Yang Presented

Information Paradox The flow of Information Track down the flow!
Bonus
Quantum Information Flows

in Classical Geometries
I-Sheng Yang
Gravitation and Astroparticle Physics in Amsterdam (GRAPPA)

Universiteit van Amsterdam
1311.1219 and work in progress with Irfan Iglin.

Work in progress with Ben Freivogel.
Discussions with Raphael Bousso, Jan de Boer, Daniel Harlow,
Lam Hui, Ted Jacobson, Joe Polchinski, Erik Verlinde and Bartek Czech.
Black Holes and Quantum Information Workshop

Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
Information Paradox The flow of Information Track down the flow! Bonus
Outline
Motivation: AMPS challenges Complemenrarity.

Semi-classical low energy physics within individual causal
patches might need modifications.
Process: Resolve the paradox in Complementarity.

If we are careful enough, low energy physics is fine within
causal patches. No need to modify GR or QFT.
Conclusion: How careful?

Even within semi-classical approximations, we can recognize
that some quantum information needs to flow into the
geometry.
Information paradox
(GR in low curvatures + quantum physics in low energy)

cannot consistently describe
(the global picture of black hole evaporation)
1 How to modify the physical rules in order to describe the

global evolution?
2 If not the global evolution, what can semi-classical low energy
physics describe?
I will focus on the second question, and show that the answer is
still within individual causal patches.
Three steps
1 Review Complementarity:
How do causal patches help?
2 Review AMPS:
The entanglement argument.
3 The true power of Complementarity: It still works.

The outside observer
UV
IR
Outside observer: Low energy physics in my causal patch is fine.

Planckian distance near the boundary is UV, the stretch horizon.
For all I know and care, information ran into it and was later
returned in the form of Hawking radiation.
Complementarity
Indeed, Hawking radiation carries duplicated information from the

in-falling matter and/or interior regions. However,
Outside observer:
The stretch horizon is a special UV object that encodes
information in Hawking radiation.
I do not see the interior so I do not care.
In-falling observer:
Horizon is empty-space with weak local gravity.
I do not see most of the Hawking radiation so I do not care.
Challenges from AMPS
Outside observer:
The stretch horizon is a special UV object that encodes
information in Hawking radiation.
I do not see the interior so I do not care.
A late-in-falling observer:
Staying outside for more than half of the evaporation process.
Jump in to cross the horizon.
In-falling observer:
Horizon is empty-space with weak local gravity.
I do not see most of the Hawking radiation so I do not care.
The entanglement argument
A B
R
During the in-falling process, one can see that the late quantum B
is entangled with its interior partnet A.
While he was outside, he can see the early radiation R, which has
to be entangled with B by unitarity of the S-matrix.
The entanglement argument
A B
R
Both A − B and B − R entanglements are maximized by the large

black hole limit.
Both copies can be found within one causal patch, so

Complementarity still suffers from the cloning paradox.
This is premature.
Two copies of the same information within one causal patch → a

paradox for Complementarity?
In fact, in any causal patch we should find infinite repetition of the

same quantum information—timelike separated.
It is only “quantum cloning” when the two copies of information,

A and R, are spacelike separated. Our naı̈ve intuition that both are
present in the causal patch, came from the fact that an in-falling
observer first sees R then passes through A. That is not enough to
show a spacelike separation.
The true power of Complementarity.
R
A B
If we took the global point of view, then obviously A and R could

be spacelike separated.
We are obliged to take this causal boundary seriously before

reaching the verdict for Complementarity.
Proximity to the boundary
UV
UV
UV
IR IR
An observer: Low energy physics in my causal patch is fine.

Planckian distance near the boundary is UV. This is more involved
for an in-falling observer.
Quantum cloning in Complementairty:
If and only if we can find the following within a causal patch:

There exist at least one spacelike surface that passes through
both A and R.
This guarantees their spacelike separation.
On the frame defined by this surface, both A and R appear to
be low energy quantities.
This guarantees that neither of them is too close to the
boundary.
short wavelength
signal
A A
R R
Causal patches in old black holes
∆t
Y
∆t
~M 3
~M
Kruskal coordinate
black hole
Red: causal patch boundary.

Purple: the slice we try to construct.
Dotted Green: singularity.
∆t: Schwarzschild time difference at r = 3M.
∆t
Y
∆t
~M 3
~M
Kruskal coordinate
black hole
The interior mode A belongs to the segment inside the horizon.

Its length is bounded by . Me −∆t/4M .
Falling into a black hole only resolves its interior in the recent past.
The interior region at earlier times is still exponentially small.
∆t
Y
∆t
~M 3
~M
Kruskal coordinate
black hole
The purple surface is bounded between two null surfaces. At late

times (small ∆t), it is forced to be highly boosted.
The wavelength of early Hawking radiaitonpon this spacelike
surface is blue-shifted to have wavelength ∆t/M.
A more dynamical picture.
∆t
Y
∆t
~M 3
~M
Kruskal coordinate
black hole
At early times (large ∆t), Hawking radiation are low energy

quantities and carry the information that purifies late quanta.
At late times (small ∆t), the near horizon zone becomes large
enough to carry the information that purifies a late quantum.
An observer-dependent, hidden flow of information.
R A
R
R A R
R A R
R A R
R F A
R
R
R
R
R F R
R R
F
F
F
F
F
F
F F
Observer falls in with matter: Information follows matter.
Outside observer: Information followed matter up to the boundary

of my causal patch. It later shows up in Hawking radiation, so I
deduce the flow of information between them.
An observer-dependent, hidden flow of information.
R A
R
R A R
R A R
R A R
R F A
R
R
R
R
R F R
R R
F
F
F
F
F
F
F F
Observer fell in late: Information followed matter up to one

boundary of my causal patch. It later showed up in Hawking
radiation, so I deduced the flow of information between them.
Then, information followed Hawking radiation into the other
boundary of my causal patch. It later shows up in the interior
mode, so I again deduce the flow of information between them.
Information flows in the geometry.
Semi-classical approximation:
Geometry is a fixed background, and we follow quantum
information in the matter fields.
We lost track of the information at some time, and later recovered

it. Between these two (timelike separated) events, we cannot
recognize any matter degree of freedom to carry the information.
Well, such quantum information must be carried by the geometry.

Carefully following the flow of information during black hole
evaporation, we can track quantum information in the geometry
before quantizing gravity.
Toward a move dynamical picture.
In order to avoid paradoxes, the information in R must return to

the black hole.
In my analysis, I can use this “hidden flow” because R reaches the

outer horizon.
Before R reaches the outer horizon, we can process it in various

ways. It must be true that no matter how we process it, the
information always returns.
If we can process the information in a way such that it does not hit
the outer horizon, nor does it return to the black hole as matter
degrees of freedom, then the paradox is revived.
Dealing with the entire Hawking radiation
One way to stop (delay) R from reaching the outer horizon is to

keep the black hole in a box (AdS).
This does work to reduce the effective wavelength, but at the same
time it increases the density of R. These two effects exactly
cancels each other.
For example, if we keep R in a box of size ∼ 100M, then it

evaporation actually stops and it does not get old. Instead of
returning in the hidden flow, the Hawking quanta themselves
return to the black hole.
The entire early radiation is too “bulky” to fit into this causal
patch.
Quantum Computation
Theoretically, from the early Hawking radiation, I can find out the
information that purifies the 24601 millionth late Hawking
quantum.
I only need one qubit of information to purify one qubit, and how
heavy can a qubit be? It must be quite portable. I can isolate this
qubit from R, sit at 5M, and still allow other radiation to go away.
Black hole still gets old, and some causal patch will eventually
contain this qubit and the interior partner of the 24601 millionth
quantum.
If possible, this would have been cloning in my causal patch.

Distillation Process
P Q
Entire Hawking radiation: |ψi = α=binary number cα i |αi i
Typical state: |ψi ≈ √1 (|0ilate |φ− iearly + |1ilate |φ+ iearly )

2
Couple early radiation to a quantum computer:

1
√ (|0ilate |φ− iearly + |1ilate |φ+ iearly )|worldi
2

U |φ± ilate |worldi → |0 or 1iqubit |the resti
We then take this qubit and stay at r ∼ 5M. The duplicated

quantum information can now fit into the causal patch of an late
in-falling observer.
Energy carries Information

U |φ± ilate |worldi → |0 or 1iqubit |the resti
[U, H] = 0, unless we throw something into the black hole.
hφ− |H|φ− ilate − hφ+ |H|φ+ ilate = h1|H|1iqubit − h0|H|0iqubit
This means that no matter how we manipulate the information, a

given qubit of information is always carried by the same amount of
energy. If we really isolate such information into one qubit, that
qubit has to be this heavy.
Energy of a typical qubit
The energy of thisPqubit is the energy Q

difference between φ± , two
random states in α=binary number cα i |αi i.
In a large system, this is well-approximated by the energy

difference between two energy eigenstates.
1 Hawking quantum: 0 ; MP2 /M.

2 Hawking quantum: 0 ; MP2 /M (×2) ; 2MP2 /M.
3 Hawking quantum: 0 ; MP2 /M (×3) ; 2MP2 /M (×3) ; 3MP2 /M.
The spectrum has a degeneracy structure of a Pascal traingle.

√
The energy differece between two random eigenstates ∝ N.
N = M 2 /MP2 for an old black hole.
√ Mp2
Equbit = N = Mp .
M
Planckian Information?
The qubit we distill needs to allow a quantum superposition of

|0iqubit and |1iqubit , namely the existence or not of some
Planckian energy.
Interaction with gravity should immediately decohere it. An

isolated qubit of Planckian energy goes beyond the validaty of low
energy physics.
Therefore, the process to isolate such information from R actually

pushes it outside low energy physics and let it enter the “hidden
flow”.
Conclusion
Globally, A and R can be spacelike separated:

quantum cloning or polygamy of entanglement.
AMPS tried to bring A and R together into one causal patch,
but that ended up making them timelike separated.
So instead of a paradox, we have a mystery of “missing flow”.
The natural carrier of such missing flow is geometry, the only
thing we don’t know how to quantize yet.
Quantum gravity should provide the explicit dynamics for this
missing flow, so a carefully analysis of quantum information
may provide useful bottom-up constraints.
Thank you for your patience!
Questions? or bonus slides if time permits.
An information censorship
Initial condition
It could be that certain assumptions in the initial condition, though

appearing harmless, are actually unphysical and can lead to
paradoxes.
The idea of a “censorship”, or a “precurser constraint”.

Escaping the hidden flow
When I argued for the inevitibility of the hidden flow, I assumed

that black hole is entangled with its own early radiation.
N ∼ M 2 /MP2 , T = MP2 /M.
The argument actually works for any system with larger total mass.
However, it does not work for smaller masses.
For example, if the black hole is maximally entangled with the

same number of particles with a significantly lower temperature,
T MP2 /M, I can no longer exclude cloning within causal patches.
A pre-entangled black hole
Consider a box of thermal gas with N = 2M 2 /MP2 and some

temperature T . If I have a seed black hole of mass m M, and I
feed half of the gas particle to it carefully, I will get a black hole of
mass ∼ M maximally entangled with the remaining half.
Fortunately, if T MP2 /M MP2 /m, the thermal gas would not

flow into the seed black hole. So there is no natural way of forming
a pre-entangled black hole to violate my theorem.
This feels like an information censorship. If we presume certain

entanglement in the initial condition, then there will be a cloning
paradox within causal patches. However, if we preclude those
initial conditions, then nature will not develop cloning on its own.
Conservation of energy per information
Isothermal box
Consider the wavefunction of a particle in a classical box,
V (x) = 0 (0 < x < L) or ∞ (x < 0, x > L)

r
2 nx n2
hx|ψn iL = sin , HL |ψn iL = |ψn iL (1)
L L 2mL2
Change the size slowly: L → L0 , during ∆t (∆L/En L), an
energy eigenstate remains at the same energy level n.
|ψn iL → |ψn iL0
Can we also claim the following?

1 ? 1
√ |ψ1 iL + |ψ2 iL → √ |ψ1 iL0 + |ψ2 iL0 .
2 2
Conservation of energy per information
Uncertainty principle

1 1
√ |ψ1 iL + |ψ2 iL |boxi → √ |ψ1 iL0 |box1i + |ψ2 iL0 |box2i
2 2
|box1i and |box2i have different energy. If such energy difference
is measurable by the standard of uncertainty principle, ∆E ∆t > 1,
then the wavefunction of the particle decoheres.
Recall that being isothermal requires ∆t to be large.

∆L
∆E ∆t
L
An order one change in the box size (energy) decoheres the
quantum information.

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Information Paradox The flow of Information Track down the flow!

Quantum Information Flows

Gravitation and Astroparticle Physics in Amsterdam (GRAPPA)

1311.1219 and work in progress with Irfan Iglin.

Black Holes and Quantum Information Workshop

Motivation: AMPS challenges Complemenrarity.

Process: Resolve the paradox in Complementarity.

Conclusion: How careful?

(GR in low curvatures + quantum physics in low energy)

1 How to modify the physical rules in order to describe the

3 The true power of Complementarity: It still works.

The outside observer

Outside observer: Low energy physics in my causal patch is fine.

Indeed, Hawking radiation carries duplicated information from the

Challenges from AMPS

The entanglement argument

The entanglement argument

Both A − B and B − R entanglements are maximized by the large

Both copies can be found within one causal patch, so

Two copies of the same information within one causal patch → a

In fact, in any causal patch we should find infinite repetition of the

It is only “quantum cloning” when the two copies of information,

The true power of Complementarity.

If we took the global point of view, then obviously A and R could

We are obliged to take this causal boundary seriously before

Proximity to the boundary

An observer: Low energy physics in my causal patch is fine.

Quantum cloning in Complementairty:

If and only if we can find the following within a causal patch:

Causal patches in old black holes

Red: causal patch boundary.

Causal patches in old black holes

The interior mode A belongs to the segment inside the horizon.

Causal patches in old black holes

The purple surface is bounded between two null surfaces. At late

A more dynamical picture.

At early times (large ∆t), Hawking radiation are low energy

An observer-dependent, hidden flow of information.

Observer falls in with matter: Information follows matter.

Outside observer: Information followed matter up to the boundary

An observer-dependent, hidden flow of information.

Observer fell in late: Information followed matter up to one

Information flows in the geometry.

We lost track of the information at some time, and later recovered

Well, such quantum information must be carried by the geometry.

Toward a move dynamical picture.

In order to avoid paradoxes, the information in R must return to

In my analysis, I can use this “hidden flow” because R reaches the

Before R reaches the outer horizon, we can process it in various

Dealing with the entire Hawking radiation

One way to stop (delay) R from reaching the outer horizon is to

For example, if we keep R in a box of size ∼ 100M, then it

If possible, this would have been cloning in my causal patch.

Typical state: |ψi ≈ √1 (|0ilate |φ− iearly + |1ilate |φ+ iearly )

Couple early radiation to a quantum computer:

We then take this qubit and stay at r ∼ 5M. The duplicated

Energy carries Information

[U, H] = 0, unless we throw something into the black hole.

hφ− |H|φ− ilate − hφ+ |H|φ+ ilate = h1|H|1iqubit − h0|H|0iqubit

This means that no matter how we manipulate the information, a

Energy of a typical qubit

The energy of thisPqubit is the energy Q

In a large system, this is well-approximated by the energy

Fortunately, if T MP2 /M MP2 /m, the thermal gas would not