BASICS ON MOLECULAR

BIOLOGY
By
Dr. Dalal Y. K. Ali
2022- 2023
 Syllabus of the course
1- Introduction to the course
2- Basic structures of genetic materials
3- Central Dogma of life
4- DNA replication
5- Transcription
6- Translation
7- PCR
8- Sequence
9- Mutation in genetic material
 The time table and grade of course
• Each Sunday morning from 9:00 am – 12:30 pm
• At college of basic education- science hall 1 and lab.
• Midterm exam after 4 weeks
• Quiz will take each 2 week
• The grade of theoretical part are divided to:-
- 20 marks for midterm exam
- 5 marks for quiz and attendance
• The practical part are encounter for 15 marks.
• The overall grade are 40 marks
• Final exam are 60 marks
 Introduction
Cell
➢Cell is the fundamental working units of every living system.
➢ Every organism is composed of one of two radically different
types of cells:
1- Prokaryotic cells
2- Eukaryotic cells which have DNA inside a nucleus.
• Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes are descended from primitive cells
and the results of nearly 3.5 billion years of evolution.
Different between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
cells
 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
• According to the most recent evidence, there
are three main branches to the tree of life:

• Prokaryotes include Archaea and bacteria

• Eukaryotes are kingdom Eukarya and

includes plants, animals, fungi and certain
algae
 Molecular biology

• Molecular biology is the study of molecular understandings for the

process of replication, transcription and translation of the genetic
material.

• The study of the formation, structure, and function of macromolecules

essential to life, such as nucleic acids and proteins, and their role in
cell replication and the transmission of genetic information
• This field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry,
particularly genetics and biochemistry. Molecular biology chiefly
concerns itself with understanding the interactions between the various
systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA and
protein biosynthesis as well as learning how these interactions are
regulated.
• Since the late 1950s and early 1960s, molecular biologists have
learned to characterize, isolate, and manipulate the molecular
components of cells and organisms includes DNA, the repository of
genetic information; RNA, a close relative of DNA; and proteins, the
major structural and enzymatic type of molecule in cells.
Components involve in molecular biology

DNA

RNA

Protein
All Cells have common Cycles
 Common features of organisms

1. Chemical energy is stored in ATP

2. Genetic information is encoded by DNA
3. Information is transcribed into RNA
4. There is a common triplet genetic code (some variations are known, however)
5. Translation into proteins involves ribosomes
6. Shared metabolic pathways
7. Similar proteins among diverse groups of organisms
All Life depends on 3 critical molecules

1. DNAs (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

➢ Hold information on how cell works

2. RNAs (Ribonucleic acid)

➢ Act to transfer short pieces of information to different parts of cell
➢ Provide templates to synthesize into protein

3. Proteins
➢ Form enzymes that send signals to other cells and regulate gene activity
➢ Form body’s major components