Section 1: Computer Systems

Chapter 1: Data Representation

Key for Exam Style Questions:
1. a i) Sampling Resolution:
Sample resolution is the number of bits used to represent each sample. Also
known as Bit Depth.

ii) The higher the sample resolution, the better the quality of the audio recording, because if
more bits are available for each sample, then more levels of the signal can be captured, which
improves the detail of the recording. Increasing the number of values used to represent sound
amplitude increases the accuracy of the sampled sound.

b i)Image Resolution:

Image resolution is typically described in Pixel Per Inch, which refers to how many pixels are
displayed per inch of an image. 
Higher resolutions mean that there more pixels per inch (PPI), resulting in more pixel
information and creating a high-quality, crisp image. 
Images with lower resolutions have fewer pixels, and if those few pixels are too large
(usually when an image is stretched), they can become visible like the image below.
ii) 4 bits
iii) 0.074 to 0.078 GB
iv) Lossy compression, as this method reduces 80% to 90% actual file. It will reduce the file
size, cost and time for downloading and streaming.
JPEG is a lossy file compression algorithm used for bitmap images. JPEG file reduction is
based on 2 key concepts,

1.Human eyes cant find differences in colour shades so it will remove some color
pixels which human cannot recognize it easily.

2. By separating pixel color from brightness, where images can be split into 8*8 pixel
blocks that will discard some data from the image without causing any noticeable
deterioration in quality

2. a) The amplitude of the sound wave is first determined at set time intervals (that is
sampling rate)
This gives an approximate representation of the sound wave
Each sample of the sound wave is then encoded as a series of binary digits.
The higher the sampling rate or larger resolution will result in a more faithful
representation of original sound sample. The higher the sampling resolution and
sampling rate will increase the file size
 B Sound file are called as MPEG3(moving picture experts group). MPEG3 is one of
the Lossy compression algorithm that is suitable for sound files, so that it will reduce
the size of a sound file by about 90% while still retaining the original quality.
It removes the sounds that is outside to the human ear range.
When two types of sound is playing, this method will remove the softer sound also.
This is called perceptual music.
C i) RLE – Run Length Encoding
RLE is a simple form of lossless data/reversible compression that runs on sequences with
the same value occurring many consecutive times. It encodes the sequence to store only a
single value and its count. RLE is a basic form of data compression that converts
consecutive identical values into a code consisting of the character and the number
marking the length of the run. RLE is is only effective where there is a long run of
repeated values in the data.
ii) 30 21 40 81 40 21 10 21 20 21 10
3 a) 5410
b) i)00011011
ii) 27
c) i) 11011000
ii) 216
4
a) i) 01111011
ii) 00110111
iii) 10110100
b) i) 10110010
ii) 1)001011111 – overflow error
c) i)
-128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0

ii) binary value for -112

-128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

iii) -71
d)
i)
-128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0

ii)

-128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

5)

a) Pixel:

A pixel is the smallest unit of a digital image or graphic that can be displayed and represented
on a digital display device.

A pixel is the basic logical unit in digital graphics. Pixels are combined to form a complete
image, video, text, or any visible thing on a computer display.A pixel is also known as a
picture element (pix = picture, el = element).

An image is made up of 2-dimensional matrix of pixels. Each pixel is represented by binary

number,

b) Color depth:

The number of bits used to represent each color is called the color depth.

c) 9301

d) By reducing the resolution of the image, we can increase the number of images in this
same memory stick.

Reduction in image resolution reduces the no of pixels, reduces the file size and reduces the
storage space also.

6.

a) The input device (camera) converts light to a series of 1's and 0's and stores it on a disk or
memory card. Output devices (printers and monitors) then convert this digital information
back into pictures

b) She can use JPEG method.

JPEG is a lossy file compression algorithm used for bitmap images. JPEG file reduction is
based on 2 key concepts,
 1.Human eyes cant find differences in colour shades so it will remove some color
pixels which human cannot recognize it easily.

2. By separating pixel color from brightness, where images can be split into 8*8 pixel
blocks that will discard some data from the image without causing any noticeable
deterioration in quality

7.

a)

Hours 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Minutes 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

Seconds 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0

b)

05:26:55

8.
a. 6710886.4
b.
i) JPEG is a lossy file compression algorithm used for bitmap images. JPEG file reduction is
based on 2 key concepts,

1.Human eyes cant find differences in colour shades so it will remove some color
pixels which human cannot recognize it easily.

2. By separating pixel color from brightness, where images can be split into 8*8 pixel
blocks that will discard some data from the image without causing any noticeable
deterioration in quality

ii) Less storage space needed and Increase the number of photos to be stored in the same
storage.
Less time and less cost.
iii) Less quality (or) clarity of the image files.
c.
i) 3 bytes
It is using RGB color format
1-Red
1-Green
1-Blue
ii) 16 million

9.
i) 45
ii) 55
iii)20
iv) 63
v)46
vi)28