PHYSICAL EDUCATION PROJECT

TOPIC- FOOTBALL

Acknowledgement
I would like to acknowledge the support and help that was provided to me by my
teachers and friends for helping me complete the given project within the stipulated
time. Firstly, I would like to convey heartfelt thanks to our respected principal Mrs.
Jayashree Khandekar and co ordinator mrs. Sridevi pillai for giving me the golden
opportunity to work on this project and showcase my knowledge. I am also grateful
to my Physical Education teacher Mr. Arun Patil for his valuable guidance during the
project. Also I would like to thanks our sports coaches and supporting staff for helping
me in carrying out the project.
I would also appreciate the helping hand of my parents for conducting of the overall
project.

HISTORY
Index
GROUND AND MEASUREMENT
RULES AND REGULATIONS
 TERMINOLOGY
BASIC AND FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS
OFFICIALS AND THEIR DUTIES
SPORTS GEAR
IMPORTANT TOURNAMENTS
FAMOUS SPORTS PERSONALITIES
SPORTS INJURIES
SPORTS AWARDS
BMI chart
AAPHERD test
BIBLIOGRAPHY

History
The history of football begins from Egypt. In Egypt, football was played by ball like round object
by kicking in opposite direction. It was played in china by the name ’TSUCHU’ during 300 BC to
500 AD. The meaning of the word ‘TSUCHU’ is ‘kicking the ball’ .This game was very popular
among Chinese soldiers. In Egypt, football was known as ‘harpaston’. In second century, when
Rome got victory over Egypt, it also became very popular in Rome. Romans took it over
England when they conquered England. Football became very popular in England in the 12 th
century. In those days ‘Great Football Day’ used to celebrate there on every Tuesday. On this
day, all business activities in England used to be closed. In those days, teams consisted of
approximately 100 players. The first club of football named ‘Sheffield Football Club’ was
established in England on October 21, 1857. After that, London Football Association was
formed in London in 1863. The first competition was held in 1871. After that the first
international level match was played between England and Scotland on November 1, 1872.
Federation of International Football was formed on May 21, 1904. The first FIFA world cup was
held in Uruguay in 1930. The ranking of India in international football is 155 as on September,
2013.

Ground and Measurement

Rules and Regulations
 DURATION OF THE MATCH - The game is played in 2 halves consisting of 45 minutes each. The half time
interval must not exceed more than 15 minutes. At the discretion of the referee more time is allowed to
compensate for any stoppage during play e.g. due to substitutions or care/attention of injured players.
 START AND RESTART OF PLAY - A kick-off start of the play at the start of the match or after a goal. A
kick-off involves one player kicking the ball, from stationary, forward from the centre spot. All players must
be in their own half prior to the kick-off. A coin is tossed pre-game; the game which loses the game is
awarded the kick-off to start the game whilst the team that win the toss are allowed to choose which
direction they want to play. After the half-time the team switch direction and the other team will kick-off. After
the goal is scored, the team which concede the goal will kick-off to restart play.
 BALL IN AND OUT OF PLAY - The ball is out of play once a goal has been scored or when the referee
stopped the game. The ball is in play at all other times.

METHOD OF SCORING - The ball crosses the goal line inside the goal mouth.

 OFFSIDE - It is an offence for a player to be in contact with the ball when they are closer to the opponent’s
goal than both the ball and the second–last opponent (generally the goalkeeper and the defender) between
players receiving ball and the goal. Without the offside rule, play can become boring with repeated long balls
kicked to a player stood next to the goalkeeper for an easy goal.

 FOUL/MISCONDUCT - These are many and varied; broadly speaking it is an offence to use excessive force
whilst playing the game either deliberately or un-deliberately or to handle the ball (unless you are the
goalkeeper). The referee may show you the yellow card to caution players. For less serious offence and
the red card for more serious offence resulting in the player being sent off two yellow cards are equivalent to
one red card.
Terminology
 FREE KICKS - These are given by the referee for fouls and misconduct. A free kick can be either direct or
indirect. A goal can be scored directly from a directly from a free kick. A goal can only be scored from an
indirect free kick if it touches at least one other player first. the free kick must be taken from a stationery
position with that position varying depending on whether the free kick was given inside or outside the of the
goal area and whether its direct or indirect. The opposing team must be within 9.15 m from the ball when
the free kick is taken.

 PENALTY KICKS – They are given against a team when they commit an offence which would normally be
awarded a direct free kick inside their goal area the ball is kicked from stationery from the penalty spot.
The opposing team must be outside of the penalty area at least 9.15 from the ball.

 THROW IN - It use to restart play after the whole of the ball has crossed the touch line.

 GOAL KICK – It is used to restart play after the goal has been scored.
 CORNER KICK – It is given when the whole of the ball crosses the goal line and was last touched by a
member of the defending member (and no goal was scored). A corner kick is taken from inside the corner
arc closet to the point where the ball crosses the goal line. The defending team must be at least 9.15 m
from the ball when the corner kick is taken.
 Basic and Fundamental Skills
 RECEIVING - Receiving a ball on the ground is different than receiving a ball in the air. Receiving the ball
involves six major phases -
a. Keeping your eye on the ball,
b. Reading the flight, speed and direction of the ball,
c. Deciding which body part ill control the ball (foot, thigh, chest or head),
d. Getting the body in line with the direction of the ball,
e. Cushioning the ball with the body part to slow it down,
f. Preparing for the next touch.
 PASSING - Passing involves giving the ball to a teammate, it is important that players are taught to know
where their teammates are by constantly looking. The technical elements of passing vary, based on the kind of
pass being made. The key elements of any pass (both short and long) are –
a. See the target and approach the ball,
b. Plant and position of support, or non-kicking foot (the toe of the non kicking foot should be pointed in the
direction the player wants the ball to go),
c. Contact the correct area of the ball with locked ankle,
d. For instep and outside of foot pass, the toes are pointed down and contact is on the top of the foot,
e. For inside of the foot pass ,toes are pointed up,
f. Follow- through kick “through the ball, thorough toward the target”.
SHOOTING - Shooting uses the same technical elements as passing, with the important difference being that
the goal is to pass the ball beyond the goalkeeper.
a. If possible, the players look up to see the position of the goalkeeper, choosing a side to shoot the ball,
b. Approach the ball,
c. Plant the support foot beside or slightly ahead of the ball. which helps to keep the shot low,
d. Keep the head steady and eyes on the ball,
e. Make proper contact with the ball off kicking foot is locked and the toe is pointed down if shooting with
instep ankle,
f. Hips and knee of kicking foot are pointed in the direction of the shot,
g. Follow through to keep the ball low (weight going
forward, landing on the kicking foot).
 Officials and their Duties
Professional football games are run by four officials, usually dressed in black or some bright colour designed to
clash with the jerseys of both teams. Each has a separate but important function during the match and they are
all in constant communication with each other in certain leagues thanks to the recent introduction of
microphones and earpieces.

 THE REFEREE - The referee is the most important

of the four officials on the pitch. Only he carries a
whistle and he uses it to signal the start and stops of
play. Those include kickoff, half time, full time, goals
and fouls. In the event of a foul, the referee can blow
his whistle to award a free kick- or a penalty kick if it
happens to occur inside the penalty area-and
penalize the player who committed it. A referee‘s first
recourse is usually a stern verbal warning. But
beyond that, the referee can show the player a
yellow card and take his name frequently know as a
“booking” because the referee writes the name down
on a little book. A player who receives two yellow
cards in a game is sent off and his team will have to continue with one fewer players on the pitch. Besides the
yellow card, the referee also carries a red card which he can use to punish especially serious infractions. The
red card means an immediate dismiss a manager from sideline.
 THE LINESMEN - There are two linesmen in an officiating crew,
each assigned to one half of the field. As their names indicate,
they patrol the length of the touch line between the halfway line
and one goal line. They each carry a brightly –colour flag and use
it to signal when the ball has left the pitch either for a throw-in , a
goal kick, or a corner kick. Linesman will also wave their flags to
catch the referee’s attention if they believe they have spotted foul.
Finally, it is also the linesman’s responsibility to signal when an
attacking player is in an offside position by raising his flag. In
order to have best possible view to make that call, the linesman
stays level with the last defender of the team in his of the field at
all times.

 THE FOURTH OFFICAL - The fourth official, positioned on the

touchline between the two opposing benches and three primary
functions. First, he keeps track of all the stoppages during the game.
And, at the end of each half, he informs the players how much time
will be added on to make up them by flashing a number on a board.
The fourth official is also in charge of verifying substitutions. He
checks a substitute’s equipment before recording the change and
posting the numbers of the players involved on the board.
 Sports Gear
Football requires much less equipments than most sports, with correct footwear being the only absolute
necessity. The idea is to keep your gear light in order to allow for the widest possible range of movement and
comfort over the whole 90 minutes.

 JERSEY - Most of the jersey are made out of light synthetic fabrics, specially
engineered to keep players dry. But these can be expensive and are hardly
essential. Anything that fits loosely and comfortably, with long or short sleeves, is
fine.

 SHORTS - There are very few rules for shorts since over the year’s players have
worn everything from wide baggy one to things that resemble small running
shorts. Again the rule of thumb should be comfort and freedom of movement. Only
basketball-style shorts that fall below the knee are not recommended.

 SOCKS - Football socks are typically made out of heavy cotton or a thick,
durable synthetic fabric that reaches the knee. They should protect your feet
from too much friction with your studs and cover the shin guards. If you find
they are sliding down your leg too much, many manufactures produce stocking
ties that fit just below the knee are concealed when you fold the socks down.
 SHIN GUARD - Shin guards are extremely important at any level of football.
Though they cannot prevent major breaks and serious injury, they will save
you from the daily knocks and bruises that invariably find their way onto
player’s shins. Shin guard fit on the front of your leg with the Velcro strap and
may not include a section designed to support their ankle. Strikers tend to
wear smaller, lighter models, while defenders, midfielders, and goalkeepers
tend to opt for designs that offer more coverage.

 STUDS - Studs seem to come in dozens of shapes, size, and prices. The
most important things are comfort and a close fit so that they offer full
support through all sudden starts, stops, and turns of football. It is also
critical to make sure that your studs are suited to the type of surface you
are playing on. Longer metal studs are for softer grass fields while shorter
plastic studs are better for harder ground. Special shoes with rubber soles
are also made for artificial turf and indoor settings.

 GLOVES - Goalkeepers are the only players who wear gloves all the time.
Again, there are countless models out there so it is important to find a design
that offers maximum mobility to your fingers and support to your wrists.
 Important Tournaments
 FIFA WORLD CUP - The FIFA world cup is the biggest single-event sporting competition in the world and
is contested by the senior men’s national teams from 209 member associations of FIFA. The competition
has been played in every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930, except in1942 and 1946
when it was not held because of the Second World War. It fulfils FIFA’s objectives to touch the world,
develop the game, and build a better future through a variety of ways.
 UEFA Champions league - The UEFA champions league, known simply as the champions league, and
originally know as he European champions club’s cup or European cup, is an annual continental club
football associations (UEFA) since1955 for the top football clubs in Europe . It is one of the most
prestigious tournaments in the world and the most prestigious club competition in European football.
 CRISTIANO RONALDO DOS SANTOS AVEIRO
(born on 5 February 1985), known as Cristiano Ronaldo, is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as
a forward for Spanish club Real Madrid and captains the Portugal national team. By the age of 22, Ronaldo had
received Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year nominations. The following year, in 2008, he won his
first Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year awards. He followed this up by winning the FIFA Ballon
d'Or in 2013. He also won the 2013–14 UEFA Best Player in Europe Award. In January 2014, Ronaldo scored
his 400th senior career goal for club and country aged 28.
Ronaldo is regarded by some in the sport to be currently the best player in the world and one of the greatest of
all time. He is the first Portuguese footballer to win two FIFA/Ballons d'Or, and the second player to win
three European Golden Shoe awards. With Manchester United and Real Madrid, Ronaldo has won
three Premier Leagues, one La Liga, one FA Cup, two Football League Cups, two Copas del Rey, one FA
Community Shield, one Supercopas de España, two UEFA Champions Leagues, one UEFA Super Cup and
one FIFA Club World Cup.
 MIROSLAV JOSEF KLOSE
(born on 9 June 1978) is a German professional footballer who
plays as a striker for Lazio in the Italian Serie A. Klose is best
known for his performances with the German national team, for
which he is the all-time top scorer with 71 goals. He has excelled at
the FIFA World Cup, where he is the overall top scorer in its history
with 16 goals. He was part of the 2014 World Cup winning German
squad, having previously finished second (2002) and third
(2006, 2010) in the competition. Klose scored five goals in his
debut World Cup in 2002 and won the Golden Boot at the 2006
World Cup in Germany by again scoring five times, Klose also
scored four times in the 2010 World Cup and scored twice at the
2014 World Cup, including one in the 7–1 semi-final victory against
Brazil, which put him ahead of Ronaldo with 16 goals. By scoring
in the 2014 tournament, Klose equalled his compatriot Uwe
Seelerand Brazilian Pelé's achievements in being the only players
to have scored in four different World Cups, as well as the only
player to have scored at least four in three different tournaments.
The German national team never lost a game in which Klose had
scored. Klose retired from international football on 11 August
2014.At club level; Klose has been a less prolific but usually
reliable goalscorer. Starting his career at FC 08 Homburg, he has
played in the Bundesliga for Kaiserslautern, Werder
Bremen and Bayern Munich, and in Serie A for Lazio. He won two
league titles with Bayern, and has won cup competitions at Bayern,
Werder Bremen and Lazio.
 Ronaldo de Assis Moreira
Ronaldo de Assis Moreira (born 21 March 1980), commonly known as
 Ronaldinho  orRonaldinho Gaúcho, is a Brazilian footballer. His
main playing position is as an attacking midfielder or forward. He won
the FIFA World Player of the Year award in 2004 and 2005.
Renowned for his technique,tricks, dribbling, overhead kicks, no-look
passes andfree kicks, Ronaldinho is regarded to be one of the best
players of his generation.Ronaldinho has played 97 matches and
scored 33 goals for the Brazil national football team. At club level,
Ronaldinho playedfirst for the Brazilian club Grêmio before spending
the bulk of his career with European clubsParis Saint-Germain, FC
Barcelona, and Milan. He then returned to Brazil to play
for Flamengoand Atlético Mineiro before moving to Mexico to play
for Querétaro. With Barcelona, he won La Liga twice, the UEFA
Champions League in 2006, and accumulated numerous individual
awards, including the FIFA World Player of the Year in 2004 and 2005
and the Ballon d'Or in 2005. Ronaldinho was named in the FIFA 100,
a list of the world's greatest living players compiled by Pelé, and
to the FIFPro World XI from 2005–2007.
 Sports Injuries
There are a few injury types that make up the bulk of injuries in football. Not surprisingly, they mostly concern the
legs of players. Fortunately, severe injuries are very rare. Every sport has injuries that are typical for the
movement and action involved. The vast majority of injuries in football are minor to mild - muscle contusions
(bruises) and joint sprains are the most frequent types of injury. While it is obviously best to prevent injuries in
the first place, you may find some facts on the most common football injuries below as they might occur to you:

 ANKLE INJURIES - An Ankle sprain is the single most common injury in football. Learn here why you
should nevertheless not take it too lightly.
 KNEE INJURIES - One of the most severe injuries in football is an anterior cruciate ligament tear of
the Knee. But there are further structures that can be affected.
 HAMSTRING INJURIES - The hamstrings are the muscles at the back of your thigh. They get rather
frequently injured with sprinting or sudden moves.
 HEAD INJURIES - The most important issue in a Head injury is to exclude a concussion. Learn here how
you may recognise this particularly troubling injury.
 Sports Awards

Arjuna Award
The Arjuna Awards were instituted in 1961 by the Government of India to recognize the outstanding
achievement in National sports. The award carries a cash prize of Rs. 500,000/-, a bronze statuette of Arjuna
and a scroll of honor.
Over the years the scope of the award has been expanded and a large number of
sportspersons who belonged to the pre-Arjuna Award era were also included in
the list. Further, the number of disciplines for which the award is given was
increased to include indigenous games and the physically handicapped category.
The Government has recently revised the scheme for the Arjuna Award. As per
the revised guidelines, to be eligible for the Award, a sportsperson should not only
have had good performance consistently for the previous three years at the
international level with excellence for the year for which the Award is
recommended, but should also have shown qualities of leadership, sportsmanship
and a sense of discipline.
From the year 2001, the award is given only in disciplines falling under the
following categories:
- Olympic Games / Asian Games / Commonwealth Games / World Cup /
World Championship Disciplines and Cricket
- Indigenous Games
- Sports for the Physically Challenged
Year Year Name
1981 Mohammed Habib 1981 Sudhir Karmakar
1983 Shanti Mullick 1989 S. Bhattacharjee
1997 Brahmanand S. 1998 Baichung Bhutia
2002 Bruna Coutinho 2003 I.M. Vijayan
2010 Deepak Kumar Mondal 2011 Sunil Chettri

Dhyanchand Award
Dhyan Chand Award is India's highest award for lifetime achievement in sports and games. The award is named
after the legendary Indian hockey player Dhyan Chand. The award was initiated in 2002. The award carries a
cash prize of Rs. 500,000/-, a statuette, ceremonial dress and a scroll of honor.

Not more than three Dhyan Chand Awards are given in a particular year. However considering the year ‘2012’ as
the year of Olympic Games, the Government of India decided to increase the
number of Dhyan Chand Awards from 3 to 4 for that year.

Dhyan Chand Awards 2012:

- Jagraj Singh Mann (Athletics)
- Gundeep Kumar (Hockey)
- Vinod Kumar (Wrestling)
- Sukhbir Singh Tokas (Para - Sports)

Sayd Naeemuddin is the only person to get this award in

1990.

Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award

The Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna (RGKR) is India’s highest honour given for Achievement in
Sports, given by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, government of India. The words"Khel Ratna" literally
mean "sports gem"in Hindi. The award is named after the late Rajiv Gandhi, former Prime Minister of India. It
carries a medal, a scroll of honour and substantial cash component.Up to 2004–05, the cash component was
Rs. 500,000/- (c.11,500 USD). In 2005, the money has been increased from Rs. 500,000 to Rs 750,000.
The award was instituted in the year 1991–92 to supplythe lack of a supreme national accolade in the field of
sports. Predating the RGKR are the Arjuna awards that have always been given to outstanding sportspersons
in each of many sporting disciplines
Every year. The Khel Ratna was devised to be an overarching honour, conferred for outstanding sporting
performance, whether by an individual or a team, across all sporting disciplines in a given year

BMI chart
 Name of BMI Weight
S.N. Height Weight
Student Score Status
1. SIDDHESH THAKUR 1.81m 65kg 22.2 Normal
2. TANMAY GAWAND 1.71m 55kg 23 Normal
3. DIKSHANT PHULPAGAR 1.78m 76kg 21.9 Normal
4. SHUBHAM BAJI 1.62m 47kg 17.9 Underweight
5. SARVESH BHURE 1.65m 72kg 26.5 Normal
6. NISHIT BUNDELE 1.78m 87kg 22.1 Normal
7. YASH GIRE 1.70m 60kg 21.8 Normal
8. SARVESH JOSHI 1.76m 100kg 26.1 Overweight
9. PRANIT VARTAK 1.66m 65kg 23.5 Normal
10. SHUBHAM RANE 1.87m 110kg 29.8 Overweight

AAPHERD test
 50M
Name of Shuttle Fitness
S.N. Dash SBJ Sit Ups Total Final %
Student Run Level

1. SIDDHESH THAKUR 9 8 10 10 47 9.4 94 Fit

2. TANMAY GAWAND 8 9 10 10 44 9.0 90 Fit

3. DIKSHANT PHULPAGAR 9 8 10 10 47 9.4 94 Fit

4. SHUBHAM BAJI 7 7 10 10 41 8.2 82 Fit

5. SARVESH BHURE 5 4 6 7 30 6.0 60 Fit

6. NISHIT BUNDELE 9 8 10 10 47 9.4 94 Fit

7. YASH GIRE 7 6 6 10 33 6.6 66 Fit

8. SARVESH JOSHI 8 7 5 10 39 7.8 78 Fit

9. PRANIT VARTAK 9 8 10 10 47 9.4 94 Fit

10. SHUBHAM RANE 7 7 5 10 39 7.8 78 Fit

Bibliography
I would like to thank the following organizations which helped me in the completion of this
project -

 Health and Physical Education (Saraswati Publications)

 Practical manual

 Google (www.google.co.in)

 Wikipedia (www.wikipedia.org)