ARO 3011 Fluid Dynamics and Low Speed

Aerodynamics
Lecture #1
August 19, 2021

Karman’s vortex street

 California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
Aerospace Engineering Department
ARO 3011 Fluid Dynamics & Low-Speed Aerodynamics Fall 2021

Instructor: Dr. Ali R. Ahmadi

Office: 17-2130
Telephone: (909) 869-4314 (office)
(909) 869-2470 (Dept. office)
E-mail: arahmadi@cpp.edu
Office Hours: T, Th: 3 – 4:30 pm; M, W: 3 – 4 pm
Textbooks:

Required: Feel free to buy the paperback edition of each, as they are cheaper.

1. Munson, B. R., Young, D.F., Okiishi, T. H. (2016), Fundamentals of Fluid

Mechanics, 8th edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
2. McCormick, B.W. (1995), Aerodynamics, Aeronautics, and Flight
Mechanics, 2nd ed., Wiley & Sons, New York.
Recommended:
3. Abbot, I.H. and Von Doenhoff, A.E. (1959), Theory of Wing Sections,
Dover, New York.
4. Homsy, G.M., et al (2007), Multi-Media Fluid Mechanics CD, 2nd ed.,
Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
Learning Objectives: The student will be able to

1. Understand fluid properties and flow patterns.

2. Compute pressure distribution in a fluid at rest or in solid-body motion.
3. Solve flow problems by the use of the control-volume approach.
4. Solve flow problems by the use of the differential approach.
5. Compute potential flows by the use of elementary solutions.
6. Use dimensional analysis and similarity.
7. Become familiar with aeronautics of low-speed flight.
8. Calculate aerodynamics of an airfoil by theoretical means.
9. Calculate aerodynamics of an airfoil by numerical techniques.
10. Calculate aerodynamics of a wing of finite span by use of LLT.
11. Calculate aerodynamics of a wing of finite span by use of Numerical LLT.
12. Understand laminar and turbulent viscous flows in pipes.
13. Calculate properties of laminar and turbulent boundary layers on flat plates.
14. Calculate skin friction drag, induced drag, parasite drag, and total drag.
15. Understand major drag reduction techniques.
16. Understand/calculate the aerodynamics of a propeller by different theories.
References:

1. White, F.M. (2011), Fluid Mechanics, 7th edition, McGraw-Hill, New

York.
2. Fox, R.W. and McDonald, A.T. (1992), Introduction to Fluid Mechanics,
4th edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
3. Gerhart, P.M., Gross, R.J. and Hochstein, J.I. (1992), Fundamentals of
Fluid Mechanics, 2nd edition, Addison Wesley, Reading, MA.
4. Anderson, J.D., Jr. (2021), Fundamentals of Aerodynamics, 6th ed.,
McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
5. Bertin, J.J. and Cummings, R. M. (2014), Aerodynamics for Engineers,
6th ed., Pearson - Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J.
6. Houghton, E.L., Carpenter, P.W., et al. (2013), Aerodynamics for
Engineering Students, 6th ed. Elsevier, London, U.K.
7. Kuethe, A.M. and Chow, C. (1986), Foundations of Aerodynamics, 4th
ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y.
Grading: Course grade will be based on a weighted average of the following items.

• Homework 10%
• Computer assignment 15%
• Aircraft Project (PPT + Report) 8%
• Conduct 2%
• Quizzes (6) 25% - will drop the lowest quiz
• Midterm Exams (2, 10% each) 20%
• Final Exam 20%

Quizzes will be open-book, open-notes, emphasizing basic concepts. Exams will be open-
book, open-notes, emphasizing quantitative- and derivation-type problems.

Class rules: Students are expected to

• Turn off or vibrate cell phone during class.
• Be respectful of other students and the professor.
• Turn in homework on due date.
• Turn in homework before the start of class.
• Use proper format for all homework (see below).
• No question is a dumb question.
• Remember office hours are there for you, to get help, one-on-one, if needed.
• Disability Services:
Any student who feels s/he may need an accommodation based on the impact of a
disability should contact me privately to discuss your specific needs. Please also
contact the Disability Resource Center (Building 9, Room 103, Phone: 909-869-3333)
to coordinate reasonable accommodations. For more information, visit Disability
Resource Center website: https://www.cpp.edu/~drc/.
• Learning Resource Center:
Learning Resource Center (LRC is a comprehensive academic support service that
assists students in achieving scholastic excellence. The Center’s programs improve
self-confidence and create independent and more effective learners.
The LRC is located in the University Library. For more information, visit the website:
https://www.cpp.edu/~lrc/.
• University Writing Center:
University Writing Center is located in the Building 15, room 2919. The Center offers
One-on-one tutoring session for any writing assignment, writing workshops for particular
English courses and assistance with Graduate Writing Test (GWT) preparation. For more
information, visit https://www.cpp.edu/~lrc/our-team/uwc.shtml.
• Library Resources:
Students are encouraged to take advantage of the resources available at the University
Library, building 15. For more information, visit
http://www.cpp.edu/~library/index.shtml. The Library can deliver documents that are not
available in the library. You can request delivery of the documents by logging onto
Document Delivery at https://illiad.library.cpp.edu/illiad/.
• Help Desk:
For information technology (IT) related issues including Canvas, BroncoDirect, E-
mail, etc., please contact Help Desk (Building 1, Suite 100, and Phone: (909) 869-
6776). Help Desk website: http://www.cpp.edu/~it/help/index.shtml.
• Academic Integrity:
Students are expected to be familiar with the University’s Academic Integrity Policy.
Your own commitment to learning, as evidenced by your enrollment at California
State Polytechnic University, Pomona, and the University’s Academic Integrity
Policy requires you to be honest in all your academic course work. The cases of
academic dishonesty and plagiarism will be dealt with as per the university policy.
The policy on academic integrity and other resources related to student conduct can
be found at: https://www.cpp.edu/~studentconduct/ and
https://www.cpp.edu/studentconduct/student-conduct-code.shtml.
• Copyright and Fair Use Policy:
Information about Copyright and Fair Use Policy can be found at the following website:
http://www.cpp.edu/~copyright/materials.shtml.
• Electronic Mail (E-Mail):
The Cal Poly Pomona (CPP) e-mail system is the official method of communication
between faculty and students. All students are required to use their CPP assigned e-mail
address for communication with the instructor.
Format for Home-works
Homework Format

Your Name : Course:___ Date: ______

Problem Set No. __________ (for example: PS 3)

Problem Number __________ (for example: Prob. 3.12)

Given: Summarize what is given as a bulletized list.
•
•
Find: Summarize what is asked for as a bulletized list.
•
•_______________________________________________________________

Solution: Do your work in the following order.

• Draw a diagram of the problem (e.g., a free-body diagram).

• Give the governing law(s) of physics for your problem.
• State simplifying assumptions and conditions.
• Obtain symbolic solution (box it).
• Lastly, obtain numeric solution (box it).
Homework Format (Continued)

Comments:

• Does your answer seem to be about right? Check your answer’s

sign, dimensions, and order of magnitude.

• Briefly state what is the significance of the solution, as appropriate.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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In addition, pay attention to the following guidelines:

• Use MS Excel or MatLab for tables and graphs.

• Carry units and show unit cancellations and conversions.
• Pay attention to significant figures (usually carry 4)
• Use only white paper.
ARO 3011 Fluid Mechanics and Low Speed Aerodynamics

• Reading Assignment
– Munson: Chapter 1 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
• Homework #1
– Problems #52, #68, # 77, #87a, and #126
(Textbook- Munson, 8th edition)

– Due on Tuesday, September 26, 2021

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 Today’s Topics --Introduction of fluid dynamics
• Definition of “fluid” (as compared to solid)
• What is fluid dynamics? Why do we study fluid mechanics?
• How does fluid behavior under shear forces?
• Introduction of viscosity, Reynolds number
• How does fluid behavior under normal stress (e.g., pressure)?
• Compressibility
• Speed of sound, Mach number
• Other fluid properties
• Mass/Density
• Extensive and intensive properties
• Temperature
• Viscosity
• Surface tension
• others
 Fluid vs. Solid
• Fluid is defined as substance that deforms continuously when
acting on by a shearing stress of any magnitude
• A shearing stress is created whenever a tangential force acts
on a surface
• In solid , stress is proportional to strain
• In fluid , stress is proportional to rate of strain
 What is “Fluid Dynamics” or “Fluid Mechanics?

• A branch of science that explains the behavior

of liquids and gases, which are at rest or in motion.

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 Significance of Fluid Dynamics

• Fluids Dynamics omnipresent in our life

– Weather & climate
– Vehicles: automobiles, trains, ships, and planes,
etc.
– Environment
– Physiology and medicine
– Sports & recreation
– Many other examples!

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 Weather & Climate

Tornadoes Thunderstorm

Global Climate Hurricanes

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 Vehicles
Surface ships
Aircraft Space Shuttle

High-speed rail Submarines

Jet engines

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 Environment
Air pollution River hydraulics

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 Physiology and Medicine
Blood pump Ventricular assist device

31
 Sports & Recreation
Water sports Cycling Offshore racing

Auto Surfing
racing

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• Fluid mechanics can be applied to explain many daily observed events
and hardware we used

Why can an airplane fly in the sky?

Rockets and Space shuttles

configuration
Why does golf ball have dimples?
• Fluid Properties
Viscosity
15:30

• Viscosity is a property
that represents the
internal resistance of a
fluid to motion.
• The force a flowing fluid
exerts on a body in the
flow direction is called
the drag force, and the
magnitude of this force
depends, in part, on
viscosity.
 = shear stress
𝑑𝑢
𝜏=𝜇
du
= velocity gradient
𝑑𝑦
dy Viscosity = viscosity
Non-Newtonian vs. Newtonian Fluid

Newtonian fluid  is constant

How does Temperature Change affect Viscosity ( = (T)) in Liquids and Gases? (hint:
They change differently with temperature, why?

T
How does Temperature Change affecting Viscosity in Liquids and Gases? (hint: They change differently with
temperature, why?)

With an increase in temperature, there is typically an increase in the molecular interchange as molecules move
faster in higher temperatures. (remember kinetic theory of gas)

The “gas” viscosity will increase with temperature. According to the kinetic theory of gases, viscosity should be
proportional to the square root of the absolute temperature. ( ~ T1/2)

In a liquid there will be molecular interchange similar to those developed in a gas, but there are additional
substantial attractive forces , cohesive forces , between the molecules of a liquid (which are much closer together
than those of a gas). Both cohesion and molecular interchange contribute to liquid viscosity.

The impact of increasing the temperature of a liquid is to reduce the cohesive forces while simultaneously
increasing the rate of molecular interchange. In liquid, the reduction in cohesive forces is bigger than the
molecules’ interchanges)

The former effect causes a decrease in the shear stress while the latter causes it to increase. The result is that
liquids show a reduction in viscosity with increasing temperature. With higher temperatures, viscosity increases in
gases and decreases in liquids, the drag force will do the same.
How does fluid behavior (e.g., deformation) when under external shear stress?
(It deforms following Newton’s “shear”-”rate of strain” relation)
𝑑𝑢
• Newtonian fluid: τ = µ𝑑𝑦 ;
τ = shear stress and ,
𝑑𝑢
= velocity gradient , which is referred to as strain rate
𝑑𝑦
µ = viscosity. (unit: N*s/m2)

• Values of air viscosity

𝐶𝑇3/2
𝜇= Sutherland viscosity law (air)
𝑇+𝑆
• An important effect of viscosity is to cause the fluid to adhere to the surface.
This is known as the no-slip conditions.
𝜇
• Kinetic viscosity: ν= 𝜌
• Non-Newtonian fluid:
---Shear thinning fluid (fluid viscosity decreases with increasing shear stress
example: latex paint).
--- Shear thickening fluid (fluid viscosity increases with increasing shear stress,
example: water-sand mixture—quick sand).
--- Bingham plastics (mayonnaise, toothpaste).
Fluid is compressible
• Unit of modulus, E , N/m2 (or lbf/ft2)
• Two important non-dimensional numbers in fluid dynamics

• Reynolds numbers
• Indicated the importance of fluid viscous effects
• Mach numbers
• Indicated the importance of fluid compressibility effects
 Introduction
Intensive properties and
Extensive properties

15:30
Before we can proceed to describe the fluid behavior, it
is necessary to define fluid properties

• Mass: unit kg
• Density (ρ): unit: kg/m3 ; and specific volume (1/ρ)
• Specific weight: γ = ρg
• Specific gravity: SG = ρ/ρH2O
• Number density
• Solid’s molecules are closer together than that in liquid’s or gas’ molecules
• N = #1018molecules /mm 3 s =10-6 mm in gas
• N = #1021molecules /mm 3 s =10-7 mm in liquid
• Pressure
• Temperature: K or R
• Velocity
• Viscosity
• Surface tension
• Compressibility of gases
• Etc. (e.g., phase change)
 Density and Specific Gravity
• Density is defined as the mass per unit volume r = m/V.
Density has units of kg/m3
• Specific volume is defined as v = 1/ = V/m.
• For a gas, density depends on temperature and pressure.
• Specific gravity, or relative density is defined as the ratio of
the density of a substance to the density of some standard
substance at a specified temperature (usually water at 4°C), i.e.,
SG=/H20. SG is a dimensionless quantity.
• The specific weight is defined as the weight per unit volume,
i.e., gs = g where g is the gravitational acceleration. gs has
units of N/m3.