SEL:

Teori, Struktur, Organela

drg. Amandia Dewi Permana Shita, M.Biomed

Cell Theory
1600s- the invention of the
microscope, in 1665
An Englishman Robert
Hooke first observed cork
cells and he reported to the
world that lifes smallest
structural units were little
boxes or cells

Cell Theory
1675. The Dutch amateur
scientist Anton van
Lieuwenhoek first :
Observed living cells in
pond water, rainwater
and in material scraped
from his teeth.
He drew the basic
form of bacteria as
coccus, rods and spiral

Diatoms

Paramecium

Cell Theory
1838: German
botanist Schleiden:
ONION CELLS

concluded that all

plants are made of
cells.
Schleiden

Cell Theory
1839. German
biologist Theodor
Schwann stated that
all animals are made
of cells.
A. Gut B. brain C. bone marrow
F. kidney

d. cartilage

e. muscle

Cell Theory
Cell is the smallest
unit of life.
Every living thing
is made up of one
or more cells.
Human Liver Cells

Humans have an estimated

100 trillion cells.
The largest known cell is an
unfertilized egg cell
Human skin cell

Cell Theory
Until the second half of the
19th century many scientists
and philosophers believed that
some form of life could arise
spontaneously from nonliving
matter spontaneous
generation.
1855. German physician Rudolf
Virchow concluded that all
cells come from existing cells
(omnis cellula ex cellula)
The Theory of Biogenesis

Mitosis: Cell Division

Cell Theory
Cells are the basic
unit of structure and
function in living
things
In 1953 Watson and Crick made their
first announcement on the double-helix
structure for DNA. Vital functions of an
organism occur within cells, and all cells
contain the hereditary information
necessary for regulating cell functions
and for transmitting information to the
next generation of cell

All cells have several different

abilities: (Mashburn et al, 1996)
Reproduction by cell division: (binary fission/mitosis or
meiosis).
Use of enzymes and other proteins coded for by DNA
genes and made via messenger RNA intermediates and
ribosomes.
Metabolism, including taking in raw materials, building
cell components, converting energy, molecules and
releasing by-products.
Response to external and internal stimuli such as
changes in temperature, pH or levels of nutrients.
Cell contents are contained within a cell surface
membrane that is made from a lipid bilayer with proteins
embedded in it.

Cell Types
Eukaryote:

Prokaryotes:

Cell Types
A.Prokaryotes:

Bacteria & Archae

Have no nucleus or
membrane-bound
organelles.
Outside: flagella or pilli
Enclosing: envelope cell
wall
Inside: - Cell genome
(circular molecule)
- Extrachromosomal
DNA (plasmid)
- 50S+30S ribosome
RNA/protein synthesis
coupled in cytoplasm

Structure External to the Cell

Wall
FLAGELLA
Flagella are relatively long
filamentous appendages
consisting of a filament, hook
and basal body
Prokaryotic flagella rotate to
push the cell, facilitate
movement and
communication between cells.
Flagellar (H) protein functions
as an antigen flagellin

Structure External to the Cell

Wall
FIMBRIAE (PILI)
Many Gram negative bacteria possess
rigid surface appendages,shorter and
thinner than flagella called pili or
fimbriae
They are composed of structural protein
subunits termed pilins
Minor protein located at the tips of pili, are
responsible for the attachment properties
Two classes can be distinguished :
ordinary pili, which play a role in the
adherence of symbiotic and pathogenic
bacteria to host cells, and sex pili, which
are responsible for the attachment of
donor and recipient cells in bacterial
conjugation

The Cell Wall

Gram-positive cell walls consist of

many layers of peptidoglycan and
also contain teichoic acids
Gram-negative bacteria have a
lipopolysaccharide-lipoproteinphospholipid outer membrane
surounding a thin peptidoglycan
layer
The outer membrane protects the
cell from phagocytosis and from
penicillin, lysozyme and other
chemicals
Porins are proteins that permit
small molecules to pass through the
outer membrane.
The lipopolysaccharide consists of
sugar (O polysaccharides) that
function as antigens and lipid A,
which is an endotoxin

Cell Types
. Eukaryotes: contains membrane
bound nucleus and organelles.
Nucleus contain DNA (linear
molecule with histone protein)
Some eukaryotic organelles such as
mitochondria contain some
DNA
RNA synthesis inside the nucleus
Protein synthesis in cytoplasm
Protist, fungi, plant, animal

Eukaryotic vs prokaryotic cells

Prokaryotes:

Eukaryotes:

no membrane-bound nucleus

DNA is located in membranebound nucleus

transcription and translation

are coupled

Transcription and translation are

separated in space and time

THE SIMILARITY BETWEEN PROKARYOTES

AND
EUKARYOTES

THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN

PROKARYOTES AND
EUKARYOTES

Organelle

PROKARYOTES

EUKARYOTES

Golgi Apparatus

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endomembrane
Nuclear membrane
Mitochondria/Chloroplas
t

Cell division

Binary fission (simple

division)

Mitosis (fission or budding)

Meiosis

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

Typical organism

bacteria

Protist, fungi, plants,

animals

Typical size

~1-10 m

~10-100 m

Type of nucleus

Nucleoid region; no
real nucleus

Real nucleus with

double membrane

DNA

Circular (usually)

Linear molecules

RNA-/protein
synthesis

Coupled in cytoplasm

RNA_synth inside the

nucleus; protein synth.
In cytoplasm

ribosomes

50S + 30 S (70S)

60S + 40S (80S)

Eukaryotic Cell Types : Animal vs.

Plant

Cell Types : Animal vs. Plant

1. Plant cells have chloroplasts
2. Plant cells have a cell wall
3. Plant cells have a large central vacuole
4. Animal cells have more lysosomes and vesicles

Cell Organelles

Cell Organelles
Organelle= little organ
Found only inside
eukaryotic cells
All the stuff in between
the organelles is cytosol
that contain thousands
of enzymes .
Everything in a cell
except the nucleus is
cytoplasm

Cell Anatomy

Cell membrane
The outer layer of animal cells,
found inside cell walls (if wall is
present)
Controls what enters and
leaves the cell
outside boundary
gives shape and flexibility
semi-permeable
made of lipids in 2 layers/
Phosoplipid bilayer
Protect cytoplasm & nucleus

A membrane around the cell is

necessary for many reasons
Cell recognition and attachment
involves membranes
Many metabolic functions, such as
oxidative phosphorylation, are
organized around membranes
Signal systems for cell regulation are
based upon membranes

Cell Membrane
1. Integral membrane protein
to active transport.
2. Trans-membrane protein/
peripheral protein

Phospolipid

Protein Transmembran
Transport zat

Protein tertanam pd lap lipid protein

transmembrane
Protein yg mengapung diantara lipid
protein integral
Proteins yg tdpt pd bag luar lipid bilayer
peripheral

Nucleus
Control center of the cell
Contains DNA
Surrounded by a double
membrane
Usually the easiest
organelle to see under a
microscope
Contains DNA
found on chromatin
strands
Materials pass in and
out through the
nuclear membrane

Fungsi nukleus
Menyimpan gen pada kromosom
Mengatur gen dlm kromosom dlm proses pembelahan sel
Mentransport faktor regulasi & produk gen melewati pori inti
Menghasilkan pesan (mRNA) yang mengkode protein
Menghasilkan ribosom dalam nukleus
Mengatur DNA uncoiling dlm replikasi gen

Nukleolus (anak inti)

Tdpt 1 / lebih, tdpt di dlm nukleus
Bbtk sferik sbg massa granul &
fiber yg pekat
Merupakan tempat kromosom dg
banyak kopi gen yg diperlukan utk
sintesis ribosom, RNA & protein
ribosom. Pd sel sehat dihasilkan
10.000 ribosom per menit.

Mitochondria

Rod-shaped
Create energy for the cell from food
Converts the chemical energy
stored in food into compounds more
convenient for the cell to use.
Tempat respirasi seluler proses
katabolik yg menghasilkan ATP dg
mengekstraksi energi dari gula,
lemak dan bahan bakar lain dgn
bantuan oksigen.
Bukan bagian dari sistem
endomembran
Memiliki ribosom dan DNA dlm
jumlah sedikit. DNA inilah yg
memprogram sintesis protein yg
dibuat dlm ribosomnya sendiri

The Mitochondrial
Most of our body s nucleated cells contain 500 to
2000 mitochondria
In the cone cell photoreceptors of the eye,
mitochondria make up 80% of the intracellular
volume.
In extra-ocular muscles, they account for 60%,
and in heart muscle they comprise 40% of the
volume of the cell.
Nerve cells in the brain and muscles require a
great deal of energy, and thus appear to be
particularly damaged when mitochondrial
dysfunction occurs.

The Mitochondrial

In matrix the oxidation phosphorylation takes place.

The Kreb Cycle takes place in the matrix .
It contains three major proteins : 1) The electrone transport
chain protein complex (I-IV). 2) an enzyme complex called ATP
synthetase which makes ATP (V) and 3). transport proteins
which regulate the transfer of molecules into and out of the
matrix.

The Mitochondrial Chromosome

Mitochondria consist of 2 10 mtDNA
Egg cytoplasma 200.000 300.000 mtDNA increase
during oogenesis
mtDNA was found to vary according to cell type
Low in platelets (Platelets have only two to six
mitochondria).
Red blood cells do not contain mitochondria
Highest in brain, liver, kidney

Endoplasmic Reticulum
Carry proteins and other
materials through the
cell
Connected to nuclear
membrane
Highway of the cell
Rough ER: studded with
ribosomes; it makes
proteins

REK menghasilkan protein & menyusun

membran
The rough ER manufactures membranes
Ribosomes on its surface produce proteins
Transport vesicle
buds off

Ribosome

Sugar
chain

1
Polypeptide

Secretory
(glyco-) protein
inside transport
vesicle

Glycoprotein
2

ROUGH ER

REH memiliki fungsi bervariasi

Smooth ER synthesizes lipids
In some cells, it regulates carbohydrate
metabolism and breaks down toxins and
drugs

Ribosome

Site of protein
synthesis
Produced in a part of
the nucleus called

Ribosome60S+40S
Found attached to
rough ER or floating
free in cytosol

Ribosom & Sintesis Protein

Ribosom
Pabrik utk sintesis protein
Dibangun dr molekul2 protein & rRNA
Pd sel prokariot, ribosom tdpt bebas dlm sitosol. Dlm sel
eukariot ribosom tdpt bebas di sitosol, matriks
mitokondria, stroma kloroplas, atau menempel pd
permukaan selaput RE
RE kasar adl RE yg dilekati bnyk ribosom, RE halus
tidak mengandung ribosom

Ribosom

Ribosom tdr atas 2 bag tdk sama besar

Ukuran ribosom ditentukan dg analisis

sedimentasi dg mengukur laju
pengendapan dlm larutan kental (mis
sukrosa) dg pemusingan kecepatan tinggi.

Koefisien sedimentasi ditentukan dg S

(Svedberg) nama penemu
ultracentrifuge

Ribosom prokariot memiliki koefisien

sedimentasi 70S, ribosom eukariot

memiliki koefisien sedimentasi 80S

Ribosom
Ribosom prokariot tdr atas sub unit besar 50S & sub unit
kecil 30S
Ribosom eukariot tdr atas sub unit besar 60S & sub unit
kecil 40S
Ribosom mitokondria & kloroplas juga tdr atas 2 sub
unit. Ribosom mitokondria bervariasi dr ukuran 55S pd
hewan sampai 80S pd bbrp protozoa & jamur. Ribosom
kloroplas adalah 70S pd semua sel hijau

Golgi Apparatus
Finish, sort, and ship many products of
the cell
Synthesize macromolecules
Store and export products of E.R.
Deskripsi :
Klp 5-8 kantung membran bbtk mangkuk (
cisternae ) dg ujung menggelembung &
menempel satu sama lain.

Golgi Apparatus

Golgi aparatus
Bdn golgi bbtk polar, tdr atas bagian cis dmn
protein masuk, & bagian trans dmn protein
keluar.
Dibagi2 dlm kompartemen/ruang2 yg berbeda
dg processing enzymes yg spesifik.
tdpt 20 bdn golgi pd tiap sel, vary
depending on the function of the cell

What does it do?

Utk distribusi & pusat
lalulintas produk kimia
sel.
Memodifikasi protein &
lipid & prepares them
for exportation.
Uses sugar nucleotides
to transport the
proteins.

What else does it do?

It works with the endoplasmic
reticulum.
It uses a Trans Golgi Network (TGN) to
attach chemical flags on the exported
proteins as sort of an address code so
that they get to the right place in the
cell.

Whats so Great about it?

Without the Golgi Apparatus, cells could not
secrete important chemicals into our bodies
such as:
Hormones
Enzymes (create chemical reactions)
Antibodies ( keep us from getting ill and
possibly dying)

Golgi
Apparatus
Golgi Body

Flattened sacs
Receive
proteins and
other material,
package them
and ship them
out

Golgi Apparatus

Lysosomes
Lysosome
Contain enzymes that
function in digestion
of food and dead cell
parts (break down &
worn out organelles)
Surrounded by a
membrane
Small organelles filled
with enzymes,

Lysosomes
Large vesicles
formed by the
Golgi
Garbage disposal
of the cell
Contain digestive
enzymes that
break down
wastes
Which organelles do
lysosomes work with?

Peroxisomes
They are similar to lysosome but smaller.
Mengandung enzim yg mentransfer hidrogen dari berbagai substrat ke
oksigen, yg menghasilkan H2O2 sbg produk samping.
Bbrp peroksisom menggunakan O2 utk memecah as.lemak mjd
molekul yg lbh kecil utk diangkut ke mitokondria sbg bahan bakar utk
respirasi seluler.
Found mainly in liver and kidney cells
Main function is detoxification of toxic materials.
Dlm hati menawarkan racun alkohol & senyawa berbahaya lainnya
dgn mentransfer hidrogen dari racun ke oksigen. H2O2 yg terbentuk
tsb sebenarnya beracun, namun organel ini mengandung suatu enzim
yg mengubah H2O2 menjadi air.
Pada tumbuhan glioksisom ditemukan dlm jaringan penyimpan
lemak dari biji tumbuhan mengandung enzim yg menginisiasi
pengubahan as.lemak mjd gula, yg dpt digunakan oleh biji yg sedang
tumbuh sbg sumber energi & sumber karbon sampai biji tsb dpt
menghasilkan gula sendiri melalui fotosintesis

Cytoskeleton

Roles of the Cytoskeleton: Support, Motility,

and Regulation

Acts as skeleton and muscle

Provides shape and structure
penting utk sel hewan yg
tdk memiliki dinding sel
Utk pergerakan organel2
didalam sel
Motilitas sel interaksi antara
sitoskeleton dg protein
(molekul motor) mikrotubul
& mikrofilamen
Made of three types of
filaments

Components of cytoskeleton:
1) Microfilaments (Filamen aktin)
Batang padat,
berdiameter 7 nm.
Filamen ini tdd molekul
aktin (suatu protein
globular)
Merupakan rantai ganda
subunit aktin yg terlilit.
Peran: menahan
tegangan (gaya tarik)
mendukung bentuk sel
Sebagai bagian alat
kontraksi sel otot
bersamaan dg miosin

Components of cytoskeleton:
2) Intermediate filaments
Intermediate filaments
- Dinamai berdasarkan diameternya, lbh kecil drpd
mikrotubula, lbh besar drpd mikrofilamen.
- Spesialisasi utk menahan tarikan. Sangat penting
utk dlm memperkuat bentuk sel dan menetapkan
posisi organel tertentu

Components of cytoskeleton:
3) Mikrotubula
Memberi bentuk & mendukung sel, juga
sbg jalur yg digunakan organel (yg
dilengkapi dg molekul motor) utk dpt
bergerak
Misal: menuntun vesikula sekretori dari
AG ke membran plasma
Terlibat dlm pemisahan kromosom selama
pembelahan sel

Cell Wall
Cell Wall
rigid layer of nonliving
material
Provide protection &
support
Found in plant, some
bacteria, some protists
and some fungi

Chloroplast
ChloroplastContains the
green pigment chlorophyll
Site of food (glucose)
production
Turn the Suns energy into
food through
photosynthesis
They do not make energy,
they convert it

Vacuoles
Vacuole
Store food water and
other materials
Small in animal cell
Large in plants
Store H2O
Help keep the plant
upright

Vacuoles
Large central
vacuole usually in
plant cells
Many smaller
vacuoles in animal
cells
Storage container
for water, food,
enzymes, wastes,
pigments, etc.

PLANT CELL
Cell wall
Membrane Cell
Plastida
Endoplasmic R
Golgi Apparatus
Vakuola

Sel tumbuhan berbeda dr sel

hewan, krn tdk memp.: sentriol
& filamen intermediat, namun
memp. Plastida, ddg sel &
vakuola berukuran besar.