25 = 0.75
Net capacity = 960 (0.75) = 720, Shop efficiency = 80%
Effective capacity = 720 x 0.8 = 576 hrs.
8. Standard time = 80x50+35 = 435min

Total actual time taken by the worker = 6hr and 30 min = 390 min
Operator efficiency = standard time x 100 = 435 x 100 = 116%

actual time taken 390
9. year x y X2 xy
1970 10 11 100 110
71 11 13 121 143
72 14
• 15 196 210
73 15 16 225 240
74 20 18 400 360
n = 5 LX = 70 LY = 73 Lx2 = 1042 LXY = 1063
LY = n.a + bLx
LXY == aLx + bLx2
by solving above a = 5.36
.. b = 0.66
trend equation y = 5.36+0.66x (1)
1
The x & y in equation (1) are 10 of actual (x,y)
:. Y = 53.6 + 0.66x
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''''Jj'
~ •••·".I •••• • " 1\ • • I ME I Correspondence Cou.rse
10. Jobs are to be arranged in the ascending order of their processing time.
(4) ~ (2) ~ (1) ~ (5) ~ (3)
Job Processing ready for due completed
no. time despatch date or not
4 2 2 9 Y
2 3 -5'~ 12 Y
1 5 10 10 Y
5 6 16 8 N
3 8 24 20 N
f' ~
57
'>'-' C'=vJ12!=;r i "
Minimum cost: average cost/day per job
Total number of days spent = 57
= 60/- l
Minimum cost = 57 x 60 = 3420/-
11. Number of working hours per day =8

Number of pie~es produced = 85 per day
Output standard = 10 x 8 = 80 pieces / day
Rate for process controlled time = 0.3 x 20 x 8 = 48/-
Expected output/day = ~ x 8 x 80 = 64 pieces/day

0 .1 100
Guaranteed pay/day = (64X~~)+ 48 = 176/-
Incentive for excess of standard production = (85 - 64) x -25 = 52 .50/-

10
Total earning = 176 + 52.50 = 228.50/-
12. t f deviation •
1 9.8 0.2
2 12.7 0.3
3 15.6 0.6
4 18.5 0.5
5 21.4 0.6
2.3
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mGATEFORUM
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. • 11: " II ,I • •• • • 1: " 'I. a ..
Economic
17. Period Sales (S) SI 12
10,000 index (I)
1 2.1 104 218.4 10816
2 1.9 101 191.9 10201
3 2.3 105 243.8 11236
4 1.5 94 148.5 9801
5 1.2 95 114.0 9025
6 2.7 109 294.3 11881
7 3.6 120 432.0 14400
8 1.4 98 137 .2 9604
9 0 .9 90 081.0 8100
10 2.0 103 206.0 10609
19.6 1025 2067. 1 105673
Linear forecast of the firm S = a + b1
IS=na+bLI • '1,
ISI=aLI+bLI2
Solve the above b=0 .0951 a = -7.78
S = -7.78+0.09511
Economic index is 112
S = 2.87
18. The number of units of product P = 20 + 10 + 50 = 80

80 units of P = 80 units of A + (4x80) units of D
=10 units of A + 70 units of A + 320 units of D
= 10 units of A + (2x70) units of B + (3 x 70) units of C + 320 units of D
Net requirement of C = 210 - initial stock = 210-15 = 195
20. Precedence is such that there is no wa iting time

Total time for one assembly is 100 seconds .
•
No. of st ations = 3000 x 100 = 11
8x 60x 60
29. Accuracy =a p
= ~,p = %
fli- idle, q = 100- p
20'p = 5%,O'p = 2.5
Jii = _1_ x ../2400

2.5
n _1-x 2400
=
6.25
n = 384
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I ME I Correspondence Course'
, ':
J _
..c
CD
E
CD
en
as Topics Covered
I:
ca • Deterministic and Probabilistic Models
:IE
.....
~
0
• Safety Stock Inventory Control Systems
c
=
-
c
._. __ .._.. ,
_-- ------------------
~!~!~rfnPs~!!!
IIU.!:J •••••
I
.• • • • • • 1; • • I ME I Correspondence Course
INVENTORY CONTROL
Inventory control and its feasibility:-

An inventory is detailed list of goods and materials which can be moved from one place
to other such as raw material, material in process, equipments and finished products.
Each item is usually needed for proper maintenance of machinery and equipments
needed for running factory and keeping that in working order.
Purpose of Inventory control:-

Inventory controls are needed to have proper track of the inventory ie to find out the
available movable material and to find out the material of required size and quality in
required quantity is available so that manufacturing work does not suffer at all. The
controls are observed and exercised so that obsolete items are separated from used
items and also space shortage problem is solved. It is also to be seen that inventory has
been divided in different categories so that there is no problem about laying hand on the
required material.
Advantages of Inventory control:-

(i) It is ensured that there is no shortage in .the supply of raw materials as such to a
large extent delays in production schedules can be avoided.
(ii) Since efforts are made to purchase the inventory at the appropriate time,
therefore the manufacturer can take advantage of price fluctuations.
(iii) Since the goods are purchased in economic lots therefore, financial gain can be
achieved and good quality material can be supplied in the market.
(iv) Since material in sufficient quantity is available and in case other factors are
favourable, production and out put can be increased to some extent.
(v) Inventory control has certain specific functions to perform. It helps in estimating
material cost of the product manufactured by a firm.
Terms commonly used in Inventory control:-

(i) Economic order quantity or optimum lot size:- It is the quantity to be
ordered for supply or produced at a time for minimum unit cost.
(ii) Ordering point or reordering point:- It is the pOint or day on which fresh
order is placed for additional material. •
(iii) Ordering point quantity above normal minimum:- For getting fresh stock,
order should be placed before the old stock is completely consumed . The quantity
of stock that remains in hand on the ordering point is called ordering pOint
quantity above normal minimum.
(iv) Lead time:- It is also cal~d procurement time. It is the time between placing of
order and receipt of the quantity.
(v) Cycle Time:- It is the time between two successive orders.
(vi) Reserve stock or cushion stock:- It is the stock which is not usually
consumed.
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I ME I Corresp.a h.rumce Coil
T-y'pe of InventoI'Y:- .'

(i) Raw material
: 10 [n' .
(ii) Work in progress
(iii) Finished goods .f
Inventory turnover ratio (ITR) = Annual consumption !
~ "''T< '. _ _ _ ~_" - 8.\le r.,9g.eJnventory
,,,,,,,,"' ,\ .y"~ ! }
~ tP'
Cost Parameters:-. I \ I
(i) Ordering cost

(ii) Carrying cost
(iii) Stock over or shortage cost
Inventory Model with Deterministic Demands:-

Model-l:- Instantaneous supply, continuous consumption and no buffer stock.
Let D = Annual demand/consumption (units per year)
Q = Economic order size
C = Unit cost ie cost of unit material
Co = Procurement cost or ordering cost
Ce = Inventory carrying cost.
~
Ye = Total yearly cos t = Material cos t + Inventory carrying cos t + procurement/ ordering cos t
= Cx D+ i ,C e + ~ .D '\
for economic lot size.

dYe = 0
dQ
Q= ~2DCo
Cc
Ordering cost includes:-

•
(i) The cost of paper work
(ii) The cost of inspection of the raw materiil,L.. _ ,,_"__ .•,...
(iii) Transportation cost
(iv) Cost due to initial trial runs
(v) Labour cost for set up of)machine jig, fixtu~:
Inventory carrying cost. includes:.- ,

(i) Storage space cost "
(ii) Handling cost .'
(iii) Taxes on inventories
(iv) Cost of maintaining inventory records .
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Model-II:- When supply is instanteous, consumption is continuous and there is reserv.;e-
stock.
For this model, the pattern of inventory is shown
''31 f .
t i~ ..)·.'~·"· _,)1":1", ~., i~.;.·

, ;r
I
Quantity
R - reserve stock
Material cos t = CD
C
set up cos t = ~. x D
Inventory carryi ng cos t = Cc ( R + ~)

Tota Icos t, Yc = CD + ~ x D + Cc (R + ~)
Let f = R ie let R be a fraction of Q
.l
\ ~",·,'
'".,-., t,· ·fl Q . .
:. Yc =CD+ ~ xD+fQC c +Ce ~

for economic lot size,
dYe = 0
dQ
Model-III:- Economic lot size when there is shortage and zero lead time.
For this model, the pattern of invefltory is shown.
Ir-_ _ _ _ _....;.;.
I.r;..;. "1. 0
. f ..i,;;;;....
= (:;. ~ _______ _
Quantity
I
q Q
Time---+
Let Cs = Fine or penality on per unit short or shortage cost per unit time .
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lilil;~~~r~~~~~ I ME I Correspondence Course
Q = Maximum Inventory
N = number of orders placed annually
D
Q
cycle time = tl + t2
Total yearly cost, yc = Material + set up cost + Inventory
cost
carrying cost + shortage cost
_ Co q Q- q
-D,C+(f.D + Ce 2"t1 .n + -2-Cst2n
to get optimum Q, ~~ = 0
Q= ~2DCo x~Cs + Ce .•1-
. Ce Cs
for getting the value of q, dYe = 0

dq
Model - IV:- Economic batch size, when supply is continuous (not instantaneous)
consumption is continuous, no shortage and no buffer stock. The inventory pattern is
shown below.
t
Quantity
Time~
Let r = rate of sup ply
P = rateof consumption and r > P
Average inventory = i (1-/{) • r; C\ .~
Total yearly cost'Ye = Material cost+ setup cost+ Inventory carrying cost
Ye = D.C + ~ D + ~ ( i-/{) Ce
for minimum Ye and optimum lot size
dYe = 0 '
dQ
Q= 2DCo
Ce (1- j{)
I ME I Correspondence Co 1"Se
Inventory Models with Probabilistic Demand:- the models discussed above are on ly
artificial since in practical situations, demand is hardly known precisely. In most of the
situations, demand is probabilistics since only probability distribution of future dema nd,
rather than the exact value of demand it self, is known. The probability distribution of
future demand is usually determined from the data collected from past experience. In
such situations, such po licies are chosen which minimize the expected cost rather than
total cost. .
Inventory Control Records;-

(i) Material re-question Form
(ii) Purchase Re question Form
(iii) Receiving Report
(iv) Perpetual Inventory record
A.B.C. Analysis:-
As a manufacturing concern increases its activities, it is required to purchase more and
more items and the responsibility of taking care of each items also increases. It also
becomes difficult to pay equal attention to all the items thus purchased. In case all the
items are purchased at a time and that too in bulk quantities which can not be put to
immediate use, their controlling will involve lot of money and manual operation. ABC
analysis is a fundamental management principle used for inventory management. In this
analYSiS, the inventories are categorized according to their annual usage in terms of
rupees.
As the name suggests, the inventories are categorized into three groups A, Band C.
A. High valued items, contribute about, 70% or so of tota l inventory cost. These
items need careful and close inventory control. They should be though of an
advance and purchased will in item. Proper handling and storage should be given
to them
B. Medium valued items, contribute about 20% or so of total inventory cost.
These items need moderate control. They need less care when compared to A-
item. But some of the B-Items are :v..er,y" cr;itical.
C. Low valued items, amounting about 10% of the total inventory cost. Items do not
need any control. They are least important and low valued .
•
Figure below shows a graph between the percentage of total annual usage cost for the
respective category
100
SO
70 ,
0/0 of inventory
cost
A B c
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Break Even Analysis:-

The effect of quantity on the profit contribution of the product is shown below.
Sales
(
incom
~reak
/'
Cost and
t Total
cost
varia~ dS'st
/',
/'
income
/' /' Fixed cost
Ql Q2
Units--+-
The total cost are given by the sum of fixed and variable cost and the point of
intersection of this line with that of sales income is break even point corresponding to a
sales volume Ql' Activity below Ql results in loss whereas activity above Ql gives profit.
At the pOint of intersection,
F
Q1 = B-A
where F = Fixed cos t
A = Constant total cos t per unit
B = Income per unit
If a plant is operating at a point Q21 it is working with a margin of safety (~) which is
defined as
~ = Q2 - Q 1 = Q2 _ 1 t -
Q1 Q1
and also ~ = FZ • ~\jnT
where z = Profit of the plant

The desirable level of the plant activity can be expressed in terms of the safety margin
or the profit as
Q2 = Qd 1 + ~) = Q1 ( 1 + ~ J
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Level - 1
1. Annual carrying cost for a given annual demand

(A) Will increase with increase in the number of order placed per year
(B) Will decrease with increase in numberof order placed per year
(C) Is independent of number of order placed per year
(D) None of these
2. For a given level of safety stock and EOQ ordering, the re-order point
(A) Is dependent on rate of consumption
(B) Is independent of rate of consumption
(C) Only depends on lead time
(D) Depends on lead time and rate of consumption
3. Annual ordering cost for a given demand

(A) Increases with increase in ordered quantity
(B) Decrease with increase in ordered quantity
(C) Is independent of order quantity
(D) Decreases with decrease in lead time
4. In ABC analysis, the C items are those which represents

(A) Small percentage of the total annual consumption value
(B) High percentage oUotal annual consumption value
(C) Small percentage of closing inventory value
(D) High percentage of closing inventory value '
5. When the ordering cost increased by four times EOQ will

(A) Decrease to 4 times (B) Increase to 4 times
(C) Decrease to 2 times (D) Increase to 2 times
6. Carrying cost of inventory is given as
(A) Cx D (B) CQ (D) QC 1

2 2
• Where C-7 unit cost, D-7 demand, C1 -7cost of inventory per unit per year,
Q -7 lot size or EOQ '
7. Ordering cost is given as (P = ordering cost)

p (D) QC 1
(A) C x D (B) PQ (C) QxD
2 2
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I ME I Correspoqdence Cou; '..:;,,:.
8. Which of the following will represent time between two orders?
(A) ~ x 12 ~R~ths (B) ~ x 12 months (C) ~ x 12 R29nths (D) none
9. When the supply is instantaneous, consumption is continuous and zero buffer

stock, EOQ will be
(A) ~2PD (B) ~2~~1 (C) ~2~C (D) none

C1
10. If shortage is allowed, EOQ will be
(A) ~2PD (8) ~2PD ~C1 + C~

C1 C1 C2
where C2 -7 penalty per unit shortage cost per unit time
11. If reserve stock has to be maintained, EOQ will be
(A) ~2PD (B)

2PD(1 + 2F)
(C)
2PD (D) 2PD
C1 C1 C1 (1 + 2F)
Re serve stock
h
were f = EOQ
12. The method of classification of items to be adopted for:spar:~ parts_iQventQry is

(A) ABC analysis (B) XYZ analysis (C) VED analysis (D) SDE analysis
13. In P-system of inventory control,

(A) The order quantity remains constant
(B) The time between ordering remains constant
(C) The recorder point remains constant
(D) Production rate remains constant
•
14. Classification of item based on closing inventory value is called
(A) SDE classification (B) XYZ classification
(C) VED classification (D) HML classification
15. Classification based on availability of specification item is called

(A) SDE classification \ (B) XYZ class ification
16. Classification based on unit cost of the item is called

(A) SDE classification (B) XYZ classification
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I ME I Correspondence Cours.e . 1.
17 . Analysis depends upon the value of inventory passed by the firm, rather than
what has been consumed is
(A) XYZ classification (8) VEO classification
(C) HML classification (D) FSM classification / '
18. The two bin system is concerned with

"
(A) ordering procedure (8) forecasting sales
(C) production planning (D) none of these
19. The system in which the second bin contains the number of units equal to re-
order pOint is
(A) two bin system (8) Q system (C) P-S system (D) S-A system
20. In the S-S optional replacement system, the decision not to place the order is
taken when the stock level during the review time is
(A) above the level of S (8) below t he level of S
(C) at the level of S (D) none of these
21. In the A8C analysis, C-c1ass items are stored in

(A) Very large quantities and need very strict control on them
(8) Very small quantities and do not need very strict control on them
(C) Very large quantities and do not need very strict control on them
(D) Very small quantities and need very strict control on them
22. As for the inventory control, the cost of items useful in availing the price
discounts is
(A) production cost (8) capital cost
(C) shortage cost (D) replenishment cost
23. What will be the economic or der quantity for a product if yearly requirement is
4000 units, ordering cost is Rs.225 carrying cost is Rs.2 per unit per year and
25% of ordered quantity is always maintained as reserve 'stock?
(A) 711.51 (8) 774.6 (C) 1018.25 (D) 1341.6
24. The annual demand, ordering cost and holding cost for a component are 2000
units, Rs.10 per order and Rs.2.4 per unit per year respectively. How much
quantity should be ordered al\d at what point in order to minimize total cost.
Assume lead time as 5 days.
(A) An order of 31 when inventory position drops to 2
(8) An order of 31 when inventory position drops to 27
(C) An order of 129 when inventory position drops to 2
(D) An order of 129 when inventory position drops to 27
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25. Following table shows the forecast value and actual demand for a component
over 2 months. . .t,'':;},,'
Forecast value Actual demand

JuJi'e " :1 '0 00 '\) ,,:.' ' -~F-
;;',!.
July 998 ,.,

-.(1) :
What will be the forecast value for t!J~hI;)1RnJh of August if smoothing constant is
0.047 ' '
·... :·,1· · ,
(A) 992.16 (B) 993.96 (C) 1192.125 (0)994
26 . For a manufacturing industry the average inventory and annual consumption are
500 and 25000 respectively. The inventory turri-over ratio wiil be "~',' ,
• - : \ ~ A "
(A) 50 (B) ~ (C) ~ (D) 10

50 10
27. A company uses 2400 units of a raw material which costs Rs.12.50 per unit.
Placing each order costs Rs .22.50 an d the carrying cost is 5.4%, pe.,.r year of the.\.
average inventory . Find the economic order quantity.
(A) 1265 (B) 223 (C) 126.5 (D) 822.3 ·
'. ,
,, ~ .,.. .. .' .... .,.."

,J,fflUc.110:> 10 ~15' 9 r\ ,
:_ ' f . "..
i , j
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without the written permission. . . . . . $2
I''';''
Level - 2
'om
Common Data Questions: 1, 2 ,&. 3
, -.~-
From the following infdrmation
.";.' G' ;:15)', ' . " ', 3d I~iw :tori\'!
Maximum consumption = 200 unit/day
,;$\0 ,\
Minimum consumption = 120 unit/day
" ,, ;:.? (A.
Normal consumption = 160 unit/day
Re-order period = 10 - 15 days
Re-order quantity = 1,600 units .. , . ~ .'
. ,
Normal re-order period = 10
1. What would be the re-ordering level?

(A) 3000 units (8) 2000 units (C) 2400 units (D) 2000, units ''
2. Maximum stock level is ·

.t ( ~
(A) 3000 units (8) 3200 units (C) 2400 units (D) 2000 units
3. Minimum stock level is

CA) 2000 units (8) 1400 units (C) 3000 units (D) 3200 units
4. The rate of consumption of a particular item is 20units/yr. The cost of

procurement per order is Rs. 40/- The inventory carrying cost is 0.16% of the
unit cost of the product per year, if the cost of the product is 100/- what would
be EOQ?
(A) 16 (8) 12 (e) 10 (D) 8
Common Data Questions: 5 to 10

•
A motor company requires 50000 units of speedometer per year. The ordering,
receiving and handling cost is Rs. 3 per order, while inspection cost is Rs. 12 per
order. Interest costs Rs. 0.06 per unit per year. Deterioration cost is Rs. 0.004
per unit per year. Storage cost is Rs. 1000 per year for 50000 units
5. What would be holding cost?

(A) Rs. 0.084 per unit , (8) Rs. 0.084 per year
(C) Rs. 0.084 per unit per year (D) Rs. 0.084
6. .Compute the procurement cost

(A) Rs. 12 per order (8) Rs. 3 per order
(C) Rs. 9 per order (D) Rs. 15 per order
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•• • ••• • • .1 • • • 5 • • I ME I Correspond¢oce Cou~.ii: :
7. Econom ic order quantity is

(A) 4226 units per year (B) 4226 units per order
(C) 2128 units per year (D) 2128 units per order
8. What would be the number of orders in a year?

(A) 12 (B) 14 (C) 16 (D)18
9. What would be the re-order period?

(A) 1 month (B) 2 months (C) 6 months (D) 1 year
10. Total variable cost of the inventory is

(A) Rs. 210 (B) Rs. 270 (C) Rs. 310.5 (D) Rs. 357.5
Factory requires 1500 units of an item per month, each costing Rs. 27, cost per
order is Rs . 150 and the inventory carrying charges work out to be 20% of unit
cost per year.
11. What wou Id be EOQ?

(A) 289 units (B) 560 units (C) 1000 units (D) 1200 units
12. No. of orders per year is

(A) 12 (B) 14 (C) 16 (D)18
B . Tota l inventory cost per year will be

(A) Rs. 400000 (B) Rs. 491400 (C) Rs. 510820 (D)none
14. Average cost per unit •

(A) 27 .0/- (B) 27.30/ - (C) 27.80/- (D) 28 . 10/-
15. An enterprise consumes 48000 units per year of material costing Rs. 1.20 per
unit. Procurement cost for each order is Rs. 45 and the carrying cost is 15% per
year of unit cost. Determine the EOQ
(A) 4899 (6) 5000 (C) 5100 (0)5129
,
16. The monthly demand is Rs . 2000 of sales. Annual carrying cost is Rs. 2400. The
ordering cost per order is Rs. 600. EOQ is
(A) one month of sales (B) two month of sales
(C) three month of sales (D) four month of sales
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17. If annual carrying cost is Rs. 2 per annum per unit and annual procuring cost is
Rs. 500, what would I?e the EOQ?
(A) 400 units ,fl!J S) 500 units (C) 600 units ., (D) none
18. If the lead time consumption is .30.0 un its, EOQ is 500 . units and safety stock is
450 units, calculate the re-order level
(A) 800 units (B) 950 un its (C) 1250 units (0)750 units
Annual demand = 800 units

Cost of an item = Rs. 40
Ordering cost = Rs. 800 per order
Inventory carrying cost = 40% of the cost of product per year
Back order cost = 10 Rs.
Consider uniform demand, instantaneous delivery time and back order facility
19. Compute EOQ
(A) 283 (B) 310 (C) 456 (D) none
(
za. f.'faxlmum Inventor\( (eve! will be
(A) 283 (B) 175 (C) 456 (0)510
21. Maximum number of back order will be

(A) 200 units (B) 250 units (C) 281 units (D) none
22. Time between the orders is

(A) 110 days (B) 156 days (C) 188 days (0)208 days
23. Reserve stock is used when

i. There is increase in lead time
ii. There is increase in cycle time
iii. There is decrease in cycle time
iv. There is decrease in lead time
v. There is increase in consumption after the order has been placed.
(A) i, ii and v (B\ iii and iv only (C) i and v only (D) ii and v only
24. The penalty cost is four times that of carrying cost for an item, and the demand
rate is constant, if shortage is permitted, the service level that could be
maintained at EOQ ordering is
(A) 0.75 (B) 0.80 (C) 1.25 (D) 1.33
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~--'- -------------------""'-!!!!!II
i~k_~
1 'i~"
J'i1
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~ • _13 ~ ,.~
I ME I Correspondence C0ui<se'
25. An industry has a capacity of manufacturing 60000 units a year. The demand in
the market is of 3000 units only. It is independent on the supply of input
materials and on supply from sister units. The supply of input materials is
restricted to 300 units per day. The average producbbn rate is 200 units per day.
If the cost of unit material is Rs. 50, inventory carrying rate is 20% of unit cost
and the preparation or-set up cost is 5000, calculate economic lot size.
(A) 6000 units (B)- 7-864 u-nits (C) 8864 units (D)9487 units
,
Consider the following

Demand = 1000 units
= Rs. 100
Unit cost
Order cost = Rs. 160 per order
Inventory carrying cost = Rs. 20 per unit per year
Back order cost = Rs. 10
Inventory model with planned shortage is valid
26. Minimum cost order quantity is
(A) 219 units (6) 230 units (C) 127 un its (D) nO,ne
27. Time between the orders is

..;; v " <. \
(A) 80 days (6) 46 days (C) 70 days (D) none
, l - ~
; '-\_H?:'I lP
/
28. Maximum inventory level will be
29. Maximum no. of back orders is

(A) 100 units (6) 73 units (C) 146 units (D) none
30. Average unit cost will be

(A) 100/- (6) 101.50/- (C) 102.50/- (D) none
31. The demand and production rate of a particular product is 20/day and SO/day
respectively for a working year of 300 days. The inventory carrying lost is Rs.20/-
If the setup cost is Rs.7500/- the economic manufacturing quantity of the
product is
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"
A 5-job and 2 machine problem is like this

" Processing time [in hours]
IU,_
Job ~
'I ." ....
j ·.....
M M
- - "
,, C1 C2 __,Jf..':
"
A 9 4 ,
, ,
B 3 5
C 8 12
0 2 7
E 10 6
In the best possible sequence, the job that will be processed in the middle is
(A) D ' (B) C (C) B (D)A
33. Thet
number of items on hand at the end of first week of manufacturing concern'
is 60. The ' receipts during the second week are 120. If the number of items on
hand at the second week is 150, the projected requirements are
(A)' 210 ' !. (B) 30 (C) 90 (D) 60
34. The sales of a consumer good company are like this. January,'03 - 300,
Fei?,r,\.I9,ry','03 - 3 5,0,. March,'03 - 375. The forecasted demand for January is 320
units. The forecasted demand for April,'03, if the exponential smoothening
constant is 0.32 is
(A) 314 (B) 325 (C) 352 (0)341
35. In a manufacturing concern making profit the correct relationship is

(A) Fixed cost + profit = Sales revenue
(B) Sales revenue + Total cost (fixed + variable) = profit
(C) Variable cost - fixed cost = Sales revenue + profit
(D) Fixed cost + variable cost + profit = Sales revenue
36. Econometric forecasting establishes a cause and effect relationship between two
variables for forecasting. It utilizes
(A) Both regression analysis and correlation analysis
(B) Only regression analysis technique
(C) Only correlation analysis technique
(D) Neither of these regr~ssion nor correlation analysis
37. The quantity of items to be re-ordered at the re-order level will be

(A) Equal to EOQ (B) More than EOQ
(C) Less than EOQ (D) Not related with EOQ
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. without the writle:-. I: ermir.sion. 87
\: fr~ ;c\ ;.,":. ~
I ME I Correspondence Co!itr e
38. As far as inventory control is concerned, it assumes demand to be

(A) Probabilistic with a lead time of zero
(B) Determ)pistic with a lead time of zero
(C) Probabilistic with positive lead time
(D) Deterministic with positive lead time
- -
39. Th-e demands of the market for leaf sprirrgs of a particular company are 9, 00,000
per annum. Another' client ; company purchases these and sells them. Cost of
making purchase order is Rs.1500/-. The cost of storage of leaf springs is
Rs.150/- per spring/annum. The economic order quantity is
(A) 4343 (B) 4242 (C) 4545 (D) 4646
40. The B-class items in ABC analysis constitute X of total items and Y of money
spent on them. The X and Yare
(A) 10 - 15% and 15 - 25% (B) 5 -10% and 70 - 7'5%
(C) 10 - 15% and 10 - 15% (D) 70 - 80% and 5 - 10%
41. The re-order level in inventory control system is

(A) The difference of safety stock and lead time consumption
. q.\f('q r'"\'l 4 ....
(B) The average of safety stock and lead time consumption
(C) The sum of safety stock and lead time consumption
(D) Either the safety stock or the lead time consumption whichever is maximum
I •
42. Which of the following is not used in inventory management?

(A) Re-order point (B) Lead time (C) Ordering cost (D) None of these
43. The management is interested to know the percentage of idle time of an

equipment. The trial study showed that percentage of idle time would be 20%.
The number of random observations necessary for 95% level of confidence and
+5% accuracy is:
(A) 6400 (B) 1600 (C) 640 (D) 160

• List I List II
(A) Exponential smoothing method (1) Batch production
(B) ABC analysis (2) Job production
(C) Product layout (3) Forecasting
(D) Process layout (4) Inventory management
(A) A - 3 B - 4 C - 1 D - 2 (B) A - 4 B-3 C - 2 D - 1
(C) A - 3 B - 4 C~ - 2 D - 1 (D) A - 4 B-3 C - 1 D - 2
45. Fixed investments for manufacturing a product in a particular year is Rs.80000/-.

The estimated sales for this period is Rs.2,OO,OOO/-. The variable ,cost per unit for
this product is Rs.4/-. If each unit is sold at Rs.20/-, then the break even pOint
would be
(A) 4000 (B) 5000 (C) 10000 (D)500
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I ME I Correspondence Counse
Level - 3
1. Which of the following represents the inventory tre dd when supply is

instantaneous, consumption is continuous and there is reserve stock?
(A) (B)
Quantity Quantity
Time~
(C) (D)
. Quantity Quantity
c \ .
Time~
1.....,- ,.,
2. Which of following represent the inventory trend when there is shortage and lead
time is zero? '
(A) (B)
Quantity Quantity
Time ~
(C) (D)
Quantity Quantity
Time~
3.
•
Inventory trend for EOQ when supply is continuous (not instantaneous)
consumption is continuous, no shortage and no buffer stock is
(A) (B)
Quantity Quantity
(C)
~antityktV1VK (D)
Quantity
1ime -4
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Common Data Questions: 4, 5 & 6
.~ .
, __ .. ",,' A's job shqp- buy, two parts (X and Y) for use in its--production system from' two
,.,t di.fferent suppller$. The parts are needed throughoutl:the entire 52' week year. :Xs
~r:e U$~.9 ar a tel~tiv~ry' constant rate and are ord 1r~d whenever the remainjng
.q·daqtit~ __dr.ops·to. the' reorder level. Ys are ordered from a supplier who stops by .
5v..-e 1 _~~e~ _w:~:eks... ~~!a fQ~t~oth ;~roducts are as follows.
Item .: ; ',::',: ";X oS;;
..l , Y
'''Annual Demand 10,000 5,000
Helding cost (% of item cost) 20% 20%
.Set up or order cost Rs. 150 Rs.25 \
Leadtime.. 4 weeks 1 week \
Safety stock " 55 units 5 units
mam cost ': .,.. ,. Rs. 10.00 Rs.2.00 ~',~
.>" ..
What is re-order quantity for X?
• f:' A i 'tE t-
(A) 824 .. ~. (8) 1225 (C) 2049 (D) none of these
.'-_:::"......J__...!~ L__ ~
r
5. Re-order point for X is
(A), 824 (8) 1225 (C) 2049
Inventory control system for Y is

(A) 290 - inventory on hand (8) 390 - inventory on hand
(C) 490 - inventory on hand (D) 590 - inventory on hand
7. A firm produces and consumes 3200 tools made of stainless steel annually. The
cost of setting up for production is Rs.750 and the monthly production rate of
tool is 550 units. The production cost is Rs.15 per item. The annual storage and
carrying is 20% of unit cost. The time taken for optimum production run is:
(A) 98 days (8) 298 days (C) 198 days (D) 322 days
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_ATEF.O"R.llM."y, ,,','j \ ::>." '
.:
...... , ........ .
Engmeermg ~~~': . _ ,_ . . .
,\ .
Answer Keys
Level- l _. d f"f r i' )' ~
;
1 " , ,
B: ,,' 2,-- C
,
'8 B ', -Ij~~f
. B
15 A 16 D c
22 A 23 B 24 D 25 BX 26 A 27
Level - 2 ' , , c,,_'
- " ','
1 A 2 C 3 B 4 C 5 C 6 , ' D -- ,
',1,' B
8 A 9 A 10 D 11, C 12 D 13 B ,14 B
15 A 16 C 17 B .. ' " 18 , D 19 C 20 ': '-8 , 21 C
22 D 23 C 24 'B 25 D 26 A 21 A '2 8 " D
29 C 30 B 31 B 32 B 33 B 34 D 35 D
"
36 A 37 A 38 A 39 B 40 C 41 C 42 0
43 A 44 C 45 B
Level - 3
ci 4 B 51 A 6 B' !7
Explanations:-
Level - 1
1. Carrying cost depends on the lot size., lower the lot size lower the
, . ," "
ca~rYi' ngtost.
Lot size Q = ' demand
order placed
, :. Incr;ease in order placed, will re.d,ucethe lot :size .and hence the carrying cost.
2. Re-order point
, .
= safety 'stock +: lead'tiil1e x rate of consumption
,
". . " , . I f d i d No. f d' . demand
3. O r d enng cost IS proportlona to ,no. 0 or er pace, 0 or er= , ' " " .
, oroer quanttty Q
Increase in ordered qualltity will decrease the no. of ordered placed in unit time
and thus reduce the ordering cost.
5. EOQ=~2PD . EOQ .JP. EOQ2 = J4.EOQ1 oc : . EOQ2 = 2.EOQ1

C1
8. Order placed in a year = ~ :. time between the orders = ~ x 12 months

20 x Co ,
23. Q= ( )' where f = 0.25
Cc x 1 + 2f
. . ~2X2000X10
24. Economic order quantity = = 129.09
2.4
. 2000
Re-order pOint =- -x 5 = 27.39
365
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. ;
I ME I Correspondence Co-u.rse
25. For August = 998 + 0.04(900 - 998) + 0.04(1 - 0.04) (950 - 1000) = 992.16.
26. Inventory turn-over ratio = Annual consumption = 25000 = 50
Average inventory 500
Level - 2
1. Re-ordering level = maximum consumption x maximum ordering time
= 200x15=3000units
2. Maximum
, stock level
= Re-ordering level + re-ordering quantity - minimum consumption x minimum
re-order period = 3000 + 1600 - 120 x 10 = 2400 units
3. Minimum stock level
= Re-order level - normal consumption x normal re-order period
= 3000 -160 x 10 = 1400 units
4. EOQ = ~2~~, Here demand D = 20 units per year,procureme~t ~~s~ = 40/- per day
Holding cost He = 0.16x 100 = Rs. 16 per unit per year :. EOQ = 2 x 20 x 40 = 10 units
\ . 16
5. Holding cost He
= interest cost + deterioration cost + storage cost
= 0.06 + 0.004 + 510000~0 =. Rs.0.084 per unit per year
6. Procurement cost
= Ordering cost + handling cost + inspection cost = 3 + 12 = 15/- per order
7. EOQ = ~2PD
He'
D = 50000
,
2 x 50000 x 15 =
/----------- 4226 unl'ts
0.084
. Demand per year 50000
8. No. of order In a year = - - = 11.83 C::' 12 orders per year
no. of units per order(EOQ) 4226
9. Re-order period = Total period = 12 = 1 month

nQ. of re-order 12
10. Variable cost of inventory = Total ordering cost + Total storage cost
= 12x 15 + 0.084x E~Q = 357.5 Rs. per year
11. ~2PD . 2x18000x150.

EOQ = - , D = 12 x 1500 = 18,000 Unit per year, EOQ= = 1000 units
He 0.2x27
12. No. of order per year "\ 18,000/1000 = 18
13. Total inventory cost per year = Material cost + Holding cost + Procurement cost
EOQ
~ 27 x 18,000 + -2- x He + 150 x 18 ~ 491400 Rs.
. 491400
14 . Average cost per unit ~ 18000 = Rs. 27.30
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EOQ = '~2PD =
~
15. 2 x 45 x 48000 = 4899 units

HC 15 x 1.2
,--, uj" ~.
16. For optimum condif:ton, Annual procuring cost = Annual storage cost
Annual procuring cost = 2400
'j' Annual procuring cost 2400 4
N o. 0 f orders per year = = 600 =
ordering cost per order
12
.. Hence times between orders = - = 3 months, :. EOQ =~ 3 mohths of~sales
4 -
17. Under optimum condition, Annual ordering cost = Annual carrying cost ,.,
,
:.500 = ~ EOQ x carrying cost per unit per year
:. 500=~EOQX2,:. EOQ = 500 units

18. Re-order level = Minimum stock level + lead time consumption
= 450 + 300 = 750 units
19. EOQ =3~2P~

CH
~CH.+
C
C 1
,P = 800 per order, D = 800 units
1
C = Rs. 40, H = 40% of C, C1 = 10, EOQ = /2 x 800 x 800 ~16 + 10 = 456 units
V 16 10
20.
C1 10
Qm = Q CH + C = 456 16 + 10 = 175.4 = 175
1
21. Maximum 'no. of back order units;; Q - Qm = 456 -175 = 281 units
22. Time between re-order = Q x 365 = 208 days

D
C1 4CH
24. Qm = Q CH + C ' C1 = 4CH, Qm = Q CH + 4CH' Qm = 0.8Q
1
25. EOQ =
CH 1-
rD)'
%
P = Rs. 5000, D = 30000 units
•
CH = 0.2 x 50 = Rs. 10 per unit per year,p=200 units per day
. 2x5000x30000
5=300 units per daY,EOQ= 0 ( _ 200/ ) =9487 units
1 1 / 300
26. EOQ = ~2PD ~CH+C1 P = 160 CH = 20 C = 10 D = 1000 units, EOQ = 219 units
CH C1 ' \ ' '1'
27. Time between the orders = E~Q x 365 = 80 days
28. Q =Q( C1 J = 219( 10 )=73units

m CH + C1 20 + 10
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29. Maximum back-order = Q - Qm=219-73=146units

30. Overall annuSlI cost=Material cost + carrying cost + ordering cost + shortage cost
2
~ CD +. -21 Qm 'CH + D P ~ (Q - Qm)2 C1 = 101460.6/-
'Q Q 2Q
° :, .1~ r
1Ieraa.- Il .' . :: - 101460.6 ",' 6
:. /"\verage Unit cost = T ~' I() ~
O· ,;.
= 1 1.4 101.50/-
. 10 0
i:tli:· ':'" J -.
43. Number of random ob's ervatlons:
N = K2 9 (1 - P) = 6400
(Sp)2
Level - 3
7. EOQ= ~2~:R ~ K ~ R Co = 750, Cc = 1 00 x 15 = 3

20
= /2 x 750 X 3200 1_ _ 6_6_00__

V 3 6600- 3200
EOQ = ~2CoR ~ K
Cc K-R
= /2 x 750t 3200 6600

V 6600 -3200
R= annual demand = 3200, K = production rate = 550x 12=6600
"" 1762.
Production run = EOQ= 1762 = 0.27 years

K 6600
= 0.27 x 365"" 98 days
\
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GATEFORUM
Engineering Succss& I ME I Correspondence Course
.I:
e
II
CD
en
Topics Covered
.I • Linear Programming
• Tra nsportation Method

c
..t!
.-o • Assignment Method
• Queuing Method
• CPM and PERT

CD
a.
o
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OPERATION RESEARCH
Projects are large non-repetitive tasks. They vary hugely both in their subject and in
their size.
Main characteristics of a project'are:
(i) A project is non-routine, non-repetitive undertaking often plagued with
uncertainties
(ii) A project has a particular objective to achieve
(iii) A project has clearly identifiable start and finish
(iv) A project is composed of a large number of inter-related activities. The activities
of the project are physical independent actions which require time for completion
and consume one or more resources.
(v) A project uses a variety of resources and skills
Project that are not properly scheduled generally tend to extend beyond the
contract data and thus cause heavy losses to the contracting firms.
Delays in completion of projects:
(a) Tend to increase investment in work in progress
(b) Delay in invoicing and thereby reduce working capital
(c) Penalize the contracting firm when the completion lags behind the agreed
data since most of the contracts of the projects contain penalty clauses
Cd) Result in unwelcome additions to the fixed manufacturing expense as men
and machines are employed beyond the economic time span
Critical Path Analysis:
Critical path analysis, an impotent aid to planning, scheduling and coordinating the
activities of large scale projects, is a synthesis of two independent techniques.
(1) Programme evaluation and review technique (PERT)
(2) Critical Path Method (CPM)
Though the two techniques were developed independently, they are only superficially
different. The methods have many features in common and are now combined into a
technique, called critical path analysis (CPA) or network analysis .
•
The difference between a PERT network and CPM network are as follow:
PERT CPM
1 Event oriented Activity oriented
2 Use of three time estimates Use of one time estimate
3
4
Complex and difficult to implement
Very good for simulating
, Easy to use and update
Very good for scheduling highly sequential
alternative plan, resource work with parallel and independent chains
allocations
5 Most costly system to maintain Easy to maintain
6 It is not related to cost Activity times in CPM technique are related to

cost
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1,;;P'~
COlI,~'
Network Logic: A network is a graphical representation of the project and is composed '
as series of connected arrows and circles to describe the inter- relationship of the
activities involved.,
The network is constructed from the following elements: I
(a) Activity:, -An activity represents ,a task ,which" has a definite beginning and
definite end. An activity is represented 'by' an "arrow" (~). The description of the
activity is written above the arrow and the time consumed is written below the
arrow.
Design
)
For example : 10 days
Activities proceed from left to right. The tail of the arrow represents the s,t a"rt of ,
an activity and head of the arrow represents the completion of the activity.
(b) Events: Events represent start or finish points of activities. They are not time
constrained. They are usually represented by circles and they are numbered.
Since each activity has a definite beginning and definite end, each arrow
representing the activity is bounded by two events.
For example:
Starting Completion
Event Event
A , C
>0
B
Merge
ex D
Burst
D
Combination of merge
Event Event and burst event
(c) Activity relationships:

A project is made up of various activities which are interrelated.
To construct a network, the project is first torn into its activities and their
technological relationshi ps between the activities are established. Three possible
relationships are
(i) Certain activities can be carried out concurrently, they are called concurrent
activities.
·
(ii) Certain activities must precede or follow other activities. Those activitie? ;:" ,1.1
which must follow others are called "succeeding" activities and those which
precede others are called "preceding" activities.
,J
~
Network Interpretation
Activity B can not start until Activity 'A' is completed. 'A'
is therefore, a preceding activity and 'B' is a succeeding
~ activity
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Activity " D' as well' as activity' 'E' can' not start ' uhtil
activity ' C is completed . Hbwever, both activitiesD and E
can be started simultaneously. Acti,ti'ties Dand E,
thereforer are though ' c::oncurrent between themselves
but are succeeding to activity 'C'
A<:;ti'V.ity , PI.,-can ..f1,o.t .;stal;t ur:Jtil activities v F.f ifainGlI 'G' are
"oompletl=!d > ,4. (.c ' C7·'~':' .c, • J ~, 'C~ ":'11I'i 4 .7 •
··.'1.,1
Activity M as well as - activity N can not start until

activities K and L are completed. K and L, therefore, are
preceding activities and M and N are succeeding
activities. M and , N, however, between themselves are
concurrent
Activity R can not start until activities P and Q are
completed. And activity 'Si can not start until activity Q is
over (i.e. activity P may not be even over.) Activity R,
therefore, is ,succeeding to activity P and Q while activity
S is succeeding to activityQ.
(d) Dummy activities: A network is made upof combinations of preceding, succeedirig
and concurrent activities. There is, however, another type of activity ca lled dummy
activities which require neither time nor resources. They are used either to signify a
constraint or to avoid ambiguities or ill - logical relationships. Dummy activities are
indicated by dotted lines.
Example:
Two activities can not have common start and finish points. They can have either
common start or finish pOints, but not both.
Network construction:
A network is a graphical repres·entation of activities comprising the project. The network
is formed by a series of connected arrows and circles which give technological
relationships to the activities involved.
Rules for drawing the network:

A set of rules g iven below have been specified to ensure logical representation:
(A) Every activity must have one preceding (tail) event and one succeeding (head)
event. However, more than~one activity may share the same tail event.
():!:o B
o::Jo
[Correct]
[Incorrect]
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(8) A network should be progression of activities always moving in forward direction .

Loop-a-series of activities starting from a tail event and leading back to the same
event should be avoided. .
E.g.
[Incorrect Network]
(C) All activities must be tied into the network. Dangling must be avoided.
(Incorrect) (Co rrect)
(D) A network should have one starting event and one completion event
(Incorrect)
(Correct)
(E) A network should employ only those dummy activities which are absolutely
necessary
Node Labeling:
Once the network is drawn, it is good practice to label the events systematically. As a
general rule, the numbering system must ensure that
(i) The event numbers as far as possible reflect logical relationships of the activities.
(ii) For a given activity, the number of its tail event is lower than that of its head
event.
Fulkerson's rule is normally used for node labeling.
Activity Time Estimation:

Activity time estimation is an important work. Success in timely completion of the
project largely depends on the accuracy of activity times. Activity times may be
established from historical data, past experience, judgment etc.
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Project classification:
Depending upon the nature of the activity times, the projects may be classified into
following two categories.
(1) Projects in which activity times can be estimated with sufficient certainty
(2) Projects in which there is high degree of uncertainty about the activity t imes.
Time estimation of the activiti.es pf the project in the first category is done by
using critical path method while time estimation of the activities in the second
category is done using Programme Evafuation and Review Technique (PERT)
The concept of multiple times (three time estimates) is evolved in PERT to reduce
the incidence of uncertainty in project planning. The three time estimates are
(i) Optimistic time (a): This indicates the minimum time that an activity can take
if everything goes smoothly without any interruptions.
(ii) Pessimistic time (b): This indicates the maximum time an activity can take
under adverse conditions.
(iii) Most likely time (m): This indicates the time an activity can take most often if
it is repeated again and again under the same conditions.
Three time estimates are not directly entered into the network. They are
transformed into an expected time using the relation given below. te = a + 4m + b
6
Critical path: A network consists of chains of activities called paths of network.
Addition of durations of activities on any path gives the duration of that path. It is
this path, with the longest duration, which sets the overall duration of the
project, is called critical path. And the activities on the critical path are known as
critical activities.
Figure below represents the network of a project. The expected time of each
activity has been entered into the network itself.
Critical path is A-B-G-H- I
Characteristics of critical path:

(1) Every network has a critical path.
(2) It is possible to have morti than one critical path.
(3) A critical path is one of the connecting links between the first and the last
event.
(4) A critical path may have lesser number of activities compared to non-critical
paths.
(5) A critical path may run out through a dummy activity.
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Non-critical paths and float times:

All activity chains which do not lie on the critical path are called non-critica'i paths and
the activities along these paths are called non-critical activities. Logically it would not
affect the project completion time if such activities take little longer time than planned.
The extended time should not result in total chain time of activities to exceed time along
the parallel critical path. The spare time which is called float or slack can be obtained by
subtracting the 'non-critical path time' for the parallel critical path time.
As the number of activities increases, it becomes very difficult and time consuming to
find the critical path by complete enumeration or inspection. Therefore, for larger
networks, a more systematic procedure is needed to determine the critical path. The
most commonly used method employs two sets of calculations .
(i) Forward pass computation
(ii) Backward pass computation
The forward pass computation begins from start event and moves towards the end event
of the project network. It determines the earliest expected time for each event, called
earliest time (TE). The backward pass computation begins from the end event and
moves backward to the start event of the project network. It determines the latest
allowable time for each event, called latest event time (TL)' The convention used in
recording of the events time is given below
Event Number
Forward pass computation (earliest event times):

Earliest event time represents the earliest possible occurrence time of event which gives
the earliest possible start time of the activity emanating from the event.
The steps involved are
(i) The first activity of the . project can be started as soon as the proJect . is
undertaken which implies that earliest event time of the initial event (first event)
is zero.
i.e. TE = 0 [starting event is set at zero]
1
(ii) Each activity of the network as soon as the activity/activities proceeding to it

is/are completed.
i.e. TE j = TEi + t ij
where,
,
TEj = the earliest event time of event j
TEi = the earliest event time of event proceeding to event i
t ij = duration of the activity from event i to j
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(iii) The earliest event time Te of a merge event equals largest of th e sum of IE of t he
preceding event plus' duration of the activity emanating from the preceding
event. 'J .1 '
Figure shown below -shows the earliest event times of sample network w ith
explanation.
Applying the above rules/ we get

TEl = O(starting event set at zero)
TE2=TE1+t12=0+7=7
TE3=TE2+t23=7+7=14
TE4=TE3+t34=14+2=16
TE5 =TE3+t35= 14+ 7=21
TE6=TE4+T46=16+4=20
TE7 = Max. [TE3+t37/TE5+t57/TE6+t67]
=Max.[14+5/21+ 7/20+ 7]
=Max.p[19/28/27]
=28
TE8=Te7+t78
=28+2=30
Back ward pass computation (latest allowable event times):

Latest event time (TL) repriesents the latest occurrence time of the event. The following
rules govern the computation of the latest event times.
(i) Latest event time of the end event equals to its earliest event time otherwise the
project duration will be affected.
(ii) The latest event time of a tail event equals latest event time of the succeeding
(head) event minus the duration of the activity con v erging on the head event.
i.e. TLi = TL j - t ij
where
TLi = the latest allowable time of event i
TL j = the latest allowable time of event j towards which activity (i/j) is headed
t ij = duration of the activity from event i to event j
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(iii) The latest event time of a burst event equals the smallest of the difference
between the latest event time of the head event less duration of the activity
converging on the head event
i.e. TLi = min(TLij - t ij )
Figure below shows the latest event times of sample network with explanation':
Following the above rules let us calculate latest event time (TL) for the network
(i) Latest event time of = Earliest event time since it is
the event 8 (TLa) the end event (TEa)
(i i) TL7=TL8-t78 = 30 - 2 = 28
(i i i) TL6=TL7-t67 28 - 7 = 21
(iv) TL5=TL7-t57 28 - 7 = 21
(v) TL4=TL6-t46 21-4=17
(vi) TL3 = Min Min(17-2,28-5,21-7)
[TL4 - t34, TL7 - t37, TL5 - t35] Min(15,23,14) = 14
(vii) TL2 = TL3 - t23 14-7 = 7
(viii) TLl = TL2 -t12 7-7=0
Computations for analysis of activity durations:

(i) Earliest Starting Time: The network logic indicates that an activity cannot
commence until its preceGling event is completed. This implies that the earliest
start time of an activity equals earliest time for the event from which activity
arrow originates (TEi)
That is E5ij = TEi
(ii) Earliest Finishing Time: This equals the earliest starting time plus duration of
the activity emanating from the tail event
(iii) Latest Finishing Time: This is the latest event time of the head event
i.e. L~j = TL j
(iv) Latest Starting Time: This is the latest finishing time minus activity duration
i.e. L5ij = L~j - t ij
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Float Analysis:
Float of an activity represents the excess of available time over its duration. Float,
therefore is the leeway available to the project planner for this scheduling activity. It
allows planners to
(i) Decide priorities in allocation of resources
(ii) Transfer resources from less pressing areas to more pressing areas.
(iii) Minimize requirements of a resources
(iv) Prevent peaks and valleys in the requirements of a resource.
Types of floats:
(i) Total float
(ii) Free float
(iii) Independent float
All activities lying on the non-critical paths have total float and some of them may also
have free float
Total float: Total float signifies the maximum delay that can be permitted in the
completion of the activity without affecting the project completion. Total float can be
interpreted in two ways
(i) The maximum time available to delay the commencement of an activity
(ii) The maximum expansion of the duration of the aCtivity
If total float is used up on activity, that activity and subsequent activities in the chain
become critical.
Total float of an activity can be obtained as
Total float = latest occurrence time of the succeeding event - earliest occurrence time of
the preceding event - duration of the activity
= TL j - TEi - t ij
Free float: Free float is the amount of time an activity can be delayed without affecting
the commencement of a succeeding activity as its earliest start time but may affect the
ffoat of previous activity. Free float results when all preceding activities occur at the
earliest event times and all s·ucceeding activities also occur at the earliest event times.
Free float = Earliest occurrence time of the succeeding event - Earliest occurrence time
of the preceding event - duration of the activity
Free float = TEj - TEi - t ij
Independent float: Indepe'ndent float is the amount of time an activity can be delayed
when all proceeding activitie~ are completed as late as possible and all activities are
completed as early as possible. Independent float neither affects the float of preceding
activities not that of the succeeding activities.
Independent float = Earliest occurrence time of the succeeding event - Latest
occurrence time of the preceding event - duration of the activity
= TE j - TLi - t ij
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Points to remember: ' ' ' ' i ) . ' ' ; ' : 'I
( i) Float is for an activity where as .slack is for an event

(ii) In pert network analysis
a< m<b
where r. i' ," , " .. , . ':;r!:t
a == optimistic tim1e
~_ .;''1 j1 e i (,,~
m = most ti'f<e\ry time
-t' : .
p ~:)~ 1.. "'I

b = pessimistic time
Probability aspects of project planning:
PERT network has ability to provide help for management decisions under conditions of
uncertainty. The concept provides probability that a certain project will get completed by
the given data. '
The general principles underlying probability aspects of project planning are
(i) Statistically, three estimate of an activity conform to ~-distribution
(ii) " The expected time divides the area under the curve into two equal parts i.e . the
probability of completing an ·activity within its expected duration is 50%
(iii) The expected time (t e) of the activity is located at one third of the distance
between 'm' and mid range (a; b) away from most likely time.
(iv) Standard deviation (cr) a'nd variance (V) of an activity respectively equal
(v) The expected time (te) of each activity independently a~though has 13-distribution
but their total along the critical path (project duration) has a normal distribution
with mean Tcp and variance Vcp ('
Imagine a project consisting of n independent critical tasks with expected times
of tel' te 2 ,te 3 ".te n. Each of these tasks though is expected to follow 13-distribution
but their total time (project duration), Tcp, if n is large, is expected to follow ,
normal distribution with mean Tcp and variance of critical path Vcp
Tcp == tel + te2" .ten
Vcp == Vl + V2 ".Vn
The conclusion is based on the concept of central limit theorem
Using the above mentioned principles, the probability of completion of the project
can be established as under:
Let tel, te2 ... te n == the expected times of the activity on the critical path
And Vl , V2 " ,Vn = Varianceoftheaboveactivities
Tcp == Expected time of completion of the project
, = tel+te2+te3+".ten
T == Scheduled time of th~ project
·1 .
cr = ~Vl + V2 + ",Vn
Once Tcp and cr have been calculated, then from table of normal curve, the
probability corresponding to standard normal deviate
Z == T - Tcp can be read.

cr
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LINEAR PROGRAMMING
Programming techniques are usually concern with allocation problem in which a variety
of resources must be allocated to a number of users in an optimal manner. In many
programming problems, all the variables and restrictions on the solution which may be
specified can be expressed as equations of first degree. E.g. if the total amount of time
(T) consumed in machine-operation (B hrs), material (say Phrs) and a w.orking hr (S
hrs) must not be greater than 8 hrs, then
8<B+P+S =T
B+P+S+A=8
where A isan additional variable. This types of problem in which all equations are of first
degree is called linear programming.
Linear programming refers to techniques of solving general class of optimization
problems dealing with the interactions of many variables subject to restraining
c~r;Jditions. It is used to maximize and minimize a given objective function which is linear
and is governed by linear constraints. Problems that deal with the minimization or the
maximization of objective functions are called optimization problems .
Assumption of linear programming:

A general mathematical model for a linear programming problem is
Maximize z = C1X1 + C2X2 + ... + cnxn
Subject to the constraints
all x l + a12 x 2 + ... + alnx n ::; bl
a2l x l + a22 x 2 + ... + a2n x n ::; b2
amlxl + am2 x 2 + ... + amnxn ::; bm
and Xl ~ 0, X2 ~ 0, .. ,Xn ~ °
In the proceeding formulation Xj is the level of activity J (decision variable), cj is the
increase in z that would result from each unit increase in Xj (contribution ort cost co-
efficient), b j is the amount of resource I and aij is the amount of resource I consumed
by each unit of activity J
Solution of the constrained optimization problems:-

The' 2o'rlstrained optim ization problems may have
(i) No feasible solution - That is there may be no values of all the x ij that satisfy
every constraints
(ii) An unique optimal feasible solution
(iii) A feasible solution such tt\at the objective function is unbounded
(iv) More than one values of the variables which give same optimal feasible solution
-
Method for solving linear programming problems:-
(i) Graphical Method
(ii) Simplex Method
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TRANSPORTATION MODELS
Transportation model is a special form of Linear programming problem. The

transportation model is expressed as follows:
There are 'mf number of sources of supply, each having different capacities of s'upply,
Si(i = 1, 2, "' ,'" m).
There are 'n' number of destination centres, each having different demand requirements
of Dj (j=l, 2, ..... , n)
The cost of transporting unit item from source 'if to destination 'jf is Cij
The number of items transported from source 'if to destination j is Xij
The problem is to determine the number of items to be transported from each source to
the various destinations (viz. Xij s) such that:
a. The demand at each destination is fully satisfied
b. The total cost of transportation, r. r. cij Xij is minimum.
The mathematical model would be in the format
Minimise z = ITC;jXij
n
such that: L X;j = Si (i = 1,2, ..... , n)
j=1
n
L Xij = Dj (j = 1,2, ..... ,n)
i=l
Xij ~ 0
The general procedure of Transportation Model consists of the following steps.
Step-l: Determination of the initial feasible solution of allocation
Step-2: Testing it for optimality
Step-2: Development of the next iterative, improved allocation
Step-3: Repeating the iterations until optimality is reached.
Let us consider the methods l!Jsed for the above steps by means of an example .
Example-l
The number of units available at the supply centers A, Band Care 6, 1 and 10. The
demand at the distribution centers E, F, G and Hare 7, 5, 3 and 2units.The
transportation costs per unit from the supply to the demand centers are given in the
follow ing matrix. Determine how many units are to be transported from each supply to
the demand centers, so that thf\ total transportation cost is minimum.
E F G H
A 2 3 11 7
B 2 1 6 1
C 5 8 15 9
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r
COST MATRIX
Step-l: Determination of the initial feasible solution:

It refers to the allocation of units to be sent from the different resource centers to the
various demand centers such that:
i. The total amount transported from each supply centre is the amount available at
that centre, i.e.,
n
L Xij == ~ (i == 1,2, ..... , m)
ii. The total amount received at each demand centre is the amount demand, i.e.;
n
LXij == Dj (j == l,2, ..... ,n)
i~l
(Items (i) and (ii) are called as 'Rim Conditions')

The initial feasible solution can be determined by applying anyone of the following
methods. These methods have been developed to ensure the feasibility and also nearer
to the one that is optimal, which can be reached by less number of iteration.
A. Non-West corner Method:

• The north-west cell (i.e. the first cell) is taken first for allocation.
• Allocate such that, xu=Min (5 1.D 1)
• If D1 is the minimum (i.e., X.ll = Dd, then move to the next column, and
allocate as x12=Min [(5 c D1), D2]
• If 51 is the minimum (i.e., Xll = 51), then move downwards to the next row
and allocate X21=Min [52, (DC51)]
• If both row and column are satisfied move down to the next possible cell
• Proceed further, until allocations are completed based on Rim conditions
• The cells for which allocations are made are called as 'Base Cells' and those in
which no allocations have been made, are called, as 'Non-Base Cells'. (In the
Non-Base Cells Xij s take the values equal to zero).
• In this method the transportation costs are not taken into consideration
Applying this method in the abo e example the allocation matrix would be:
Allocation Matrix (North-West corner Method)

7 5 3 2
E F G H
6 A 6 - - -
...
1 B 1 - - -
10 C - 5 3 2
Tota I Cost == z = (2 x 6) + (1 xl) + (8 x 5) + (15 x 3) + (9 x 2) == 116 .
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B. Least Cost Methods:

Here the transportation cost (i.e. cost matrix) is also taken into
consideration
The cell having the least cost (in the cost matrix) is allocated first with the
maximum possible value/ based on the rim conditions.
Once the allocation is made/ the row or the column which had satisfied the
respective rim conditions/ is scored out in the cost matrix.
Proceed with the allocation of the cell containing the least cost among the
non scored cells/ in the same manner as before until all the rim conditions
are satisfied.
'-------'--1
- 1 : ~--'------':
~: 1,-----,-:1:~~-,------,:
1 : 1 : 1 - 1
Cost Matrix
~ 6 ®
7 5 3 2
1 CD
10 CD 0 G) @
Allocation Matrix
•
The tota I cos t = (2 x 6) + (1 xl) + (5 xl) + (8 x 4) + (15 x 3) + (9 x 2) = 113
C. Vogel's Approximation Method (VAM)

• This is also called as Penalty Cost Method.
• In this method, the penalty of not allocating at the lowest cost value and
choosing, instead the next higher cost value (called as Penalty value) is
considered durin~ the allocation.
• Determine the difference between the lowest and the next higher cost
values in each row and column (If there are more than one same lowest
cost values in the same rows column/ the difference is zero)
• Find the row or column which has the highest penalty cost. Allocate the
maximum possible amount at the lowest cost cell in that row or column
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• Determine the new penalty values, based on the un-scored matrix, and
proceed as before, until all the Rim conditions are fully satisfied.
D 7 5 3 2 Penalty
Values
5
"' W 2J
6 2 3 11 7 1
5
-.1J
1 2 1 6 1 o
~ ~ -.1J
10 5 8 15 9 3 4
Penalty o 2 5 6
Values
3 5 4 2
5 15 9
VAM Method:
Tota I cos t = (2 xl) + (3 x 5) + (1 xl) + (5 x 6) + (15 x 3) + (9 xl) = 102
The Xij and Cij values for each cell are shown in the same cell jtself.
The manner, in which the allocations are shown, is casually called as 'stones'. In the
cells where there no allocations, the stones . are not present, such cells are called as
'water'. The cells containing the allocation (i.e. the stones) are the base cells' and the
'water' represents the 'non base cells'.]
Theoretically there is no assurance that anyone method (explained above) used for the
initial iterations would lead to the reduction of successive iterations for reaching
optimality. However, VAM be initial iteration, as it considers both the cost and penalty.
Degeneracy in the Transportation problem:

Degeneracy is a condition at which one or more Base Variables, have the value zero.
During any iteration in the -Transportation Problem, the cells (i, j) where the allocations
are made are the base cells and the variables Xij connected with them are the base
variables. The total number ~ base cells (base variables) required during any iteration is
equation (m+n-1). When the total number of allocated base cells, during an iteration, is
less than, '(m+n-1)', then it indicates the condition of Degeneracy. It shows that any
one or more of the non allocated cells are actually the base cells, but having the values
equal to zero. Hence check for possible existence of degeneracy during each iteration.
To overcome the degeneracy, assign an infinitesimally small, but positive value '10' at
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suitable non-allocated cell (or cells), so that the total number of base cells (allocated) is
equal to (m+n-l)
Let us consider the allocations made by using VAM as the -initial iteration. The total
number of base cells =m+n-l=3+4-6. The total number of aflqcated base cells is also 6.
Hence there is non degeneracy.
Step-2:
Optimality Test:
It is minimization problem. The optimality is reached when all Llj values (index values)
are positive. It would have noticed, in the Simplex Tables, that the Llj values under base
variables are always zero and it is sufficient if Ll j values are determined for the non-base
variables (i.e., the non-base cells)
MODI Method:
It is called as Modified Distribution Method (shortened as MODI method). This is used to
determine the Llj values for the non-base cells
Llj indicates the amount of increase in the value of the object function, 'z' per unit of the
item of the non - base variable, if it enters into the base, in the next iteration.
The tota I cos t : z = LL<;jX jj ". (1)
This can be written as :

z= LLCjjXjj - LLXjj (<;j - U; - vj ) ". (2)
The Ui and vi are arbitrary values given for each row and column, such that the value of
(<;j - U; - Vj) is zero 'in each and every Base Cell (stones). When xii is non-zero, the value
(<;j - uj - vJ is zero; and when xii is zero (i.e., non-base cells), the value (Cjj - U; - vJ can
be non-zero. Thus LL~j (Cjj - U; - vJ would always be zero.
Let us consider a non - base cell i,j, where its xii=O. Suppose we make an unit allocation
in this cell, the new value of the total cost,
z' = LL<;jXjj - LLCjj~j (Cjj - 11 - v j ) + ~ (Cj - 11 - Vj ) ". (3)
~, = LL<;j~j - LL<;j~j (cij -11 - vJ + 1 (cjj - U; - v j ) ." (3)
Subtracting equation (2) from equation (3), we have
(z' - z) indicates, the increase in the total cost per unit increase in the allocation in the
non-base, which represents the in~ex value V jj . Therefore,
The total cost of transportation for the existing allocation can be determined in terms of
'uI 's and 'v's
J
as
.
'follows: •
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n n
~ = LXij and Dj = LX;j
H H
Total Transportation cos t :
m n
z= I~u, + IDj Vj ... (6)
H j~l
The procedure for testing optimality

1. Choose the row which contains maximum number of base cells (stones) and
assign the value 'zero' for the Ui, for that row.
2. Consider the base cells (stones) for which allocations have been made and
their cost coefficients Cij' Assign the other values of Ui and Vij, such that
Cjj = uj + Vj for these base cells
(i.e., u,j = C;j - Vj and Vj = C;j - U1 )
[In the case of degeneracy, i.e., when the total number of base cells
«m+n-l), it will not be possible to assign, all Ui and Vj values. In such cases,
allocate E in one or more of the base cells, taking care that the total number of
base cells inclusive of the ones allocated with E should not exceed (m+n~l),
3. Determine the Index values for non - base cells, using Lljj = cj - (uj + Vj) [i.e., The
cost value minus the sum of Ui and Vj of the corresponding cell]
4. Check whether all the index values are non-negative (i.e., all 'Lljj 's are ~ 0) as it
is a minimization problem.
[The index values are calculated for the non-base cells only. Hence they are
called as 'Water values ' .]
The following format is used to indicate Xij, Cij and Ll;j in the same cell, in the
iteration ta ble:
Note: Wherever 'Xi/ s are indicate, there will be no' Ll jj 's and vice versa
Consider the first iteration, for the example, by VAM
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-3
-8
1
10 o
5 6 15 9
The solution is not optimal as all the ~ij 'S (water values) are positive (~
I 0).
Step-3
Develop the next iterative (i.e. improved) allocation
a. Find the non-base cell, which has the most negative index value (i.e., the cell for
which ~ij is minimum).
This is the entering base cell in the next iteration (similar to simplex criterion I
for the entering variable to the base). This is also called as the designated cell.
Put a' '+' ill this cell (at the both left hand corner of this cell) .
[Refer Example: The cell (2, 3) is the designated cell. The closed loop is formed
as:
(2,3) ~ (+);(3,3) ~ (-);(3,4) ~ (+); and (4) ~ (-)]
b. Find the allocated valCtes, Xii in the cells marked (-) negative. Choose the
minimum of these values. The cell having this value is the one to ( ) the base.
Allocate this value at the designated in the next iteration. Subtract this value
from allocations made in the cells marked (-), and this value to the allocations
made in the cells marked (+). There well be no change in the allocations made in
the other base cells.
In the example, the designated cell (2, 3). The minimum value of Xii in the cells
marked as is 1, which is the Xii value in the cells (2, 4) marked cell (2, 4) is the
one to leave the base in 'he iteration. The allocated values in the next iteration
are (2,3) ~ 1,(3,4) ~ (1+ 1 = 2),(3) ~ (3-1 = 2).
Note: for the cell (2, 4)it is 1-1=0, that is no allocation and it leaves the base in
the next iteration. Check whether the rim conditions are satisfied; otherwise it
indic;:ates that you had committed some error in the step,3(b)]
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Step-4
Go to step 2 and iterate until optimum is reached,
.1·. " --••..

J
6 -3
-8 .
1
10 o
5 6 15 9
Iteration 2
. \ ,".\,
. "
7 5 3 2 ·'u··'
1
.
• ·,'1
6 4
-9
1
10 o
7 15 9
Iteration 3
The optimum has been reached, as all the index values are positive (~O),
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The optimum allocation:

A ~ F = 5 units; A ~ G = 1 = 1 unit; B ~ G = 1 unit:
C ~ F = 7 units; C ~ G = 1 = 1 unit; C ~ H = 2 unit:
m m
Total cos.t = z = L:s, u; + L:Dj Vj
;=1 j =l
:. Z = -(6x 4) -(lx9) + (lOx 0) + (7x 5) + (5x7) + (3x 15) + (2x9) = 133- 33 = Rs.100
'I
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·',
ASSIGNMENT MODELS
Assignment model may be considered as a special case of the transportation model.

Here only one unit could be allocated from the source to destination. In other words, it
represents the case of assignment of a specific resource to a specific activity. The
activities are normally called as 'Jobs' and the resources are called as 'Machines', using
which the jobs could be performed. A typical assignment model would be in the'form as
a. there are 'n' numbers of jobs to be assigned to 'n' numbers of machines
b. Only one job could be assigned to one machine
c. a job 'i'(i = 1, 2, ...... , n) when assigned to a machine 'j' (j = 1,2, ..... , n) incurs a
cost of 'Ci/
d. the problem is to find an optimum set of assignment of jobs to machines, such
that the total cost of assignment is minimum.
The Mathematical Model of-an Assignment problem would be in the form as
n n
Minimize z = L
i=l
L <;jX;j
i=1
n
Subject to : L Xij = 1
i=l
Xij = l(when assigned)

= 0 (when not assigned).
Difference between Assignment and Transportation Models

SI. Assignment Model Transportation Model
No.
1. Only one unit from the ith source can One or more number of units from the
be assigned to any one of the jth ith source can be allocated to the jth
destination Xij= 1 or 0 destination Xij=any positive integer
2. Total number of units in the ith source n n
n
Si = LXij and Dj = LXij , can be any
j=l i=l
Si = L Xij = 1. The total number of units n n
j=l positive integers. And LS, = 'LDj
required at the jth destination i=l j=1
3. The number of resources ,(machines) = The number of sources (m) need not
number of jobs = n. Hence the cost be equal to the number of destinations
and allocation matrices \lre always (n) i.e. 'm' need not be equal to 'n'.
square (nxn).
4. cij represents the cost of assignment of Cij represents the cost per unit of
a resource (machine) 'i' to an activity transport from the ith source to jth
. (job) 'j' . destination
5. Assignment problem always Degeneracy need not be present in all
degenerates in its solutions the problems ..
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Degeneracy in Assignment Model:
Assignment models always degenerates in the feasible and optimal solutions. As only
one job could be allocated tone machine or vice-versa. The total number of allocation is
always 'n'i in the n x n matrix. The condition for ~on-existence of degeneracy is that, the
number of allocations should be equal to (m+n-1). Wh~n m=n, we have m+n-1=n+n-
1=2n-1. The total number of allocations in the ,assignm~ent problem is always equal to
'n', which is always less than (2n-1) :- HeAce assignment problems always degenerate.
- _._ _ . ___ 1.-. _____ --__ ..'_..•
i
t ~
Procedure for solving Assignment Problems:

The method used for solving assignment problems is called as Hungarian Method. The
method is explained by means of an example.
Example - 39
There are four jobs A, B, C, D to be assigned to four machines W, X, Y, Z. Only one job
could be assigned to one machine. The cost involved in assigning ith job to jth machine
is given in the cost matrix. Determine the optimum assignment to minimize the total
cost.
~
Job
W X Y Z
A 1 4 6 3
B 9 7 1.0 9
C 4 5 11 7
D 8 7 8 5
Cost Matrix Cj
Step-1
• Consider the cost matrix
a. In each row, subtract the minimum value in the row from each element in that
row.
1 4 6 3 ( -1)
9 7 10 9 ( -7)
4 5 11 7 (-4 )
( -5)
8 7 8 5
Cost Matrix
0 3 5 2
2 0 3 2
-
0 1 7 3
3 2 3 0
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b.From the resulting matrix, in each column, subtrgct, the minimum value in the '
column, from each element in that column
i:'~'- .. I·-,;:-'nrrr;'
"uj
i
-" -r
son:;.. :;:. '0 3 5 2
-'n ,
P"1 !
"
2 0 ,.;; 3.~ ~. 2
_::'1 ~..
0 . ..:".~~. l '): :~:

7 3 t ~' ~5 :...;
3 2 3 0
j ~
(0) (0) ( -3) (0)
/
0 3 2 2
2 0 0 2
0 1 4 3
3 2 0 0
First iteration
Step - 2
Check whether a feasible assignment could be obtained by assigning at the elements
containing zeros. If so, optimum feasible solution has been obtained, and stop. If not go
to step 3.
Method 'of assigning:

Start assigning at the elements containing a single zero in a column or row. Once an ,
assignment is made, score off(x) the other zeros in that corresponding row or column.
Proceed, until all zeros are either assigned 0 ) or scored off(x).
Go to step 2
[QJ 0 0 0
2 X 0 2
)( 1 4 3
'3 2 )( []]
"
Final Iteration Optimality reached
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IME I Corresp ~l1deric~ Coutse
w " X Y Z
A OJ 4 6 3
.,
B 9 7 [IQJ 9
C ..
'
,
4 [[J , .
11 7
D
:.\
8
-
7
"
8 []]
Assignment' indicated in the origina l m atrix Cij
Answer: ::
Th e optimum ass ignment is: A --7 W. B --7 Y. C --7 X. and D --7 Z.
Total cost z = 1 + 10 + 5 + 5 = 21.
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QUEUING THEORY
The queuing theory deals with all aspects of a situation are which customers requIring
some kind of services have to wait for those services. The work queue refers to waiting
in time.
Queuing system: Customers arrive at a constant or variable rate for services at service
facilities. If the service facility is free, they are served immediately. If the service facility
is busy providing services to other customers, the newly arrived customers have to wait.
Thus if they must for services, they either begin a queue or join an existing queue and
remain in the queue until they are served. The service rate may be constant or variable.
After a customer is serviced, he leaves the system
The queuing system = Service facility + Waiting line
Figure below shows a typical queuing system
Input output
(customers) (customers)
Types of queuing system:-

(1) Single queue, Single server system
(2) Single queue, Multiple servers in parallel
(3) Single queue, Multiple servers in series
(4) Multiple queue, Multiple servers
A queuing system could also be nomen-clatured as
(i) Single channel, single phase
(ii) Single channel, multiple phase
(iii) Multiple channel, single phase
(iv) Multiple channel, multiple phase
Characteristics of a queuing system:

•
A queuing system is characterized by the following attributes
(i) Input process or arrival pattern
(ii) Queue discipline or customer disposition
(iii) Service facilities or service channel (or service mechanism)
(iv) Service time distribution or service process
(v)
(vi)
Maximum capacity of the queue
Input population or input source
,
Input source and arrival pattern:
The arrival distribution is a probability distribution that describes either th number of
customers that enter the service system per unit of time or the duration of time interval
between customer's arrival.
Queue discipline:
This is the manner (or rule) which determines the formation .o f queue and the behaviors
of waiting units (i.e. customers) ) ' "
-,
These are ' .,
(i) First come, First served(FCFS)
or
First in, First out (FIFO)
(ii) Last come, First served (LCFS)
,or
Last in, First out (UFO)
(iii) First come, Last Served (FCLS)
or
First in, Last out (FILO)
(iv) Random selection
(v) , Priority selection
Queuing models with Poisson Input - Exponential service:

In these models, arrival pattern is assumed to follow Poisson distribution and service
pattern follows exponential distribution.
(i) Modell - infinite queue, infinite source, single server
(ii) Model 2 - infinite queue, infinite source, multiple server
,(iii) ,M.odel 3 - finite queue, infinite sour,ce, single server
(iv) Model 4 - finite queue, infinite source, multiple server
Queuing Model Nomenclj3ture:

The standard symbols are
M=It stands for Markovian. It symbolizes Poisson input, also exponential service time
and exponential inter-arrival time
D=It symbolizes constant or deterministic service time and inter arrival time
C~Number of servers (or service channels)
N =Ci;lpacity of the source
Measure of performance of a queuing system:

(1) Number of customers in the system (or line length) (L): this is the number of
customers in the queue (waiting for service) plus those being served.
(2) Queue length (Lq): Nuntber of customers waiting to get service
(3) Waiting time in queue (Wq): This is the time spent by a customer in the queue
before the commen,c ement of service to him.
(4) Total time in system (or Waiting time in system) (W): This is the total time
clasped from entry of a customer to queue to completion of service (to the
". ' - customer}
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Model-l (M/M/l): (co/co/FCFS)

"Infinite q'ueue-' infinite )sou'rce - single server model '.3- , .,- ",...'
(1) Expected number of customers in the system (L) ',. " ' t
Let
A = mean arrival rate
)l = mean service rate
L= _ A_
)l-A '""!/'
(2) Expected queue length (Lq) - This also stands for mean number of customers in
A2
the queue Lq = )l()l-A)
(3) Expected waiting time in the system (W)

W = Average number of customers in the system
arrival rate
1 1
W= - xL=-- , .'"
A )l-A ': , ~
(4) Expected waiting time in the queue (Wq)

W = queue length
q arrival rate
(5) The probability that the number Of customers in the queue being served ' is
. (l)K+l
greater than k IS PrS>K) = l~
(6) Probability of S customers in the system (Ps )

",
(7) Probability of zero customers

, .
in the system (Po)
A
Po = 1--
)l
Model 2 - Infinite queue - infinite source - multiple server

M / M / S : (00 / FCFS)
Assumptions made are
.(i) 5 servers
(ii) Each server provides service at the same constant average rate )l
(iii) The average arrival rate is constant, An = A for all n
If the served number if customers is less than the number of servers (service stations)
i.e. n<S in the system, then there will be no queue and mean service rate = nIl
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Alternatively, if n ;::: S, th~n all servers will be busy and mean service rate = S.).1
Where 5.).1 must be greater than "- if the queue is not to become bounded
Case I: n<S
Where
n = no. of customers
S = no. of servers
1
Pn =-x - (,,-)n xPo .... O<n<S
n! ).L
Case II: n;::: S
P = 1 X -
(,,-)n xP
n S!.(st-S ).L 0
p(n~s) = probability that a customer has to wait for service
= probability of at least S customers in the system
=
=
LP =
(tr xPo
--'-'---0-"-------,-
n=S n S{ 1- ).L~)
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Level - 1
,
c~! fh.J, \ ' I
1. PERT is
(A) Project evaluation and review test
(B) Programme evaluation and review technique
(C) Project estimation and review technique
(D) Programme estimation and review technique
2. PERT analysis is based on

(A) optimistic time (B) pessimistic time
(C) most likely time (D) all of these
3. PERT is
(A) activity oriented (B) event oriented (C) cost oriented (D) time oriented
4. A dummy activity is one, which

(A) Only consumes time, but no resources
(B) Only consumes resources, not time
(C) Which does not consume either resource or time
(D) Consumes both time and resource
5. CPM is
(A) Critical Process Method (B) Critical Path Method
(C) Common Planning Method (D) Combined Process Method
6. CPM is
(A) Cost oriented technique (B) Activity oriented technique
(C) Event oriented technique (D) Target oriented technique
7. CPM has
•
(A) one time estimate , (B) two time estimate
(C) three time estimate (D) ,four time estimate
8. A job requiring time and resources for its completion is

(A) an event (B) an activity (C) both (A) & (B) (D) none
9. Which of the following tJechnique should be used for planning and scheduling of
an R&D project?
(A) XYZ analysis (B) HML analysis (C) CPM (D) PERT
10. Critical activities are those for which

(A) float =0 (B) float = +1 (C) float < 1 (O)float > 1
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11. An achievement of one or more activities in a project is called

(A) event (8) activity (C) outcome (D) none
12. PERT has

(A) one time estimate (8) two time estimates
(C) three time estimates (D) four time estimates
13. In PERTt estimated time is

to + tm + tp to + 4tm + tp
(A) . 3 (8) 6
where to 7 optimistic timet tm 7 most likely timet tp 7 pessimistic time
14. Optimistic time has the chance of occurrence

(A) 1 in 100 (8) 10 in 100 (C) 25 in 100 (D) 50 in 100
15. Fulkersonts rule is used to

(A) calculate the expected time in PERT (8) calculate the float
(C) numbering the event in PERTjCPM (0) find critical path in CPM
16. Probability distribution of activity times in PERT follows

(A) normal distribution (8) binomial distribution
(C) beta distribution (D) caussian distribution
17. Critical path of a network represents

(A) Maximum time required for completion of project
(8) Minimum time required for completion of project
(C) Maximum cost required for completion of project
(D) Minimum cost required for completion of project
18. Critical path moves along ~he activities having total float of
(A) positive value (8) negative value (C) zero value (O)same value
19. A dummy activity in a network diagram

(A) is represented by a dotted line (8) is an artificial activity
(C) does not consume ti~e or resource (D) all of these
20. Slack for the critical activity is

(A) zero (8) negative (C) maximum (D) positive
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21. In modelspedfication M/M/l, service time follows

(A) Poisson Distribution (B) Exponential Distribution
(C) Normal Distribution (D) Beta Distribution
In a M/M/l queue, the mean rate of arrival is Il and the service rate is Illl
22. Expected number of customers inthe system is given by
(A) _ A_ (B) _ Iv_ (C) _Il_ (D) _il_

l - Il Il-A Il-A l-A
23. Expected queue length is
(A) _A_ (B) _A__ ! (D)--+ -

A A
Il - A Il-A Il Il-A Il
24. Utilization fac;:tor is given by
(A) ~ (B) A (D) none of these

Il Il .
>
25. Expected waiting time in the queue will be

1 '
(B) Il (A - Il)
26. Penalty cost method is

(A) Least cost method (B) North West corner -method
(C) Vogel's Approximation method (D) None of these
27. In linear programmin~, shadow prices are

(A) cost of brought out items (B) maximum cost per item
(C) value assigned to one unit of capacity (D) lowest sales price
28. In the graphical method of linear programming problem, every corner of the
feasible polygon indic?ltes
(A) An optimum solution
(C) Both (A) and (B)
, (B) Basic feasible solution
(D) None of these
29. The initial feasible solution in transportation model can be determined by the
application of
(A) least cost method (B) North West corner method
(C) Vogel's approximation method (D) all of these
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A duplicating machine is managed by one operator who on an average takes 10

minutes for each customer. The arrival of customers follows Poisson distribution
with an average rate of 4 per hour. The service time approximates to exponential
distribution.
30. Calculate expected number of customer in the system
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (0)4
31. Expected time spent by each customer in the system is

(A) 15 min (B) 25 min (C) 30 min (0)45 min
32. The fraction of time during which shop is empty

(A) 0.11 (B) 0.22 (C) 0.33 (D) 0.44
33 . What will be the probability of at least one c,ustomer in the shop?

(A) 0.22 (B) 0.44 (C) 0.66 (0)0.88
34. Expected waiting time in the queue is

s
(A) 15mins (B) 20miris (C) 30mins (0)40mins
35. The probability of more than three customers in the system is

(A) 0.198 (B) 0.297 (C) 0.395 (D) 0.496
36. In the single server system of queuing discipline, inter a"rrival and service times
follow . <
(A) Normal distribution (B) ~ - distribution

(C) . Exponential distribution (D) Poisson's distribution
\.
37. In solving degeneracy problems in transportation problems, some times an

artificial quantity S is used. For all practical purposes its value is
(A) zero (B) fraction (C) 00 (D) None of these
38. At a private bank in heart ~f Hyderabad, the customers arrive at the rate of 2 per
. minute . The bank can serve 180 numbers of customers in an hour. The average
time a customer is seen in the premises of bank is
(A) 1 minute (B) 0.6 minutes (C) 0.3 minutes (D) 1.8 minutes
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39. Which of the following cannot be the three time estimates for an activity in PERT
network? to, tp and tm denote optimi$tic, pessimistic and most likely time
respectively?
(A) tp = 25, to = 12,tm = 16 (8) tm = 18, tp = 23, to = 9
(C) to = 6, tp = 8, tm = 15 (D) to = 15,tm = 18,tp = 28
40. Which of the following statements is true in 'c ontext of 'Free float'?
(A) Free float should not be' absorbed by activity since affects both previous and
subsequent activities.
--CB) Free float does not affect subsequent activities.
(C) Free float can be absorbed without any further planning since it affect on
subs~quent activities.
(D) None of these
41. In a one person barbershop, the inter arrival time is 12 minutes. The arrival
pattern approximates Poisson distribution. If a customer spends on an average
10 minutes exclusively for service (excluding waiting time) than what is the
probability that a customer has to spend more than 45 minutes in the system?
(A) 40% (8) 60% (C) 47% (D) 75%
42. On a typical day in a bank, customers arrive at the rate of 3 per hour and the
s'ervice rate by the bank employe~ is on-e customer every 30 minutes. The bank
has 2 identical service channels. What is the average total time' that a customer
has to wait in the system if average waiting time in line is 20 minutes?
(A) 20 minutes (8) 32.48 minutes
(C) 25.67 minutes (D) 36 .66 minutes
43. The maximum value of the function 3x + y based on the constraints

x > 3 and 0 :=; y < 4 is
(A) 9 (8) 13
(C) 15 (D) Problem unbounded
44. Which of the following is not used for initial allocations in transportation method?
(A) Vogel's method (8) Leastcost method
\
(C) Northwest-corner method
, (D) Southeast-corner method
45. In a garage, the customers arrive at the rate of four per hour and jobs are
performed at an average rate of one every twelve minutes. The mechanics in the
garage operate as a team on one car at a time. What will be the average time a
customer has to wait before he gets his car repaired? .,
(A) 15 minutes (8) 30 minutes (C) 60 minutes (0)90 minutes
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Correspondence Course
46. In a PERT network the expected time to finish one activity is 21 and variance of
the activity is 9. What will be the ratio of pessimistic time to optimistic time, if
most likely time for finishing the activity is 22 days? .
(A) 15
1 4
(B) 15 (C) ~~ (D) None of these
47. In a queuing model, A is the mean arrival rate and B is the m~an Service time
and A < B: The probability that the, queue length .is greater than N is
(B) _B_ A]N+l

(A) [ABt
B-A
(D) -
B[
48. Consider an activity having a duration time of Tij.E is the earliest occurance time
and L the latest occurrence time.
Consider the following statements in this regard

1. Total float = Lj - Ei - Tij
2. Free float =Ej - Ei - Tij
,
3. Slack of the tail event = Lj - Ei, of these statements
(A) 1, 2, 3 are correct (B) 1 and 2 are correct
(C) 1 ana 3 are correct (D) 2 and 3 are correct
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Level - 2
1. Which of the following will represent netwo rk diagrc-

Intermediate
Activity successor
P S
Q T
R U
Activity V is last activity and it is also immediate successor to Sf Ta n
(A)
(C) (D) none
4
I ~\
':11 ,,,,,,If O!
2. What is the minimum project completion time?

(A) 9 (8) 11 (C) 13 (0)15
3. Which of the following ~ not a critical activity?

(A) R (8) V (C) S (O)none
4. Total float of the activity U is

(A) 1 (8) 2 (C) 3 (D) none
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I ME I Correspondc1:tce Course
5. What is the earliest start time of activity S?

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (0)4
6. What is the latest start time of activity S? " '"

(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (0)8
7. What is the total float of activity S?

(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (0)8
8. For any activity i-5 (EOT)i and (EOT)] is the earliest start time of event i and j.
(LOT)i; (LOT)j are latest occurrence time of event i and j, and t i-j will be is the
time required to complete the activity i-j. Total float of the activity i-j
(A) (EOT)) - (EOT)j - til /' / /(B) (LOT)j - (EOT)j - t j_j
(C) (LOT)j - (LOT)j (D) None

... , .. 1#> ~
..... "
9. Free float of the activity i-j
(A) (EOT)j - (EOT)i - tjj (B) (L0:r)j - (EOT)i
(C) (EOT)j - (EOT)j - ti-j (D) (EOT)j - (EOT)i
, )-~-{~ '~.-~ € 'J-.

10. Independent float of activity i-j
(A) (LOT)j - (EOT)i (B) (EOT)j---« LOT) - t i_j
(C) (~OT)i - (EOT) i - t i_j t< (D) none

~s~.~ \.,... .i6.; . r hT~O:)
11. Interfering float of the activity i-j will be

(A) (Total float) ..
I-J
- (Free float) .I-J. (B) (Total float) ..
I-J
- (Independent float) ..
I-J
(C) (Total float) ..

I-J
- (Event float) ..
I-J
(D) none
12. Event float of event I is

(A) (LOT)i - (EOT)i (B) (Total float) .I-J. - (Free float) ..
I-J
(C) (Total float) .. - (Independent float) .I-J. (D) none

I-J
13. Slack is equal to

(A) independent float (B) interfering float
(C) event float (D) total float
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~ ," Common Data Questions: 14 to 20
14. What is EST of activity Q?

, -. VII
(A) 4 (8) 9 ) r' ' (C) 12 (D) none
15. What is the LST of activity T?

(A) 16 (8) 21 (C) 19 (D) none
16. What is the total float of activity M?

(A) 4 (8) 8 (C) 12 (D)10
17 . What is the free float of activity P?

(A) 2 - i25=tfBJ V:4 \ \..,) (C) 7 (D ) 9
18 . What is the indepe A,<1e rft: tTI0a~~~t4f R?

(A) 2 (8) 4 (C) 6 (D) none
19. What is the minimum project completion time?

(A) 24 (8) 30 (C) 32 (D)36
20 . Which of the following activity should not be delayed?

(A) L (8) M (C) 0 (D)T
21. Total float of an activity can not be

(A) negative (8) positive (C) zero (D) more than one
22 . The earliest occurrence of the event of the tail node (i) and head node J of an
activity i-J, in the critical path are 10 days and 15 days, the free float of the
activity is
(A) 5 days (8) 10 days (C) 15 days (D) zero
23. The estimated duration of times for an activity in the PERT network under the
worst and best environ ~ ent is 10 days and 4 days respectively. The variance of
the activity is
(A) 6 days (8) 10 days (C) 4 days (D) 1 day
24. The difference between the time available to do the job and time requ ired to do
the job is
(A) event (8) float (C) constraint (D) duration
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Engineering Sqccess I ME I
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CorrespondeI}ce Course
,.. 25. For an activity i-j if earliest occurrence at tail node i and head node j are 10 and
15 days. Latest occurrence at node i and j are 10 and 21 days respectively and
time required to do the job is 4 days. Total float of the activity is
(A) 0 (B) 5 days (C) 11 days (D) 7 days
-,
26. What would be free float in question 257
(A) 0 days (B) 1 day (C) 5 days (D)none
27. What will be the value of x; ancfx; to maxi'mize

z = 2Xl + 6x 2
.~r subject to
-Xl + x 2 ~ -1
2Xl - 2X2 ~-2
Xl ~ a
X2 ~ a
(A) -1, 1 (B) l,, - i
-~
(C) 1, 1 (D) N9, feasitlle solution

; .
Common Data Questions: 28 & 29
Maximize, z = 2Xl + 3x2

subject to
Xl ~ 6
x2 ~ 4
x2 ~ a
28. What will b-e value of Xl and x 2 for maximum value of z7
(A) 6,4 (8) 4,6 (C) 4,4 (D) 6,6
29. Maximum value of z is •

(A) 24 (8) 8 (C) 30 (D) none of these
30. Find the value of Xl to maximize

z = 10xl + 4X2
subject to
3x l + 4x 2 ~ 10 ,
5x l -2X2 ~ 10
--, . . .. ~l ~ a
x2 ~ a
\f\) l.A~ \'0) "2 \C) l.o4~ '&.. "2 SD) 1.04 '&.. \)
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31. In a linear programming model, there are n variables and m constraints. The
condition of degeneracy is that during iteration, the total number of allocated
base cells should be
(A) equal to (m+n-l) (8) more than (m+n-1)
(C) less than (m+n-1) (D) none of these
t~:'. "
32 . In assignment model
(A) Degeneracy always pr~sent in the problems
(8) Number of resources is equal to number of jobs
(C) Only one unit from the ith source can be assigned to anyone of its
destination
~ 1...1 ' "fl' '.
(D) All of these
Common Data Questions: 33 to 3.·6
A typist attached to an office receives 8jobs/hr. The work content of different

jobs is not same and the time to perform a job has an exponential distribution
with a mean of 6 min.
33. What will be the average elapsed time from the instant the typist receives a job
until it is completed?
(A) 0.5 hr (8) 0.8 hr (C) 0.37 hr (D) 0.262 hr
34. Calculate fraction of time the typist is busy.

(A) 0.5 (8) 0.8 (C) 0.37 (D)0.262
35. What will be the probability of completing a job in less than half hour?
(A) 0.5 (8) .0.8 (C) 0.37 (D) 0.262
36. •
Calculate the probability of more than 5 jobs in the system
(A) 0.5 (8) 0.8 (C) 0.37 (D)0.262
Common Data Questions: 37,38 & 39
In a maintenance shoil, jobs come at an average rate of 15 per day. The inter-
arrival time follows an exponential distribution and the service time distribution is
also exponential with an average of 48 rnjn. If the job arrival rate increases by
20%, what changes would occur in the following
37. Mean queue length
(A) 20% decrease (8) 20% increase (C) 50% decrease (D) 50% increase
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38. Traffic density

(A) 20% increase (B) 50% increase
(C) 100% increase (D) more than 100% increase
39. Probability that the queue size exceeds 4 - I
(A) 20% increase (B) 50% increase

(C) 100% increase (D) more than 100% increase
, " .- ., ' If; V)f;'1909090 (A '

40. 'In a machine shop it is observed that the failu~re of machine tOOlS and equipment
follow Poisson distribution which has an average rate of 6 per hour. Two
mechanics are available for taking up repair work. Mechanic A charges Rs. 20 per
hour and his servicing rate is 8 per hou r . Mechanic B cnwgrg ,!~s;_ ~O per hour
and he services at t he rate of 12 per hour on an average. Downtime of a machine
tool costs Rs. 200 per hour
Which mechanic should be hired?
(A) Mechanic A (B) Mechanic B
(C) None of them (D) data insufficient
41. For the following network with times sh ow n o~ the arrows, the critical path is
6
(A) 1-3-5-9
4
(B) 1-3-7-8-9
(C) 1-2-6-8-9
(D) 1-4-5-9
4
42. For an M/M/I queuing system, the arr ival rate x = 10 per hour and service rate IJ
= 15 per hour. The expect ed le ngth of busy period and the expected number of
customer served per busy l2eriod respectively are
(A) 31 hour and 5 (B)

1
'5 hour and 3 (C) 32'hour and 5 (D) 31 hour and 5
43. Simplex method and graphical method of solving linear programming problems
are used when the variables involved in them are respectively
(A)' any number and two (B) two and any number
(C) three and any number \ (D) any number and three
44. For obtaining the optimal solution to an LPP, number of iterations is made on the
initial simplex table. Now the variable that enters the basis will have .
(A) Most positive value in Z equation
(B) Most negative value in Z equation (C) Zero value in Z equation
(D) Either Zero or Most negative value in Z equation
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45. A basic feasible solution to a balanced transportation problem should satisfy

(A) (m + n) Constraints out of (m + n) constraints
(8) (m + n - 2) Constraints out of (m + n) constraints
. .;9
(C) (m + n -1) Constraints out of (m + n) constraints
'1 r-. F:IS
(D) (m+n)Constraints out of (mxn)constraints
. ...,,' . I '1'
46. A balanced transportation problem has 4 sources and 4 destinations:' IA basic

feasible solution to this problem will be a degenerate on if it has j •
J
(A) 6 non -ve allocations (8) 5 non -ve allocations
(C) 4 non -ve allocations (D) 3 non -ve allocations
47. The Penalty in the allocations of transportation problems means the difference
between the '
(A) Smallest and the largest cost
(8) Smallest and the next smallest cost
(C) Largest and the next largest cost
(D) Largest and the second smallest cost
48. In M/M/I systems of queuing problems, the average time a customer waits is
obtained from the average time a customer spends in the system by
(A) multiplying with traffic intensity (e) (8) dividing by traffic intensity
(C) multiplying by the factor (-~)

l-e
(D) dividing by the factor (_e_)
l-e
••: , I :.-oJ
49. WithMu'SClal ndtations, the free and independent floats are given by (in network
analysis) i.e. Ff and ~ ,
f/ =r~ - ~::t- tj; '~~d 0 = (Ej - F, =(~ -I..;)-Eij -~) -tij

l
(Ar Ej ) - Eij (8) and 0 =(1..;
50. The probability of completing a project in the PERT analysis follows

(A) ~ - distribution (8) Normal distribution
(C) Poisson's distributio" (D) None of these
51. The times in PERT analysis viz., optimistic, pessimistic and most likely times
follow the
(A) ~ - distribution (8) Poisson's distribution
(C) Normal distribution (D) Exponential distribution
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52. The critical path method used in network analysis is

(A) Uses one time estimate, event oriented and a planning device
(6) Uses onetime estimate, activity oriented and a control device
(C) Us¥. thr:-§e time estimate, even
,,~ .
oriented and
- plan,n+ng device
(D) Use.s d.q jirn e esti l1?~te, activity orien~ed and a :Bfiir[n ing device
'" , ~ i ....
, J" \('''' # • - l') I i j
L);; '_'" .. I ..:.. .
53. j In the PERT, the \\Fr~~ float" refers to the tiln\ ,! tllW t1te:h 1
X~ ) f1J;h e begi nn ing of ao activity can be advanced

~ it" I fi'~(~ .,'-.:. 7"~.~.:......... 1.,)1.
( If,)) The beg'inning .of an activity can be delay'ed

. /
tC) The completion of an activity can be advanced
(D) The completion of an activity can be delayed
54. Choose the true statement about the Dual Simplex method of solv.ing Linear
programming problem
(1) It is developed by C E Lemke
(2) It is developed by George Dantzing
(3) It starts with basic infeasible optimal solution ,
(4) It starts with basic feasible optimal solution '"
(A) 1 and 2 (6) 2 and 3 (C) 1 and 3 (D)2 and 4
55. A transportation problem has 3 sources and 4 destinations. The number of non
negative i.e., ~O allocations of a basic feasible solution to this problem would be
equal to
(A) > 6 and < 12 (6) ~ 7 (C) :s; 6 (D) >6 and < 10
56. On a machine shop floor, the arrival rate of the jobs for processing is 4 per
minute. The service rate of a machine is 5jobs/minute. The average waiting time
of the job in queue is
(A) 0.8 m inute (6) 1 minute (C) 1.2Sminutes (D) 20 minutes
•
57 . An LPP i.e. linear programming problem is like this:
Maximize Z = Xl + 2X2 + X3 subject to
(i) 3xl + x 2 + X3 = 9 and (ii) 2Xl + 3x2 + X3 = 15
The number of basic solutions for this problem is
(A) 5 (6) 3 (C) 2 (D) no solution
~
58. The probability factor associated with the completion of a project in PERT is
(A) always one i.e. unity (6) always negative
(C) always 0.5
(D) any value positive, negative or zero
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59. The basic variables of a non-degenerate solution to the linear programming

problem are
(A) all positive (8) all zero
(C) all negative (D) some positive some, negative
60. In crashing the network in PERT analysis, the activity having

(A) Lower cost slope would be crashed first to the minim)Jm possible extent
(8) Higher cost slope would be crashed first to the maximum possible extent
1\ :
(C) Lower cost slope would be crashed first to the maximum possible extent -
l
(D) Higher cost slope would be crashed first to the minimum possible extent
61. Find the maximum value of Z .

Maximize Z = 100xl + 40x2 subject to
5xl + 2x2 $; 1000,3xl it 2f2 f 900, Xl + 2x2 $; 500 and xl' x 2 ~ 0
(A) 20000 (8) 10000
(C) unbounded solution (D) infeasible
62. Consider the follow ing transportation problem.

Source. Destination Total
°1 °2 03 °4
,
q 1 2 1 4 30
q I 3 3 2 1 50
03 4 2 5 9 20
Total: 20 40 30 10
Determine the initial feasible solution by Least-cost method.
(A) 310 (8) 200 (C) 180 (D)240
63. Queuing theory is used for

1. Job Shop Scheduling
2. Traffic Congestion Control
3. Inventory Control
Of these statements:
(A) 1, 2 and 3 are correct (8) 1 and 2 are correct
(C) 1 and 3 are correct (D) 2 and 3 are correct
64.. Maximize Z = 3xl + 4X2 subjected to

,
2Xl + x 2 $; 40
2Xl + 5x2 $; 180
and xlfx2 ~ 0
(A) 144 (8) 147
(C) 60 (D) No feasible solution
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.t. • ~'.~~ :.. ••
.. -
65. The mean arrival rate to a service centre is 3 per hour. The mean service time is
10 minutes. Assuming Poisson arrival rate and exponential servicing time i.e.
(M/M/l); (F(FS/a/(x'). Determine expected number!of units in the system.
I
1 I
(A) 2 customer (B) 2" customer (C) 3 customer
I
(D) 1 customer
66. Match the followIng List I and List II:

List I List II
(A) Linear programming program (1) Traveling salesman
(B) Queuing problem (2) Saddle point

(C) Dynamic problem (3) Product mix
(D) Game theory problem (4) Normal (;l:i:str~b.ution
(A) A - 3 B - 4 C - 1 D - 2 (B) A - 4 B "- 3 C - 1 [)) - 2
(C) A - 3 B - 4 C - 2 D - 1 (D) A - 4 B-3 C - 2 D - 1

f 0;:-)
I • .; ~ .'-
67. Consider the following statements: \

I
1. The assignment method is based on a routine called the Hungarian algorithm
2. The assignment method is a special case of the transportation method and is
a procedure used to match single candidates to single positions.
Which of the statements given abov~e is/ar~S9rr~~N ~.-" I'
(A) 1 only (B) 2 only
(C) Both 1 and 2 (D) Neither 1 nor 2
.1\
Consider the PERT Network shown below ..
The expected time and variance of the each activity are given in the table below.
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Engioeer.ing Success j .' ! I ME I Correspol'ldence Course
Activity Expected time (weeks) Variance

A 21 9
8 5 1
25
C ~', ' f , ~ 7
9
1
D 2
~.. '~-:)j :. , ; .:, ~'" .f !~_~ >f'?"J_' .; .'J ~
16
E 5
9
1
8
9
2 o
68. The critical path of the Network shown is
(A) A - 8 _ ' [J ..:..,lp ,.l?@ Isml0Vl U'i (8) A- C- F - G
f(C) A - C - E - G > (DJ A - ' 8 - D - E - G
\.... ,..., .t -
69. What will be desired completion date for the project if probability of finishing the
project is 19%. [Assume from standard normal distribution Z(-0.87) == 0.19].
(A) 36 weeks (8) 35 weeks (C)' 38 weeks (D) 40 weeks
f b 911SJ 9 (':'",\': L
70. The earliest occurrence time for an event 1 is 8 ' weeks and the latest occurrence
time for event 'l'lr~S' : :26 -'Weeks.- The earliest occurrence time for event '2' is 32
weeks and the latest 9c<;:.urrenc~, time for event '2' is- 37 weeks. If the activity
time is 11 weeks, then fhetof'a ( float will be.
(A) 11 (8) 13 (C) 18 (D) 24
71. For a MIMll oo/FCFS queue, the mean arrival rate is equal to 10 per hour and
the mean service rate .is 15 Per hour .The expeGt,::!d of queue length is
(A) 1. 33 (8) 1.53 (C) 2.75 (D) 3.20
72. Time estimates of an activity in a PERT network are:

Optimistic time to =9 days, pessimistic time .tp . == 21 days and most likely time
te == 15 days.
The appropriate probability of completion of this activity in 13 days
(A) 16% (8) 34% (C) 50% (D) 84%
CommO(l Data Questions: 73 & 74
In a linear programming problem the constraints are given

Maximize,
Z = 2Xl + 3x2
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. ""
73 . Z will be maximum at
(A) Xl = 0, x 2 = 4 (8) Xl = 6, x 2 = 0
(C) Xl = 6, x 2 = 4 (D) N6'ne 'of these
74. Maximum value of 2 is

(A) . 2 = ,24 (8 ~, =, = 40
. I ~. \ .
. 2
. \ - ,30 (D) 2
75. For the PERT network shown in the given figure the probability of completing the
project in 27 days is (te in days) use table.
Z 0.04 0.06
0.1 0 .5557 0.5636
1 0.8508 0.8554
-"..
'.
'-.1.. •
t ..
t2=15, cr=4
tz=6, cr=2
\J"I I
.
}1 '" II rt
(8) 0.5636 (C) 0.8508 (D)0.0554
76. In the network shown below the critical path is along:
\
\
,
,
\D2
4'\~
(A) 1-2-3-4-8-9 (8) 1-2-3-5-6-7-8-9
(C) 1-2-3-4-7-8-9 (D) 1-2-5-6-7-8-9
77 . In a single server queue customers are served at rate of jJ. If VIIs and Wq represent
the mean waiting time in system and queue respectively, then ~ will be equa l to
1
(8) W
q
+!J.L (D) W - -
q J.L
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wiihout the written permission. 142
Tra ins arrive at the Y:Cji,Q>every 15 minutes and the service time is 33 minutes .
The line capacity of the yard is limited to 4 trains.
, :
78. The probability that the yard is empty is
(A) 0.037 (B),-0 )54 " ' (C) -0.45 (D) 0.023 )
,
,
1
79 . The probability that the yard has 3 trains in th; 'system is'
q
(A) 0.093 (B) 0.25 (C) 0.157 (D) 0.023
Statement for Linked Answer Questions: 8 0 & 81
A supermarket has two girls ringing up sales at the counters . The service t ime fo r
each customer is exponential with mean 4 minutes, and if peop le arrive in a
Poisson fash ion at the counter at the rate of 10 per hour.
80. Calculate the pro,b ability that an arrival will have to wait for service
(A) ! (B) ~ (C) !

6 '-' F 3 2
"
81. Find the expected perc~D tage of'j'dte .t ime for each girl.
(A) 67% (B) 75% (C) 33% (D) 45%
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I ME I Correspondence' Course '
Level - 3 ,,
Common Data Questions:' 1> tc) !4
American Vending Inc. supplies vended food 9ft(~ large university. Because
students kick the machines at every opportlJlfNtlyout of anger 'a nd frustration,
management has a constant repair problem t 2'fhe machines break down on an
average is on three per hour and the , breakdowns are 'distributed in a Poisson
manner. Downtime costs the company Rs.25/hour per machine and each
maintenance worker gets RsA per hour. , . '
1. What will be the total cost if one worker is servicing machines at an average rate
of five per hour, distributed exponentially?
(A) Rs.41.50 (B) Rs.26.75 (C) Rs.27.00 ' (D) none of these
2. What will be total cost if two workers, are \A{ofkinQ.toge~h'~r, who can service
seven per hour, distributed exponentially
(A) Rs.41.50 (B) Rs.26.75 (C) Rs.27.00 (D)none of these '
3. What will be total cost if a team of three workers are working and they can do
eight per hour
(A) Rs.41.50 (B) Rs.26.75 (C) R$.:.27.00 (D) none of these
.........) -- " ,"
4. Management will go for

(A) One worker system (B) T~o worker system
'. ,'-, ,''")-
~"I '
(C) Three worker system (D) None of these
Common Data Questions: 5, 6 & 7
Consider the network shown below
5. critical path of netwo~k is

(A) 1-2-4-6
,
(B) 1-3-5-6 (C) 1-2-3-4-5-6 (D) 1-2-3-4-6
6. Minimum time required for completing the project is

(A) 20 (B) 22 (C) 24 , (0)26
7. Find the probability of completing the project in 22 days

(A) 84.1% (B) 74.1% (C) 64.1% (D) 54.1%
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IIU.!.I.. . I I: • • • • • • • • • I ME I Correspondence Course
Common Data Questions: 8, 9 &. 10
The table below contai fiS a. list of activities sequencing requirements and duration
of each activity .
Pre- TilJle '_1 _', C .i
Activity requisite duratf<;>QLf.r" . "J .'" _,.!. ~'ir;,'-,U.l

activity (in weeks) r<. . -.i'~'{;-" t ,',.""" ~r. ,>-' 11
none 6 i"'/I' -,I,' ,' ">" "', .t,:'
a • ,', ,~ .. <, 13m
b none 5 J '.
c b 2
d c 2
e a,d 2
f d 1
g a,d .'. 6
h e 5
g,h r(' 6
j 2
k g 4_
j,k 3
m I
8. Draw a network for the above activities.
. '\- ;) ~ ,
9. What will be the project duration?
10. What are the activities lying on the critical path?
••
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,,. '
(~
,',
4'{ ,
" Of
,,,
Answer Keys
Level 1
1 B 2 D 3 B 4 C S B 6 B 7 A
~'",
8 B 9 D 10 A 11 A 12 C 13 B 14 A
15 C 16 C 17 A 18 C 19 D 20 A 21 B
22 B 23 C 24 A 25 A 26 C 27 C 28 B
e
29 D 30 B 31 C 32 C 33 C 34 B 35 A
36 C 37 A 38 A 39 C 40 B 41 C 42 D
43 D 44 D 45 C 46 B 47 D I 48 A
Level - 2
1 C 2 C 3 C 4 D 5 B 6 C 7 B
.. ,
8 B 9 C 10 B 11 A 12 A 13 D 14 C
15 C 16 B 17 D 18 D 19 " "A - '20 A 21 A
22 D 23 D 24 B 25 D 26 , ~ 27 D 28 A
29 A 30 C 31 C 32 D 33 A 34 B 35 C
36 D 37 B 38 B 39 D 40 B 41 A 42 B
43 A 44 B 45 C 46 A 47 B 48 A 49 C
; : -
50 B S1 A 52 D ·53 D 54 't 55 C 56 A
57 B 58 D S9 A 60 C 61 A 62 B 63 A
64 B 65 D 66 A 67 C 68 B 69 B 70 C
-
71 A 72 A 73 C 74 A 75 A 76 B 77 B
-
78 B 79 D 80 A 81 A
Level - 3
I 1 I A 2 B 3 c 4 B S D 6 A 7 A
Explanations:-
Level - 1
9. Exact time of completion is unknown in R & D f so PERT is used.
. A
30.
.
Expected no. of customer in system =- -=
~-A
2
31. Average time spent by eact1'customer in system W:= _1_ = 30 mins

~-A
32. Fraction of time the shop is unity Po = 1- P = 1- ~ = 0.33

~
33. Probability of at least one customer in the system P (W > 0) = 1- Po = ~= 0.66

~
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34. Expected waiting time in queue == (A ) = 230 min s

).l. ).l. - A
3+1 -
35. P(k>3) = (~AJ = 0.198 '
39. For any PERT network to < tm < tp
1) 't .
(1-':: rt
. 5}45
41. P T >-
( ' 2
=e - .Ii
Ii , = e-6l 1--6 -
60
42. 17l = Average time waiting in line == 20 min. =~ hour '
A, =arrivaljrate == 3 per hour
I.l == .service rate = 2 per hour

-
-ns =-+-=
n{ 1 3666
. . .
min
A, jJ
45 . t= Average total time in system (including time taken in reparing)
jJ =A, = 5 ~ 4 = 60 minutes==time taken by a customers to get back his car.

46. a + 4m
6
+ b= 21 => a + 4m + b = 126, (b- 6-- a)2 = 9 => b - a = 18 :. .b = 28, a = 10
Level - 2
•
2.
Activity i node j node EST LST TF Remarks
P 1 2 0 4 4
Q 1 3 0 2 2
R 1 4 0 0 0 critical
S 2 5 ~ 6 4
T 3 6 3 5 2
U 4 7 4 4 0 critical
V 5 6 11 11 0 critical
Project completion time = 11 + 2 = 13
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without the written permission. l~'f
''f" .~ ,,:~l' ' " ~I) ~'",
I ME I Corresponaence' @O'UF~e '-
4. (TF)4 = 0
14.
Activity Path Time EST EFT LFT LST! TF Remarks
- "
L 1 ~ 2 3 0 3 03 0 0 \ t cHtical
M 1-3 4 0 4 12 8 8
N 2- 3 9 3 12 12 3 0 critical
0 2-4 3 3 6 12 9 6
P 4-6 3 6 9 18 12 6
Q 3-6 6 12 18 18 12 0 critical
f-
R 3-5 4 12 16 16 12 0 critical
"
S ' '5~6 '2 16 18 18 16 0 critical

" T 5,-,-,7 , 5 , , 16
-' ~I
21 24 , 19 , _ 3 '!\PQ ,
U 6-7 6 18 24 24 18 0 critical
17. Free float P = ESTu - ESTp - tu = 18 - 6 - 3 = 9
18. (R)independent float = min ((EST)s or (EST)T) - (LST)R - tR ;" 16 - 1t - 4"'; 9

,'" \_.,
20. Because L is critical activity, any delay in L will increase project time
22. Float of any activity on critical path is zero
•
25. (Total float)i_j = (LOT)j - (EOT)i - t i_j = 21-10 - 4 = 7 days
26. (free float)i_i =JEOT\ - (EOT)i - t i_j = 15 -10 - 4 = 1 day
27. There is no bounded polygon, so there is no feasible solution
29. Use graphical method for s~ving the problem
30. Use graphical method
33. A. = S,Il = 10, Average elapsed time in the system, W= _l_ = 0.5 hr.
, \' ~A.
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without the written permission,, : ' 1, ~$
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I ME I Correspo~derice Course
A.
34. p=-=0.8
~
35.
1
P (T > - ) = e
-J.l (1 --I!A)xt ="0:3'7
~.;J
I j /,
' ~-::
,
•1
2 '.) _J ~_.i.~
; I J
-1- - ' - .- -
8 I - I'll ,.. -.J
", ____
.. Ii! !
36. P(k>5) = (~J = 0.262 f) I
'~
1
37-39. A. = 9 6 jobs Jmin ~ = 4~ jobs / min A.1 = 810 jobs / min I Now calculate the asked
parameter with both values of A. and A.l and calculate the difference
64, From the graph, at point (2.5, 35), the objective function is 147.5.
65. Arrival rate= 3 per hour

Service rate = 6 per hour
......
= -. -
l = -3- = 1 customer
'J
L
S p.-..l 6-3
68. Since sum of variance is higher.
O-T.
69. Z = ~ . 2 E ,0 = 35 weeks
Ia c p
70. Total float = Latest completion of j - Earliest start of i-Duration of ij

= LL.] - ES.I - 0,.~ = 37 - 8 -11
•
= 18
. . " .(..lJ eOJ

71. 1.33 ~ A. = 10, I.l = 15, Queue length = ~ = 15 = 1.33
10
1- - 1--
f.L 15
72. Mean p. = to + 47;, + Tp = 1'5

6
.c?-,'. (21--9)2
=- 6- · = 4~ a = 2
P(x ~ 13) = p( x :.u} ~ pe 3 ; 15) = P(-l)

P (-1) = P (1) from Normal distribution tables = 16%
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~ ............. ...
; GATEFORUM
! Engineering Success I ME I Correspondence Co~rse
73. Try values at corners for Z = 2Xl+3x2
5,5
te=15, a=4
75.
te=4, a=2
12 te=6, a=2 19,19
The path which have '0' float is 1-2-4-5

Time of completion = 23
Scheduled time = 27 days
Variation = 27 - 23 =4
Variation of critical path = ~(2/ + (28)2 + (4)2 = 28.2
Z = ~ = 0.14 P(Z < 0.14) = 0.5557

28.2 ... i· ·
76. The path 1-2-3-5-6-7-8-9 has highest duration.
78. Utilization factor P = ~ = 15 = 0.45 ·

u 33
N=4
Probability that yard is empty
Po = 1- P = 0.54
4
79. Probability that yard has 3 trains in the system, P3 = PoP
80. p (w > 0) ~ s!(l-p)

(H Po , \
A,
1 1
= - , f.L = - , s = 2, p = - = -
6 4
A,
f.Ls
1
3
p=
-1(spf (Spt ]-1 = 1
I--+
5.
o n!
.[ n=O s ! (1 - p) 2
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Th us, probability (w > 0) 0 .

(~t m
2! 1-j)
1
6
81. The fraction of the time that the service rem:ain~~ busy (i.e :~ traffic' intensit? is
.
given by p = - A = -1) .
sfJ. 3 , '" - _. _. - .. -
Therefore, the fraction of the time the service remains idlE( is
,
= (l-j) = ~ = 67% (nearly)
Level - 3
1. A = 3, f..L =5
Average r:lumber of machines in system ns = _ A_ = 1.5 machines
f..L- A
Total cost, Down time = 1.5x25=37.50
Labour cost = 4.00
Rs.41.50
- A .
2. A = 3, f..L = 7, ns = - - = 0.75 machines
f..L- A .
Labour cost = 2x4= 4.00
Rs.26.75
3
3. A = 3, f..L = 8 ns = _A_ = 8 3 e: 0.60 machines
f..L- A -
Labour cost = 3x4= 12.00
Rs.27.00
4. Since total cost is lowest
5. Calculate activity time and find out the path along which the sum of time is
maximum
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I ME I Corresporidence: Cd;r~e
7. a = standard deviation for project = .J4.0 = 2 ,

Ts -TE
Z= = +1.0
a
From normal distribution curve, for z = +1.0=0.841
Probability of completing the project in 22 days = 84.1 %
8.
J--:=---.~
••1 ~e.
I
.'
\
4
9. Project duration time = 28
10. Activities on critical path are

1-3-4-5-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14
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Reference Books
Industrial Engineering:
• Operation Research by H.D.Sharma
• Industrial Engineering by O.P.Khanna
• Engineering Metrology by R.K.~ain
• Indust rial Engineering by B.Kumar
• Inventory Management and Operation Research by Heera Gutpa
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Correspondence Course

Eng~-ering Metrology: - Linear 1\1easurements, Tolerances, Interchangeability,

2. Production, Planning and Control: - Types of Layout, Forecasting- Long Term

3. Inventory Management:- Introduction, Parameters for Regulation of Inventory

• Linear and Angular Measurement

• Work Holding Devices

,t Correspondence Course -t IarGaTE

METROLOGY AND INSPECTION

Basic Dim ension:-

Different ways of expressing Tolerances:-

i. Functio-:, requirement:- Functio" of the component, what is required to do.

Some Important Definitions:-

BASIC SIZE & ZERO LINE

4. Actual size:- This is the measured size

.i i. Interferenc~ait:- In t hi s t ype of fit, the minimum permitted diameter of the

CLE ARANC E FIT INTERFERANCE FIT TRANSITION FIT

9. Deviation:- Deviation is def ined as the algebraic difference between a size

Minimum and maximum clearance

Minimum and Maximum Interference

The two effects influencing the magnitude of tolerance are

The shaft limits are 25.008-0.065=24.935mm and

Some Important Terminology:-

2. Size:- A number expressing,l in a particula r., u:nitp. ttie,.numerical value of a length.

DE~~;I~)N ~~~~ ~--r--

8. Hole:- A term used by convention to designate -aU internal features of a part,

Basic, exact dimension

Datum identification symbol

Straightness is checked by :}tH"

i. Straight Edge ii. Spirit Level iii. Auto Colli mator

PRIMARY TEXTUDE (ROUGHNESS)

I ME I Correspon den ce<~ ,;.. ,j se

2. Direct Instrum ent Measurements:-

1. To produce stabre interference effects, the following must be 9bserved

4. Which of the following is not the essential requirement for accuracy of

5. Which of the following instrument is most accurate?

6. The wrong statement about Taylor's principle of gauging is

7. The figure shows the principle of

(D) Selective assembly

8. The two slip gauges in precision measurement are joined by

9. The compound lever mechanism of a mechanical comparator is shown in the

13 . The max imum clearance of the following dimensions when assembled is

14. A dial is to be produced to a sensitivity of 5 seconds of , arc for a bubble

15. Expressing a dimension as 25.3±Q, QS mm is in case of

(A) A (B) B (C) C (D)D

21. The cutting tool angles are measured by a

30. Which of the following is not a turning fixture is?

33. The fixtures are used in connection with

34. In the operations below, a jig is not used in the

35. In 3-2-1 principle of location relating to jigs and fixtures, a total of

37. Consider the following activities:

39. About the Jigs and fixtures, the true statement is

40. 'Not Go' limit refers to

42. Match the List I with List II:

43. Allowance in clearance fit is

45. Fixtures are

47. Match List I with List II:

48. Match the following:

49. Consider the following statements:

50. Match the List I and List II:

53. Pocket Milling is an example of

(A) 55.51mm (6) 60.16mm (C) 64 .06mm (D)73.9mm

4. A pneumatic comparatoll has a linear characteristic given by piP = -0.5M I C + 1.1

The overall gain of the system in degree/mm

7. The Indian standard (15:919) is based on fundamental tolerance units i and