Standard Method of Test for Surface Frictional Properties Using the British Pendulum Tester 1, SCOPE LL This method covers the proce dure for measuring. surface feistonal Droperies using the Bridsh,Pendelumn Sked Resistance Tester A method for calibration of the tester is included in the Appendix. 12° The British Pendulum Tester is a dynamic pendulum impactype tester used (o measure the energy loss when a rubber slider edge is propelled over a test surface. The tester is used fr labora (ory as well as fed teste on flat surices and or polish value measurements on curved laboratory specimens from accel raed polishing wheel tet 1.3 The valve measured, British Pen- diulum (Tester) Number, BPN for Ht surfaces and polish values fer accelerated polishing wheel specimens, represents the rictional properues obtained with the apparatus and. procedures stated herein and does not necessarily agree o¢ correlate with other sippeness measur- ing equipment result. La This standard may involve haz- sedous materials, operations, and equip- ment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. I is the responsi bility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory imstations ior to use 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENT 24. AASHTO Standard: M261 Standard Tie for Pavement Frictional Propery Tests ‘pc de Se enpsnen AASHTO DESIGNATION: T 278-90! (ASTM DESIGNATION: E,303-93) 3. SUMMARY OF METHOD 24, Tis mot cos of log s pdulns ee nissan Mike’ ete nce Froprs ef at ce Sethe ut feed ant sere wend pe ean der pos cont (tay tome sot Oh te er coutcng (ae penton eds bate Posen en tele ts ung ‘Sort ale coc wee ie dng prinerincas eB vente) Name fe sgh en Side et es be mee ‘wnt ane lp BP ‘alg For peda se ona en Sarco taal bee Sake ig fr ter 4. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 44. This method provides a measure of a fictional propery, mierotexture, of surfaces, either inthe field or inthe abo ion 42. This method may be used to de- termine the relative effects of various polishing techniques on materials ot ma- terial combinations, 43 The values measured in accor ance with this method do not necessar- ily agree or direcdy comelate with those ‘obtained utlizing other methods of de- 'ermining ition properues of skid r= NOTE 1—8P8 and polish values from sire types of srtoes wil not be mune ally eats, primal beeaise of the ifr: ences inst eng an8 src spe. Theo ‘eal eorecoon of the poi ales obtain umenet equality, eider by mathematical ‘manipalton or by use of special messing scales is wot recommended. 5. APPARATUS SAL_ British Pendulum Tester (Figure 1)—The pendulum with slider and slider ‘mount shall weigh 1500 = 30 g. The distance of the center of gravity of the Pendulum from the ceate of otillation Shall be 16.2 = 0.2 in. (611 = 5 aun). The tester shall be capable of verical adjusument to provide a slider contact path of ffom 4" :0 5.0 inches (124 to 127 cum) for tests on fat surfaces and Phe 19 3% in. (15 to 78 sum) for tests ‘on “polishing Wheel specimens, The spring and lever arrangement shown in Figure 2 shail give an average normal slider load between the 3in. (76m) wide slider and est surface of 2500 = 100 g as measured by the method pre seribed in the Appendix. 52. Slider—The slider assembly shall consist of an aluminum backing plate to which is bonded a", by L by 5 in, (6 by 25 by 76 mam) rubber stip for testing fat surfaces or a "4 by 1 by icin, (6 25 32mm) mvbber sip fo esting curved polishing wheel speci- tens, The rubber compound shall be natural rubber meeting the requgements ofthe Road Research Laboratory orsyn- thetic rubber as specified in AASHTO 1M 261, Standard Tice for Pavement Fric- ‘ional Property Tests. S21 New sliders shall be condi- tioned prior to use by making 10 swings fon No. 60 grade silicon carbide cloth! or equivaleat under dry conditions. The “EEE ttm Peers ‘etches Leeroeemmnctace =a8 METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING Tae nee) FIGURES Slider Assembly Mustrat. ing the Maximum Wear on Stiking Ege swings shall be made with a tester ad apace reer ia! & me 22 Wear on the suiking edge of the slider shall not exceed "fin (3.2 ‘mm in the plane ofthe slider or yin, 1.6 mm) venical to it, a illustrated in Figure 3, 53. Accessories: 53.1. Contact path gage shal consist FIGURE British Pendulum Tester of & thin rules suitably marked for mes suring contact path length between +) and 5 in. (124 and 127 mm) of betwees 2%ly sod 3% in. 75 and 78 mem) as Fequied forthe particular test 53.2 Miscellaneous equipmen, Such as water container, surface ther, ‘ometer and brash is recommended, Nast FoR vowstucnt pF CENTER OF Swe, oF somme terson. \ | \ 6. ‘TEST SPECIMEN 61 Field—Fielé test surfces shall be fice of loose panicles and Mushed with clean water The test surface does PEE, peTH OF suoeR 20m RADU not bave 10 be horizontal provided the instrument can be leveled inthe working Position using only the leveling screws 8nd the pendulum head will lea the su face ering nance — ffl aosusracce “Ton stioen loxtanece weicar 62. Laborator»—Laboratory est panels shall be clean and free of loose Particles and shall be held rigidly. s0 5 not to be moved by the force of the pendulum, 62:1 ‘Flat laboratory samples shall nyegee have a tes surface of atleast 3% by 6 Ben PA cowmer part Cresy sunnace in, (89 by 152 mam), ror vo me 622 Accelerated laboratory po: oe cg orm ishing wheel specimens shall have ates WovewcNor Soe i wheel spe al MeMENT OF surface of atleast P/ by 34 inches (65 FIGURE2 Schematic Drawing of Pendulum Showing Spring and Lever X 90 mm) and shall be curves in te are ‘Arrangement (of a circle 16 in. (406 ram) in diameter, .ra 7. PREPARATION OF APPARATUS TA. Leveling—Level the instrsment accurately by tumming leveling serews un- fl the bubble is centered in the spit level, 12. Zero Adjurments—Ratse the fendulum mechanisen by loosening the locking knob (digecdy behind pendutam Pivot) and tur ether ofthe pai of head movement knobs at the ceater of the tester t0 allow the slider to swing free of the test surface. Tighten the locking nob firmly, Place the pendulum i the release position and rotate the drag Pointer counterclockwise unit it comes Uo rest against the adjustment serew on the pendulum ar, Release the pendulum and note the pointer reading, Uf te zead- ing is noc 220, loosen che locking rng ‘ate the ction ring on the bearing spindle slightly and lock again. Repeat ln test and adjust the friction ring until the pendulum swing eames the pointer 73 Slide Longe Adjuriment 73. With the pendulum hanging fee. place the spacer under the asjusing screw of the ling handle. Lower the pendulum so thatthe eage ofthe slider 48st touches the test surface. Lock the bendulum head firmly, raise the iting handle, and remove spacer 732. Raise the sider by lilting the handle, move the pendulum to the night lower the slider, and alow the perdu ‘o move slowly tothe left unul the sicer touches the test surface, Pace the contact path gage beside the slider and parallel fo the direction of swing to verity the length ofthe contact path. Raise the slide. using the iting handle, ana move the pendulum to the let, then slowly lower it unl te slider edge again comes to resto the surface Ifthe length of the contact path is not beeween and 5 in, (124 and 127 mm) on Mat test specimens or between 2fy and 3430, (5 and 78 smn) on curved polishing wheel specimens measured from tailing ig co trailing edge ofthe rubber slider, sdjust by taising of lowering the insru- ment with the font leveling screws, The slide length may also be adjusted by ‘means of the vertical height coowal kobe. Readjust the level of the intra- ment, if necessary. Plce the pendulum METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING re La FIGURE Spring Ctp and Spring to Inhibit Slider Rotation inthe celease postion and rotate the dag pointer coumerclockwise nal it comes fo rest against dhe adjustment sexew on (he pendulum arm, 8. PROCEDURE, 8.1 Apply spicient water to cover the test area thoroughly. Execute several swings until consistent results ae ob- tained, but do not record the eeadings. NOTE L—alvays catch tie pendulum Cuong ue eaty portion of ser swing ‘Wise rerimng he pendulum to 9 sarang poston nse the side rh te iin hale {o prevent comact between slider and he ‘est uace. roe each swing, he pointe Should be renmed una ee ages oe 8.2 Rewer the text area and without elay mace four more swings reweting the test area prior to each swing and recording the results, NOTE 2-Cae shold be taken thatthe slide emauns parle! o eh et saranda Ing the swings. 206 does nt rotates th love end rather than the ete sking eae ‘maker he iva comact vale dated hte that titing of he sider may ease ese fous BPX reacngs.instalason of «sal fa. Song will rele the protien The spring an be sete ito a siot im he spring lip wd the assembly secured Dy te cater Fn WS showa in Figure. The Iee ends of te Seg can ret onthe sider bacing ple © ‘stain the ser (rom ling 8.3. Recheck te slider contact length in accordance with Section 73, SA Recheck the zero adjustment in accordance with Section 7.2 9. REPORT 9.1 The repo shall nclode the Fel lowing: . 9.1L Individual values in BPN’s ot polish values, and the average BPN or Average polish value foreach test sur face 912 Temperature ofthe west surface. 9.13 Type. age. condition, texte and location of the let surface, 9.14 Type and source of aggregate for polish value tests DAS Type and age of the rubber slider 10. PRECISION AND SILAS NOTE 3The folowing material pesos ‘only the precion and bias of BPN unis 10.1 Repeated tests show standard eviauons at follows Bish bte shies 10 BPN ois Slider conforming v9 2 BPN vos Mist In both cases the upper quartile ot vanablity is represeated in prevailing vest iastroments, Ar there is to maked correlation between standard deviation tnd arithmetic mean of sets of text ales ie appears that standard. deviations are perinent co this test egaidless of the average fictional levels being tested. 10.2. The relationship, if any exist. of observed BPN units to some “true ‘value Frictional level has aot and proba bly cannot be studied. As a result, preci- sion and bist of this eet in relauon to 2 uve frictional level measure cannot be evaluated and only epeaablity is given for the method.26 METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING sad — . Sait FIGURES Pendulum Assembly Showing Location ofthe Point of Balance FIGURE6 Arrangement of the British Pendulum Tester, Showing Pendulum ‘Assembly ard Pan Balance Used to Measure Slider Las 103 Determine the testing error as follows E=un# where: E = testing eros, {= normal cuve of 196 or 20 rounded, 1 = standard deviation of individual lest results (BPN), and no numberof tess 104 Inordertoassure that the testing ror stays within LOBPN at 395-percent confidence level (comesponding to 3 nor mal curve of 1.96 of 2.0 rounded), the following number of record swings are needed per sample Brssh nara mse sire Shas conforming M26) 5 APPENDIX. (Mandatory Informati AL. CALIBRATION ALL Neil of Pendudum—The pen olny arm wich mounted rubber slider T278 shall be disconnected fom the instrument sand weighed to te nearest 1B AL2 Center of Grovin—The center of gravity of te pendulum with mounted robber slider shall be deer mined by placing the pendulom assembly ‘over a knife edge and experimentally lo caing the point of balance as shown in Figure 5. The adapter nut shall be held st the far end of the arm bya lightweight Paper wedge, After the point of balance has been obtained, the postion of the balance weight shall be adjusted yn the sides ofthe pendulum fot are horizontal, ALI. Distance of Center of Gravi Siom Center ef Oscillation—With the Pendulum reconnected to the tester and Knurled bearing cap removed, the d= tance shall be measured from the center of oxillaion (center of bearing nut to the point of balance (enter of ara) This distance shall be measured direely 'o the nearest 0.04 in. (1 ra), ALA. Slider Lood—The pendalum Shall be clamped to holder attached to the Sale plate ofthe tester and the tester placed and leveled on a tripod stand as shown in Figure 6. laser the spacer, Ad. just the pan balance witha beating assem- bly (Note A) on one pan and taze weights fo the other pan 20 thal the balance pointer is at a eenier scale reading. The ‘endulurs, with slide, shall be lowered ‘with the verieal height knobs ofthe tester ‘atl the sider is apprevimately 0.01 in (025 mam) from the top surface of bearing assembly: Lock the verical height knob and remove the spaces, This will cause an unbalance which shall be parially compensated by adding weights to the opposite pan to bring the indicator ‘fo within approximately 200g ofthe een 'er scale reading. To complet the balance Procedure, the poate is rerumed to the center scale reading, by adding water slowly into a graduated cylinder Empty the cylinder and repeat the pouring. Re- cord the average weight requited to rise the slider so that the balance pointer is tthe center of the scale (Note A2) 1 the average, normal sider load between the 3 in. (16.2 mm) wide slider and the pan balance is not within the requize- ments stated in Section 5.3, adjust the spring tension nut illustated in Figure 2 and redetermine the slider load,T273 NOTE A1—The bearing assembly may be "ladder" bering with angi, feemoving {op plate or 3 smi arangerent 0 that bortzonal loads are neodaeed while mensr ing te vereal sider fo METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING NOTE A2—Icinay be neceeary to move the pan of te alaae up sod down to wank the ponginotder etsmonthand consistent realings If tbe ejeatrements of te ager loud afe soll repuiar aker "working tbe 23 Spring. remove Be side snd bottom panels of the pendatun fot ar inspect for clealiness ofthe beaig sraces an hie ges illus trated in Figure 2 and redeersae te let toss