CHE 4433 - Petroleum and Petrochemical Processing - Lab Manual

Faculty of Engineering Technology and Science
Chemical Engineering Technology
CHE 4433- Petroleum and Petrochemical Processing
LABORATORY MANUAL
-:SCTL:-
Dr. Zin-Eddine Dadach
-:LI:-
Yasir Mahmood
CHE 4433- Petroleum and Petrochemical Processing Page 1 of 38

Table of Contents
Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................3
General Laboratory Safety Rules ..........................................................................................................4
Chemical engineering Laboratory Safety Rules ....................................................................................8
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) .......................................................................................................8
Academic Honesty Statement: ..............................................................................................................9
Report requirements ............................................................................................................................10
Reference Format ................................................................................................................................11
General Rubric: ...................................................................................................................................12
List of Labs:.........................................................................................................................................14
Cover Page ..........................................................................................................................................15
Lab 01: Measure the Density and API gravity of petroleum products using a density meter.............16
Lab 02: Atmospheric distillation of crude oil and measuring API gravity of distillation fractions. ...19
Lab 3: To determine the Cloud point of the given petroleum product sample. ..................................22
Lab 4: ASTM D97 Standard Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Product ...............................24
Lab 5: Determination of octane number of gasoline. ..........................................................................26
Lab 06: Determine Flash Point of Petroleum Products. ......................................................................28
Lab 07: Determine the Freezing Point of the petroleum Products. .....................................................30
Lab 8: Determination of Kinematic Viscosity of lube oils. ................................................................32
Lab 9: Determination of dropping point of lubricating greases. .........................................................35
Lab 10: Analyze the evaporation loss tendencies of lubricating oils. .................................................37

Introduction
Experiments performed in Petroleum & Petrochemical Processing laboratory provide students with
opportunity to apply theory learned in the course to actual practice. Experiments in the lab are designed
to illustrate the practical use of theoretical concepts. The equipment in the laboratory, though small in
scale, is like in industrial equipment which provide students an opportunity to get some hands on
experience.
In Petroleum and petrochemical Processing laboratory students use various industrial types of device/
apparatus to measure the properties of different petroleum products. These equipment include
Distillation Analyzer, Octane Number Analyzer, Evaporation Losses detector and Densitometer. Some
other equipment’s are Flash, Freezing, Cloud & Pour, Dropping point apparatus.
This lab manual consists of ten lab experiments with each experiment comprised of Introduction,
Materials & Resources, Procedure, and Data collection & Calculations. General Laboratory Safety
Rules, Academic Honesty Statement, General Rubric and Reference Format have also been included to
give students an overall idea about lab safety, and also helpful in writing their lab reports.
CHE 4433-Petroleum & Petrochemical Processing course covers the essential processing operations in
a refinery where crude oil is converted into petroleum products. Describing the properties of significant
fuels, such as motor gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel and heating oils. Describing the production, chemistry,
and marketing aspects of some important petrochemicals. Performing relevant laboratory experiments.

General Laboratory Safety Rules
The following are general laboratory safety rules that

provide guidelines for laboratory users. Laboratory instructors are required to develop rules that are
specific to their laboratories. As a laboratory user, it is your responsibility to ensure that all regulations
are observed prior to any operations.
1. Determine the potential physical, chemical and biological hazards and the appropriate safety
precautions before Starting the lab:
• Mechanical-entanglement, crushing, cutting, etc.
• Chemical-depends on the physical, chemical and toxic properties of the chemical.
• Biological-bacteria, viruses, insects, humans, etc.
• Physical-slipping/tripping hazards, falling from height, electrical, fire, etc.
• Environmental-noise, poor lighting, unreasonable temperatures, dust, etc.
• Organizational–behavior, workload, time constraints, deadlines, etc.
2. Familiarize yourself with the emergency procedures, alarms and evacuation routes. Know the
emergency phone location, emergency eyewash, safety showers, fire extinguishers, and proper
operating procedures.
• Emergency Response – Know Your Surrounding
 Keep aisles and passageways free of any obstructions that might block or slow egress
during an emergency.
 Keep emergency exits and all safety equipment clear and accessible at all times.
 Know where the first aid kit and fire blanket/extinguisher are located.

 Know the emergency evacuation route/procedure and the nearest assembly point.
• Emergency Response – Fire Alarm
 The Fire alarm system is designed and engineered to provide you with an early warning
to allow you to exit the building during an emergency safely.
 When the fire alarm sounds, evacuate the building immediately to ensure your safety.
 Move calmly to the Designated assembly point and do not leave the evacuation
assembly area until the “all clear’ has been given.
• Emergency Response – Contacts
Example
DWC
3. Do
not smoke,
apply make-
up, and
consume food
or beverages
in
laboratories.
Never store
food or drink
in laboratory
refrigerators.
4. Know
the types of and the use of personal protective equipment available for you.

5. Wear protective clothing and gloves that are not permeable to the chemicals being used.
6. Proper eye protectors must be worn in laboratories when handling hazardous chemicals, dangerous
machinery, laser equipment, or biological agents.
7. Long hair and loose clothing should be confined when in the laboratory. Shoes must be worn at all
times. Sandals or open-toed shoes must not be worn in the laboratory.
8. All containers of chemicals should be correctly and clearly labeled. The label should provide hazard
and safety information about the chemicals to other laboratory users.
9. All chemical wastes should be disposed of appropriately to the corresponding waste containers, and
the log sheet should be filled.
10. Equipment should only be used for its designed purpose and should not operate any equipment that
you are not familiar with.
11. Mouth pipette of chemicals must not be allowed. A pipette bulb or aspirator should be used.
12. Exposure to gases, vapors and aerosols should be minimized. Appropriate safety equipment in
conjunction with fume cupboard should be used whenever such exposure is expected.
13. Report any faulty equipment to laboratory staff and obtain a properly functioning unit. Faulty

laboratory equipment might pose danger to laboratory users if operated unknowingly. It may result
in personal injury or malfunction of other equipment.
14. Mobile phones are not to be operated at any time during the laboratory. Mobile phones might cause
disturbance to other laboratory users, and also cause signal interference.
15. Students who fail to abide by these regulations will be told to leave the laboratory. This is necessary
to keep order in the laboratory.
16. No student is allowed to work in the laboratory or workshop unless being supervised.
17. Students should Read the operation manual before operating any machine. Labels, equipment
instructions, and safety precautions must be read carefully before use.
18. House Keeping, when lab work is completed, all materials must be returned to their proper places.
19. No equipment may be removed from laboratory/ workshop or tampered with in any way without
apply prober roles for shifting.
20. Procedures to Protect the Environment
 Most equipment use and contain at least some materials that can be considered toxic to the
environment.
 Equipment and electronics disposal: Make sure to follow regulations that govern how to
dispose of specific items.
 Batteries can contain metals harmful to the environment. These metals do not decay and
remain in the environment for many years.
21. COVID 19 Safety Roles In Labs

Chemical engineering Laboratory Safety Rules
1. Nothing must be tasted, eaten or drunk in the laboratory.
2. All acids are corrosive (They can burn your skin, eyes, clothes).
3. Keep all flammable chemicals away from naked flames.
4. If any chemicals are splashed onto your clothing or skin, wash immediately with a lot of water.
5. Report any cut, burn or other accident to the instructor / technician, note ‘time’ is critical.
6. Stay away from any pressurized equipment and avoid to touch any hot surfaces.
7. Treat all chemicals as toxic.
8. Hot objected should be handled with caution.
9. Always wash your hands after the practical work.
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
Material Safety Data Sheets summarize physical and chemical properties of all chemical
reagents used in this laboratory. In addition, the MSDS sheets contain information on the
hazards and toxicity effects. MSDS can be found in the instructor room and should be
consulted if there is any question regarding the safety of materials encountered.
MSDS contain information in the following nine categories:
1. Product information
2. Hazardous ingredients
3. Physical data
4. Fire and explosion data
5. Reactivity data
6. Toxicological properties (health effects)
7. Preventive measures
8. First aid measures
9. Preparation data of MSDS

Academic Honesty Statement:
In accordance with HCT policy LP201- Academic Honesty
• Students are required to refrain from all forms of academic dishonesty as defined and explained
in HCT procedures and directions from HCT personnel.
• A student found guilty of having committed acts of academic dishonesty may be subject to one
or more of the disciplinary measures as outlined in Article 33 of the Student and Academic
Regulations.
‫إﻓﺎدة اﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ اﻷﻛﺎدﯾﻤﯿﺔ‬
‫ وﻓﻘًﺎ ﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﺔ ﻛﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﯿﺎ‬- LP201 ‫اﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ اﻷﻛﺎدﯾﻤﯿﺔ‬
• ‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﻣﺒﯿّﻦ وﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﺎت واﻹﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬،‫ﯾُﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ اﻻﻣﺘﻨﺎع ﻋﻦ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ أﺷﻜﺎل ﺳﻮء اﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ اﻷﻛﺎدﯾﻤﯿﺔ‬
‫ واﻟﺘﻮﺟﯿﮭﺎت اﻟﺼﺎدرة ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮظﻔﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺎت‬،‫ﺑﻜﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﯿﺎ‬.
• ‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ارﺗﻜﺎب اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ أي ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ أﺷﻜﺎل ﺳﻮء اﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ اﻷﻛﺎدﯾﻤﯿﺔ ﺳﻮف ﯾﺘﻌﺮض اﻟﻰ واﺣﺪ أو أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺪاﺑﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﺄدﯾﺒﯿﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻷﻛﺎدﯾﻤﯿﺔ‬33 ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻟﻤﺒﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎدة‬.
Declaration: Group/Individual
1. No part of this assignment has been copied from another source, (not from another group
or student, an internet source or a book).
2. No late submission will be accepted.
3. When another person’s words are used, this is shown in the text with “…” and referenced.
4. No part of this assignment has been written by anyone other than the member(s) of the
group named below.
5. We/I have a copy of this assignment that we/I can produce if the first copy is lost or
damaged.
N.B. The marker may choose not to mark this assignment if the above declaration is not signed.
 If the declaration is found to be false, appropriate action will be taken.

Plagiarism is copying and handing in someone’s work as your own. Any student found guilty of
this type of cheating will be dismissed from the college.
Student Name: ____________________ Signature: _____________

Report requirements
Plagiarism:
% Plagiarism % Deduction from the eligible

grade
Less than 25 % 0
Between 25 and 50 % -20 %
Between 50 and 80 % -50 %
More than 80 % -100%
Late Submission of Lab Reports:
A deduction 10% of the mark upon expiry of the deadline. A further deduction of 5% per day
for additional each day.
Report Submission Format:
• Only Word and Pdf versions of lab reports are accepted.

• No part of the text should be incorporated as an image.
• Lab reports as images will not be accepted.

Reference Format - APA style
Webpage
• If the page names an individual author, cite their name first:

Last name, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL
Example: Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does not exist. Medium.
https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness-does-not-exist-3af27e312d01
• If the page's author is not listed, start with the title instead.
Title of page. (Year, Month Date). Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL
Example: Tuscan white bean pasta. (2018, February 25). Budgetbytes. Retrieved March 18,
2020, from https://www.budgetbytes.com/tuscan-white-bean-pasta/
Wikipedia Article
Title of article. (Year, Month Date). In Wikipedia. URL of archived version of page
Example: Quantum mechanics. (2019, November 19). In Wikipedia.

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_mechanics&oldid=948476810
Author/Authors
List by last names and initials; commas separate author names, while the last author’s name is
preceded again by ampersand (&)
Example: Nguyen, T., Carnevale, J. J., Scholer, A. A., Miele, D. B., & Fujita, K. (2019). Meta
motivational knowledge of the role of high-level and low-level construal in goal-relevant
task performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117(5), 879-899.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000166
Course Content
Institution or organization name. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of reference work (edition, page
numbers).
Example: HCT. (2020). Ideal Gas Law Equation. In CHE 2113 – Applied Chemistry Slides
(202010, CLO1).

General Rubric:
Part I: Individual assessment (40%)
Each student will be evaluated individually during the lab time according to the following aspects
PI- Marks Obtained

S. Aspect for PLO Maximum
No. Evaluation Marks Student Student Student Student
1 2 3 4
Health & Safety

1. Housekeeping and 5%
organization
Participation/
Work
2. 10%
independently/
Oral questions
Set up the
experiment/ using
3. 10%
equipment and
measuring tools
Troubleshooting
4. and problem 10%
solving.
Time
management/
5. 5%
Late/ finish on
time

Part II: Group assessment (60%)
Each group will be evaluated as a team based on their submitted report according to the following
aspects
Introduction/ Objective/
6. 5%
Procedure
Equipment description
7. Data collection 5%
/Findings/observations
8. Theory/Calculations 5%
Diagrams / Charts /
9. Figures and Plots with 10%

Captions
Analysis & Discussion /

10. 15%
(theory vs actual)
Conclusions/ Summary
11. 15%
/self-reflection
Quality of work
performed including
12. 5%
quality of lab report,
neatness etc.

List of Labs:
Lab 01: Measure the Density and API gravity of petroleum products using a density meter.
Lab 02: Atmospheric distillation of crude oil and measuring API gravity of distillation fractions.
Lab 3: To determine the Cloud point of the given petroleum product sample.
Lab 4: ASTM D97 Standard Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Product
Lab 5: Determination of octane number of gasoline.
Lab 06: Determine Flash Point of Petroleum Products.
Lab 07: Determine the Freezing Point of the petroleum Products.
Lab 8: Determination of Kinematic Viscosity of lube oils.
Lab 9: Determination of dropping point of lubricating greases.
Lab 10: Analyze the evaporation loss tendencies of lubricating oils.

Cover Page
Laboratory
# Laboratory Title
Exercise Number
Course Code CHE 4433 Course Title
Term Date
Lab Instructor
Course Teacher
Group Group Members ID

No
Note: Students are expected to refrain from all forms of academic dishonesty as defined in the college
policies and as explained and defined by college policies and procedures and directions from teachers
or other college personnel. By signing this cover page, you are stating that the work presented is yours
and yours alone. The work includes all figures, tables, calculations, data and text. Please note only
reports that include a signed cover sheet will be graded.
I hereby state that all work submitted in this report is mine and solely mine.
Student ID Signature

Lab 01: Measure the Density and API gravity of petroleum products using a
density meter.
A. Introduction
The Introduction should have following points to be included:
i. The context and objectives for the measurement of Density and API Gravity
ii. Briefly explain relevant theory of Density measurements in sufficient detail
iii. Introduce any relevant laws, equations or theorems in Density measurements
B. Experimental set-up and materials

In your lab report provide a description of the experimental set-up and add images showing the
relevant features of any object or material under investigation. Moreover, a diagram of the
experimental setup with each component clearly labelled can be fruitful.
1. Density meter (RUDOLPH DDM 2909)
2. Test Tubes
3. Cleaning Solvents
4. Thermometer
5. Petroleum Products Samples
C. Procedure
In procedure, you must report what was actually done and what actually happened, and include
enough detail for someone else to replicate what you did and achieve a similar outcome. In the
procedure section use the past tense when you are reporting on something you did.
1. Clean the sample line with a cleaning solvent, and inject the sample into the Density
Meter manually by the use of a syringe.
2. Select the desired temperature to measure the density of the sample fuel and press start
button and wait until the Density Meter displays a reading.
3. Note down the Density and calculate the API Gravity by using formula.

D. Data Collection/Experimental Results
In this section, you present the main data collected during your experiment of density measurements.
Each key measurement needs to be reported appropriately. Data must be presented in figures and
tables.
Density Meter Reading
No. Sample Density

@ 15 0C Specific Gravity API Gravity
(g/cm3) (S.G)
1
Diesel
2
Gasoline
3
Heavy Gas Oil
4
Light Gas Oil
5
Aviation Fuel
E. Calculations
In your lab report perform the following calculations:
i. Density of all given fuel samples at 15 0C.
ii. Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of all given fuel samples at 15 0C.
iii. API gravity of provided petroleum fuel samples.
Where a calculation is repeated many times, the additional detail is usually included in an appendix.
F. Discussion
The discussion section must include below mentioned points:
i. Comment on obtained results of all the fuel samples you used.
ii. Interpret what the results mean for all samples.
iii. Explain any results which are unexpected for any specimen.
iv. Compare the experimental results with the ones available in literature and provide and
provided appropriate references.

G. Conclusion
The conclusion section should provide a take-home message summing up what has been learned
from the experiment and must have following points:
i. Identify the main findings.
ii. Summarize what the experiment has contributed to your understanding.
iii. Identify how any sources of error might impact on the interpretation of your results
iv. Suggest how the experiment could have been improved.
H. References
Use APA style as a Format for all your References.
I. Appendices
If your lab report contains material that is too detailed to include in the main report, such as tables
of raw data or detailed calculations use Appendices.
Each appendix must be given a number or letter and title referred to by number or letter at the relevant
point in the text.

Lab 02: Atmospheric distillation of crude oil and measuring API gravity of
distillation fractions.
A. Introduction
The Introduction should have following to be included:
i. The context and objectives of Atmospheric distillation of crude oil
ii. Briefly explain relevant theory of Atmospheric distillation of distillation fractions in
sufficient detail
iii. Introduce any relevant laws, equations or theorems in Distillation process.

experimental setup with each component clearly labelled can be added.
i. Atmospheric Distillation Unit with accessories
ii. Measuring cylinders
iii. Crude oil Samples
iv. Density Meter
C. Procedure
enough detail for someone else to replicate what you did and achieve a similar outcome.
In this experiment, a 100 mL specimen of the sample is distilled under prescribed conditions for the
group in which the sample falls. The distillation is performed in a laboratory batch distillation unit
at ambient pressure under conditions that are designed to provide approximately one theoretical plate
fractionation. Systematic observations of temperature readings and volumes of condensate are made,
depending on the needs of the user of the data. The volume of the residue and the losses are also
recorded. Test results are commonly expressed as percent evaporated or percent recovered versus
corresponding temperature, either in a table or graphically, as a plot of the distillation curve.

In this section, you present the main data collected during your experiment of Atmospheric
distillation.
Sample Description: …………….. Sample charge:…………………
Condensate
Cut Number Cut Temperature (0C) Density Colour Smell
Volume (ml)
1 0-5
____˚C to ______˚C
2 5 - 10
_____˚C to ______˚C
3 10 - 20
_____˚C to ______˚C
4 20 – 30
_____˚C to ______˚C
5 30 – 40
_____˚C to ______˚C
6 40 – 50
_____˚C to ______˚C
7 50 - 60
_____˚C to ______˚C
8 60 - 70
_____˚C to ______˚C
Initial boiling point (IBP)………………….
End point (EP)……………………..
Dry point……………..
Front end loss…………….
E. Calculations
i. Density and API gravity of all petroleum fractions.
ii. Percent Recovery
iii. Percent Residues.

F. Discussion
i. Comment on Density, smell and color of all petroleum fractions obtained in Distillation
process.
ii. Discuss the effect of density on quality of fuel products.
iii. Compare the experimental results of all petroleum fractions obtained in Distillation process.
iv. Compare the obtained results with the ones available in literature and provide and provided
appropriate references.
G. Conclusion
ii. Summarize what the experiment has contributed to your understanding of the problem.
H. References
I. Appendices

Lab 3: To determine the Cloud point of the given petroleum product sample.
A. Introduction
i. The context and objectives of Cloud point determination of the given petroleum products.
ii. Briefly explain relevant theory and working principle of Cloud point Apparatus for determination
of the given petroleum product in sufficient detail
iii. Introduce any relevant laws, equations or theorems in Cloud Point measurements.

experimental setup with each component clearly labelled can be beneficial.
A few items for cloud point measurements are;
i. Cloud Point Apparatus with accessories
ii. Temperature Measuring Device
iii. Constant temperature bath
iv. Fuel samples
C. Procedure
A summary of test procedure is given below;

The specimen is cooled at a specified rate and examined periodically. The temperature at which a
cloud is first observed at the bottom of the test jar is recorded as the cloud point.

In this section, you present the main data collected during your experiment of Cloud Point.
Sample Description Observed Cloud Point (°C) Comments
E. Calculations
i. Estimate Observed Cloud Point in 0C.
F. Discussion
i. Comment on cloud point of different fuel products tested during experiment.
ii. Discuss the effect of cloud point on quality of fuel products.
iii. Compare the experimental results of all petroleum products tested in cloud point experiment.
iv. Compare the obtained results with the ones available in literature and provide appropriate
references.
G. Conclusion
The conclusion section must have following points:
ii. Summarize what the experiment has contributed to your understanding of the problem.
H. References
I. Appendices

Lab 4: ASTM D97 Standard Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Product
A. Introduction
i. The context and objectives of pour point determination of the given petroleum products.
ii. Describe the significance and use of pour point measurements.
iii. Briefly explain relevant theory and working principle of Pour point Apparatus for determination
of the given petroleum product in sufficient detail
iv. Introduce any relevant laws, equations or theorems in Pour Point measurements.

experimental setup with each component clearly labelled can be beneficial.
A few items for pour point measurements are;
i. Pour Point Apparatus with accessories
ii. Temperature Measuring Device
iii. Constant temperature bath
iv. Fuel samples
C. Procedure

After preliminary heating, the sample is cooled at a specified rate and examined at intervals of 3 °C
for flow characteristics. The lowest temperature at which movement of the specimen is observed is
recorded as the pour point.

In this section, you present the main data collected during your experiment of Cloud Point.
Sample Description Observed Pour Point (°C) Comments
E. Calculations
i. Estimate Observed Pour Point in 0C.
F. Discussion
i. Comment on Pour point of different fuel products tested during experiment.
ii. Discuss the effect of pour point on quality of fuel products.
iii. Compare the experimental results of all petroleum products tested in pour point experiment.
iv. Compare the obtained results with the ones available in literature and provide appropriate
references.
G. Conclusion
The conclusion section must have following points:
H. References
I. Appendices

Lab 5: Determination of octane number of gasoline.
A. Introduction
i. The context and objectives for determination of octane number of gasoline.

ii. Briefly explain relevant theory of octane number of gasoline in sufficient detail
iii. Introduce any relevant laws, equations or theorems in octane number of gasoline determination.

Some of the resources used are:
i. Octane Number Analyzer
ii. Fuel samples
iii. Cleaning solvents
iv. Sample holder
C. Procedure
Fuel sample is injected to the octane number analyzer. Compression ratio and fuel-air ratio are
adjusted to produce standard K.I. for the sample fuel, as measured by a specific electronic detonation
measurement system.

Octane Number data can be summarized in the following table;
Fuel sample Octane Number Air/Fuel ratio

E. Calculations
i. Calculate the Octane number of the given fuel samples.
ii. Estimate Air/Fuel ratio for all the tested samples.
F. Discussion
i. Comment on Octane Number of various fuel samples tested.
ii. Discuss the effect of Air/Fuel ratio in Octane analyzer.
iii. Compare the experimental results of all samples obtained in the experiment.
G. Conclusion
H. References
I. Appendices

Lab 06: Determine Flash Point of Petroleum Products.
A. Introduction
i. The context and objectives of Flash Point determination of the given petroleum products.
ii. Describe the significance and use of pour point measurements.
iii. Briefly explain relevant theory and working principle of Flash point Apparatus in sufficient
detail
iv. Introduce any relevant laws, equations or theorems in Flash Point measurements.

Some of the materials and resources used in the experiment are;
1. Pensky-Martins closed cup tester
2. Gas supply source with igniter
3. Fuel Samples
C. Procedure
Test summary is as follow;
Using a graduated cylinder, 50 mL of the liquid sample is placed in the cup of the tester Both cylinder
and sample being precooled, if necessary, making sure that the sample temperature at the start of the
testing is 27 ± 5°C or at least 10°C bellow the expected flash point, whichever is the lowest. The
sample is heated at a slow constant rate. The ignition source is applied at specified intervals and the
flash point is the lowest temperature at which application of the ignitions source causes the vapour
above the specimen to ignite. The sample is deemed to have flashed when a large flame appears and
instantaneously propagates itself over the entire surface of the test specimen.

In this section, you present the main data collected during your experiment of Flash point.
No. Fuel Sample Flash Point (0C) Flammable or Combustible

1 Diesel
2 Kerosene
3 Jet Fuel
E. Calculations
i. Estimate Flash Point of all tested samples.
ii. Differentiate the fuels samples on the basis of Flash Point whether they are combustible or
flammable.
F. Discussion
i. Discuss results obtained from the experiment for all the fuel samples.
ii. Discuss the effect of flash point on quality of fuel products.
iii. Compare the experimental results of all petroleum fuels obtained in the test.
G. Conclusion
H. References
I. Appendices

Lab 07: Determine the Freezing Point of the petroleum Products.
A. Introduction
The Introduction part must comprise;
i. The context and objectives of Freezing Point determination of petroleum fuels.
ii. Describe the significance and use of Freezing point measurements in low temperature regions
and high altitudes.
iii. Briefly explain relevant theory and working principle of Freezing point Apparatus in sufficient
detail.
iv. Introduce any relevant laws, equations or theorems in Freezing Point measurements.

1. Freezing Point Apparatus
2. Fuel Thermometer
3. Carbon Dioxide (Solid) or Dry Ice
5. Samples
C. Procedure
In procedure, you must report what was actually done and what actually happened, and include enough
detail for someone else to replicate what you did and achieve a similar outcome.
Test summary is as follow;

The method is performed by cooling a dried sample of petroleum fuel while mixing it with a stirring
coil in a test tube. When crystals first appear the sample is removed from the cooling bath while
continuing to stir. Once the crystals disappear this temperature is recorded and reported.

In this section, you present the main data collected during your experiment of Freezing point.
No. Sample Observed Observed Literature
Crystallization Point Freezing Point Freezing Point
(0C) (0C) (0C)
1 Diesel 48 -42
2 Jet Fuel-Jet A1 59 -53
3 Kerosene-Jet B 70 -65
E. Calculations
i. Estimate Crystallization Point of all tested samples.
ii. Estimate Freezing Point of all tested samples.
F. Discussion
i. Discuss results obtained from the experiment for all the fuel samples.
ii. Discuss the effect of freezing point on quality of fuel products.
iii. Compare the experimental results of all petroleum fuels obtained in the test.
G. Conclusion
H. References
I. Appendices

Lab 8: Determination of Kinematic Viscosity of lube oils.
A. Introduction
i. The context and objectives for determination of Kinematic Viscosity of lube oils.
ii. Describe the significance and use of Kinematic Viscosity of lube oils.
iii. Briefly explain relevant theory and working principle of Viscometers in sufficient detail.
iv. Introduce any relevant laws, equations or theorems in Kinematic Viscosity measurements.

1. Constant temperature Kinematic Viscosity bath
2. Stop watch
3. Calibrated viscometers
4. Oil samples
C. Procedure
A brief Test summary is given below;

The time is measured for a fixed volume of liquid to flow under gravity through the capillary of a
calibrated viscometer under a reproducible driving head and at a closely controlled and known
temperature. The kinematic viscosity (determined value) is the product of the measured flow time and
the calibration constant of the viscometer. Two such determinations are needed from which to calculate
a kinematic viscosity result that is the average of two acceptable determined value

Report your results for kinematic and dynamic viscosity to 3 decimal places on the data sheet.
Average
Flow Flow Flow
Test flow
Oil Sample & Viscosity time in time in time in Kinematic Dynamic
Temperat time
Density constant seconds seconds seconds Viscosity Viscosity
ure (Second
#1 #2 #3
s)
ADNOC
40˚C
BRONZE
Density:_______ 100˚C
_ g /cc
ADNOC
VOYEGER 40˚C
Density:_______ 100˚C
_ g /cc
ADNOC
40˚C
SPECIAL
Density:_______ 100˚C
_ g /cc
ADNOC
HEAVY LUBE 40˚C
OIL
Density:_______ 100˚C
_ g /cc
E. Calculations
i. Calculate the kinematic viscosity, ν (centistokes, cSt), from the measured flow time, t (sec) and
the instrument constant, C (taken from the certificate for your viscometer at 40 0C in cSt/s), by
using the equation: 𝜈𝜈 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
ii. Calculate the dynamic viscosity, μ (cP or mPa/s), from the calculated kinematic viscosity, ν
(cSt), and the density, ρ (g/mL), by using the equation: 𝜇𝜇 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌

F. Discussion
The discussion section must include;
i. Discuss results obtained from the experiment for all the lube oil samples.
ii. The effect of Kinematic Viscosity on flow characteristics of lube oils.
iii. Compare the experimental results of all lube oils obtained in the test.
G. Conclusion
H. References
I. Appendices

Lab 9: Determination of dropping point of lubricating greases.
A. Introduction
i. The context and objectives for measuring dropping point of lubricating greases.
ii. Discuss the relevant theory and working of dropping point apparatus in sufficient detail.
iii. Introduce any relevant laws, equations or theorems in dropping point measurements.

1. Dropping Point Apparatus
2. Grease oil
3. Thermometer
4. Test tube
C. Procedure

The test apparatus is slowly heated in order to ensure that the heater block temperature and the sample
temperature remain within 3°C of each other. As the temperature increases in the test apparatus, a drop
of oil will fall from the cup to the bottom of the test tube at the temperature at which the thickener can
no longer hold the oil. When this occurs, both the sample and heater block temperatures on the
thermometers to the nearest degree are recorded.

Summarize the Experimental Results in the table given below;
No. Sample Softening Point Dropping Point Literature
(0C) (0C) Dropping Point
(0C)
1 Diesel 48 -42
E. Calculations
i. Estimate Softening Point of all tested samples.
ii. Estimate Dropping Point of all tested samples.
F. Discussion
i. Discuss results obtained from the experiment for all lubricating samples.
ii. Discuss the effect of Dropping Point on quality of fuel products.
iii. Compare the experimental results of all samples obtained in the test.
G. Conclusion
H. References
I. Appendices

Lab 10: Analyze the evaporation loss tendencies of lubricating oils.
A. Introduction
i. The context and objectives for measuring evaporation loss tendencies of lubricating oils.
ii. Discuss the relevant theory and working of Noak Evaporative apparatus in sufficient detail.
iii. Introduce any relevant laws, equations or theorems in analyzing the evaporation loss tendencies
of lubricating oils.

1. Noack Evaporative Apparatus
2. Cleaning solvents
3. Drying paper
4. Gloves
C. Procedure

A quantity of 65 grams of sample is heated to a specific temperature and maintained for 1 hour while it
is enclosed in a crucible, the crucible’s cover is shaped to allow a constant vacuum of -2 mbar to remove
from the crucible the evaporating portion of the sample.
At the end of the test, the sample is cooled and then reweighted: the difference, reported in percentage,
represent the sample’s Evaporation Loss by the Noack Method.

Summarize the Experimental Results in the table given below;
No. Sample Softening Point Evaporation Losses
(0C)
1 Diesel 48 -42
E. Calculations
i. Estimate Softening Point of all tested samples.
ii. Estimate Evaporation Loss of all tested samples.
F. Discussion
i. Discuss results obtained from the experiment for all samples.
ii. Discuss the effect of evaporation loss on quality of fuel products.
iii. Compare the experimental results of all samples obtained in the test.
iv. Compare the obtained results with the ones available in literature and provide and
provided appropriate references.
G. Conclusion
H. References
I. Appendices

CHE 4433 - Petroleum and Petrochemical Processing - Lab Manual

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Faculty of Engineering Technology and Science

Chemical Engineering Technology

CHE 4433- Petroleum and Petrochemical Processing

Dr. Zin-Eddine Dadach

CHE 4433- Petroleum and Petrochemical Processing Page 1 of 38

CHE 4433- Petroleum and Petrochemical Processing Page 2 of 38

CHE 4433- Petroleum and Petrochemical Processing Page 3 of 38

The following are general laboratory safety rules that

• Emergency Response – Know Your Surrounding

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• Emergency Response – Fire Alarm

• Emergency Response – Contacts

CHE 4433- Petroleum and Petrochemical Processing Page 5 of 38

CHE 4433- Petroleum and Petrochemical Processing Page 6 of 38

20. Procedures to Protect the Environment

21. COVID 19 Safety Roles In Labs

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3. Keep all flammable chemicals away from naked flames.

7. Treat all chemicals as toxic.

8. Hot objected should be handled with caution.

9. Always wash your hands after the practical work.

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

CHE 4433- Petroleum and Petrochemical Processing Page 8 of 38

In accordance with HCT policy LP201- Academic Honesty

‫إﻓﺎدة اﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ اﻷﻛﺎدﯾﻤﯿﺔ‬

‫ وﻓﻘًﺎ ﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﺔ ﻛﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﯿﺎ‬- LP201 ‫اﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ اﻷﻛﺎدﯾﻤﯿﺔ‬

 If the declaration is found to be false, appropriate action will be taken.

Student Name: ____________________ Signature: _____________

CHE 4433- Petroleum and Petrochemical Processing Page 9 of 38

% Plagiarism % Deduction from the eligible

Between 25 and 50 % -20 %

Between 50 and 80 % -50 %

More than 80 % -100%

Late Submission of Lab Reports:

Report Submission Format:

• Only Word and Pdf versions of lab reports are accepted.

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• If the page names an individual author, cite their name first:

Example: Quantum mechanics. (2019, November 19). In Wikipedia.

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Part I: Individual assessment (40%)

PI- Marks Obtained

Health & Safety

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9. Figures and Plots with 10%

Analysis & Discussion /

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Lab 5: Determination of octane number of gasoline.

Lab 06: Determine Flash Point of Petroleum Products.

Lab 07: Determine the Freezing Point of the petroleum Products.

Lab 8: Determination of Kinematic Viscosity of lube oils.

Lab 9: Determination of dropping point of lubricating greases.

Lab 10: Analyze the evaporation loss tendencies of lubricating oils.

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Course Code CHE 4433 Course Title

Group Group Members ID

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B. Experimental set-up and materials

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Density Meter Reading

No. Sample Density

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Student Name: ________ Signature: _