FACULTY : ENGINEERING

EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO:
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: RAW AND
EFFECTIVE DATE:
TREATED WASTEWATER
QUALITY USING BOD AMENDMENT DATE:

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

LABORATORY

LABORATORY INSTRUCTION SHEETS

COURSE CODE BNA32003

EXPERIMENT CODE EXPERIMENT 4

EXPERIMENT TITLE Raw and treated wastewater quality using BOD

DATE
GROUP NO.
LECTURER/ INSTRUCTOR/ 1)
TUTOR 2)
DATE OF REPORT
SUBMISSION

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 FACULTY : ENGINEERING
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO:
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: RAW AND
EFFECTIVE DATE:
TREATED WASTEWATER
QUALITY USING BOD AMENDMENT DATE:

STUDENT CODE OF ETHICS

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

I hereby declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also

admit to not accept or provide any assistance in preparing this report and

anything that is in it is true.

1) Group Leader __________________________________________(Signature)

Name : __________________________________
Matrix No. : __________________________________

2) Group Member 1 __________________________________________(Signature)

Name : __________________________________
Matrix No : ___________________________________

3) Group Member 2 __________________________________________(Signature)

Name : __________________________________
Matrix No. : __________________________________ 2
 FACULTY : ENGINEERING
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO:
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: RAW AND
EFFECTIVE DATE:
TREATED WASTEWATER
QUALITY USING BOD AMENDMENT DATE:

1.0 OBJECTIVES
a) To understand the concept of biochemical oxygen demand in raw and
treated wastewater samples.
b) To determine the biochemical oxygen demand in raw and treated wastewater
samples.
c) To compare the laboratory result between raw and treated wastewater
samples.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the course, students should be able to apply the knowledge and skills they
have learned to:
• analyse the quality of raw and treated wastewater using BOD.

3.0 INTRODUCTION
3.1 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) test measures the ability of naturally
occurring microorganism to digest organic matter, usually in a 5 days
incubation at 20oC by analysing the depletion of oxygen. BOD is the most
commonly used parameter for determining the oxygen demand on the
receiving water of a municipal or industrial discharge. BOD can also be
used to evaluate the efficiency of treatment processes and is an indirect
measure of biodegradable organic compounds in water.

3.2 The BOD test is normally required by a regulatory program. For this
experiment two analytical methods for testing and reporting BOD 5 will be
examined; dilution method (EPA method 405.1 and Standard method 5210
B) and respirometric method (using BODTrak apparatus by Hachcompany).

3.3 Volatile suspended solids (VSS) represent the weight of insoluble in

suspended solids that are combustible at 550oC. This test is useful for

obtaining an approximation of the amount of insoluble organic matter

present in the water sample.

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 FACULTY : ENGINEERING
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO:
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: RAW AND
EFFECTIVE DATE:
TREATED WASTEWATER
QUALITY USING BOD AMENDMENT DATE:

4.0 INSTRUMENTS /APPARATUS / CHEMICAL / REAGENTS

4.1 Chemicals / Reagents
a) pH calibration buffers: pH 4.00, pH 7.00 and pH 10.00
b) Nutrient salt solutions (prepared by technician);
i) Phosphate buffer solution: 8.5 g potassium dihydrogen phosphate
(KH2PO4) are dissolved in approximately 500 mL distilled water and
21.75 gDi potassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4) are added,
followed by 33.4 g di sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4. 7H2O)
and 1.7 g ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). The solution is made up to
1 L and the pH of this buffer should be 7.2.
ii) Magnesium sulphate solution: 22.5 g magnesium sulphate
(MgSO4. 7H2O) is dissolved in distilled water and the solution made
up to 1 L.
iii) Calcium chloride solution: 27.5 g of anhydrous calcium chloride
(CaCl2) are dissolved in distilled water and the solution made up to
1 L.
iv) Ferric chloride solution: 0.25 g FeCl3.6H2O is dissolved in distilled
water and the solution made up to 1 L.
c) Dilution water: 1 mL of each of the nutrient salt solutions is added to
1 L deionised water and aeration carried out for several days (at least
12 hours) in the dark. Mix thoroughly and bring temperature to 20 +
3oC.
Note: Prepare dilution water 3 to 5 days before initiating BOD test to
ensure that the BOD of the dilution water is less than 0.2 mg/L.
d) 1 N of sulfuric acid, H2SO4 or 1 N sodium hydroxide, NaOH

4.2 Apparatus /Instruments

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 FACULTY : ENGINEERING
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO:
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: RAW AND
EFFECTIVE DATE:
TREATED WASTEWATER
QUALITY USING BOD AMENDMENT DATE:

a) 300 mL glass stoppers BOD bottles

b) Incubator regulated at 20+ 1oC
c) pH meter
d) Dissolved oxygen meter
e) Air pump
f) Measuring cylinder, 500 mL
g) Beaker
h) Volumetric flask, 1000 mL

5.0 PROCEDURE
5.1 Determination of sample size
Use formulas in Calculation section to calculate the minimum and
maximum estimated of sample size.

5.2 Pre-treatment of samples (Neutralizing samples)

Caustic alkalinity or acidity can prevent bacteria from growing during the
course of the BOD test. To prevent this, samples which have pH values
higher than pH 8.0 or lower than pH 6.0 must be neutralized to pH 7.0 before
the test is performed.

1. Pour 50 mL of sample into a 100 mL beaker.

2. Measure the pH of the sample using a pH meter. If the pH is out of the

range of pH 6.0 to pH 8.0 continue with steps 3-6, otherwise perform the
BOD test on the untreated sample.

3. Add 1 N sulfuric acid, H2SO4 if the sample is alkaline, or 1 N sodium

hydroxide, NaOH if the sample is acidic, until the pH reaches 7.0.

4. Calculate the amount of sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide needed to

neutralize 1000 mL of the sample.

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 FACULTY : ENGINEERING
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO:
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: RAW AND
EFFECTIVE DATE:
TREATED WASTEWATER
QUALITY USING BOD AMENDMENT DATE:

5. Add the calculated amount of acid or base to the sample (See calculation
section).

6. Repeat steps 1-5 until the pH test shows pH 7.0. Record the volume of
NaOH or H2SO4 in Results section.

5.3 BOD5 measurement

1. Prepared the sample of estimated BOD5 (400 mg/L for influent and 60
mg/L for effluent).

2. Label separately 6 unit of 300 mL BOD bottle. One bottle for blank and
another bottles for sample.

3. For each bottles, partially filled with dilution water and add volume of
sample size based on your calculation (except the blank bottle). Completely
fill the bottles with dilution water.

4. Determine the initial DO for each bottle and record data on Results section.

5. Insert the bottle stoppers and will the top of each bottle each round the
bottle stopper with dilution water.

6. Place the remaining bottles in the incubator at 20°C and incubate for five
days.

7. At the end of exactly five days (+3 hours), determine the final DO content
of the incubated bottles. Record the result on data sheet.

Note: The dilution water blanks are used only to check the quality of the
dilution water. If the quality of the water is good and free from impurities, the
depletion of DO should be less than 0.2 mg/L. In any event, do not use the
depletion obtained as a blank correction.

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 FACULTY : ENGINEERING
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO:
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: RAW AND
EFFECTIVE DATE:
TREATED WASTEWATER
QUALITY USING BOD AMENDMENT DATE:

6.0 RESULTS & CALCULATIONS

6.1 Results
6.1.1 Influent water or wastewater sample:

a) Type of sample: _________________________

b) Initial pH of sample : _________________________
c) Adjustment pH of sample : _________________________
d) Volume of acid used : _________________________ mL
e) Volume of base used : _________________________ mL

Table 6.1.1: BOD5 concentrated of influent water or wastewater samples

Volume of Volume of Initial Final DO

BOD5,
Sample incubation sample DO, DO, depletion,
mg/L
bottle, mL size, mL mg/L mg/L mg/L
Blank
1
2
3
4
5

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 FACULTY : ENGINEERING
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO:
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: RAW AND
EFFECTIVE DATE:
TREATED WASTEWATER
QUALITY USING BOD AMENDMENT DATE:

6.1.2 Effluentwater or wastewater sample:

f) Type of sample: _________________________

g) Initial pH of sample : _________________________
h) Adjustment pH of sample : _________________________
i) Volume of acid used : _________________________ mL
j) Volume of base used : _________________________ mL

Table 6.1.2: BOD5 concentrated of effluent water or wastewater

samples

Volume of Volume of Initial Final DO

BOD5,
Sample incubation sample DO, DO, depletion,
mg/L
bottle, mL size, mL mg/L mg/L mg/L
Blank
1
2
3
4
5

6.2 Calculations
6.2.1 The two equations below to determine the maximum and
minimum amount of sample water to be used in dilutions.

Sample water, mL = (minimum allowable depletion, mg/L) x (volume of BOD

bottle, mL)
Estimated BOD, mg/L

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 FACULTY : ENGINEERING
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO:
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: RAW AND
EFFECTIVE DATE:
TREATED WASTEWATER
QUALITY USING BOD AMENDMENT DATE:

Sample water, mL = (maximum allowable depletion, mg/L) x (volume of BOD

bottle, mL)
Estimated BOD, mg/L

6.2.2 For example, suppose the estimated BOD of an influent sample is

400 mg/L and assume the DO of saturated dilution water is 8.0
mg/L. Since the criteria for most valid results states that the DO
depletion at the end of five days incubation should be at least 2.0
mg/L and the residual DO at least 1.0 mg/L, to calculate the
minimum The two equations below to determine the maximum
and minimum amount of sample water to be used in dilutions.

Sample water, mL = (minimum allowable depletion, mg/L) x (volume of BOD

bottle, mL)
Estimated BOD, mg/L

Sample water, mL = (maximum allowable depletion, mg/L) x (volume of BOD

bottle, mL)
Estimated BOD, mg/L

For example, suppose the estimated BOD of an influent sample is

400 mg/L and assume the DO of saturated dilution water is 8.0
mg/L. Since the criteria for most valid results states that the DO
depletion at the end of five days incubation should be at least 2.0
mg/L and the residual DO at least 1.0 mg/L, to calculate the
minimum.

6.2.2 Calculate the amount of 1 N sodium hydroxide, NAOH or 1 N sulfuric

acid, H2SO4 needed to neutralize the sample to pH 7.0 using the
following formula:

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 FACULTY : ENGINEERING
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO:
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: RAW AND
EFFECTIVE DATE:
TREATED WASTEWATER
QUALITY USING BOD AMENDMENT DATE:

Volume of acid or base needed, mL = (volume acid or base used, mL x total test
sample, mL)

Sample portion used for neutralization, mL.

For example, suppose 1.3 mL of 1 N NaOH are used to neutralize 50 mL of

sample to pH 7.0. Calculate the volume of NaOH to be added to neutralize
the sample as follows:

Volume 1 N NaOH needed, mL = (1.3 mL x 1000 mL) = 26 mL

50 L

6.2.3 To determine the value of the BOD5 in mg/L, use the following formula;

BOD5, mg/L = (DO depletion) x 300

Sample size, mL

7.0 ANALYSIS
Please analyze the data and results obtained in this experiment

8.0 DISCUSSIONS
Discuss your results both on the basis of any theory presented and on their
relevance to practical applications and current industrial practise. Comment
on the variation of your results and compare them with the recommended
standard values from the Department of Environment, Ministry of Natural
Resources and Environment or other international organization such as EPA,
WHO, EC, etc.

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 FACULTY : ENGINEERING
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO:
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: RAW AND
EFFECTIVE DATE:
TREATED WASTEWATER
QUALITY USING BOD AMENDMENT DATE:

9.0 ADVANCED QUESTIONS

1. Why is it important to determine BOD value in wastewater treatment?

2. Why do you incubate BOD bottles?

3. Why you need to determine the BOD of the blank?

4. List the chemical added to the dilution water and explain why they are
added?

5. CONCLUSION
Conclusion is merely a summary, presented in a logical order, of the important
findings already reported in the discussion section. It also relates to the
objectives stated earlier.

Prepared by/Disediakan oleh : Approved by/Disahkan oleh :

Signature/Tandatangan : Signature/Tandatangan :
Name/Nama : NUR HANIS HAYATI Name/Nama :
HAIROM Date/Tarikh :
Date/Tarikh : Oktober 2022