III ways body is protected

Normal body structures function to block the entry of germs through the use of tears, mucous membranes,
intact skin, cilia, and body pH
2. Inflammatory response rushes leukocytes to a site of infection, where the invading organisms are engulfed
and destroyed in a process called phagocytosis
3. Specific immune responses of the body react to foreign antigens to protect and defend against disease
Illness VS. Disease
Illness - describes the condition of a person who is experiencing a disease. (individual & personal)
Disease - known by its medical classification and distinguishing features
Disease is easier to treat than illness
Predisposing Factor
A condition or situation that may make a person more at risk or susceptible to disease
EX. Age, Gender, External environment, Lifestyle choice
Hereditary
Predisposing factor when a trait inherited from a parent puts an individual at risk for certain diseases
Not easily controlled, changed, or altered
EX. Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia & trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)
Hereditary Disease
Result of a person's genetic makeup
DNA
Incorporated in structures called chromosomes
-46 chromones in human (23 pairs)
Gene
Basic unit of heredity
Homozygous
Possess identical genes from each parent for a particular trait and when they are both dominant
Heterozygous
Possess different genes from each parent for a particular trait and if one gene is dominant and one is
recessive
Genotype
Description of the combination of a person's genes with respect to either a single of a larger set of traits
Phenotype
Observable physical characteristics
Mutations
Changes in the structure of genes
-May cause disturbances in body functions
-Occurs when the normal sequence of DNA units is disrupted
Monogenic (Mendelian) Disorders
Caused by a mutation in a single gene
Classified as: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X- or sex-linked, chromosomal, multifactorial
Autosomal Dominant
Only one abnormal gene from a parent is needed
EX. Huntington disease - genetic defect on chromosome 4, deterioration of neurons. Uncontrolled
movements, emotional disturbances, mental detereroation
Retinoblastoma - Rare type of eye cancer that develops in the retina
Autosomal Recessive
Must be 2 copies (both parents) of the abnormal gene
Ex. Cystic fibrosis - Affects cells that produce sweat, mucus, and digestive juices
X- or Sex-linked
Occur when a single abnormal gene on the X chromosome can cause a disease; this abnormal gene
dominates the gene pair. Occurs when both of the genes in a pair are abnormal
EX. Hemophilia - Rare bleeding disorder because by deficiency of specific types of serum proteins caused
clotting factors
Duchenne muscular dystrophy - Manifests as a progressive bilateral wasting of skeletal muscles in males.
Symptoms appear in age 2-5
Chromosomal Disorders
Caused by abnormalities in the number of chromosomes or by changes in chromosomal structure, such as
additions (more), deletions (missing genes), or translocations (genes shifted from one chromosome to
another or to a different location on the same chromosome)
EX. Klinefelter syndrome - Additional X chromosome in males. Body shape is elongated, small tests,
mammary glands are abnormally large. Men don't produce sperm.
Turner 21 - Caused by loss or incomplete X chromosome in either the ovum or sperm. Only affects females.
Shortened stature, swollen hands & feet, coarse & elongated ears. Most females are infertile
Trisomy 21 - Individual has 3 copies of chromosome 21 instead of 2. Sloping forehead, folds of skin over the
inner corner of the eyes. Moderate to severe mental disabilites
Multifactoral Disorders
Results from the interaction of many factors, both hereditary (mutations in multiple genes) and environmental
EX. Diabetes mellitus - Disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism due primarily to insufficient
insulin production by the pancreas
Congenital heart anomalies - Includes 6 major anatomical defects that change the blood flow through the
heart, causing circulatory problems
Inflammation
The body's immunologic response to tissue damage caused by the invasion of foreign bodies,
microorganisms, or harmful chemicals
-Acute - redness, pain, heat, possible loss of function
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Red blood cells
Infections
Invasions and multiplication of pathogenic or disease-producing microorganisms in the body
Homeostasis
A state of stability that the body tries to maintain even though it is exposed to continually changing outside
forces
Fungi
Yeast & molds that may be present in the soil, air, and water. Only a few species cause diseases
Fungal Diseases (mycoses)
Develop slowly, resistant to treatment, rarely fatal
Common mycoses: histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis, thrush, athlete's foot, tine corporis (ringworm)
Protozoa
Single-celled organisms that have animal like characteristics
EX: Malaria, amebic sickness, African sleeping sickness
Viruses
The smallest microorganism visible only through the use of the electron microscope
-Independent of host cells
-Difficult to isolate
-Few respond to drug therapy
EX: Common cold, West niles, measles, mumps
Bacteria
 Classified according to shape
-Bacilli - rod-shaped
-Spirilla - spiral-shaped
-Cocci - dot-shaped
Parasites
A group of host-requiring organisms that includes external and internal parasites
External - lice, mites
Internal - helminths - wormlike internal parasites transmitted from one person to another via fecal
contamination of food, water, or soil.
Three Classes of Helminths
Pinworms - most common infection in US. Small threads about the size of a staple. Often live in humans
rectum and colon. Itching & redness
Tapeworms - long & narrow, depend on 2 hosts, one human and one animal, from the development of the
egg to the larva to the adult
Flukes - small, leaf shaped, flat, nofsegmented worms. Occurs from eating uncooked fish, plants, or animals
from water infested with flukes
Trauma
Injury or wound caused by external force
- Leading cause of death in US for individuals under 35
- 5th leading cause of death in US following CVD, cancer, CRD, stroke
Concussion
Cause temporary neural dysfunction but not severe enough to cause contusion
Results from closed-head type of injury
Mild concussion may involve no loss on consciousness
Severe concussion may cause prolonged loss of consciousness and delayed return to normal
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Occurs when the brain collides inside of the skull, bruising the brain & tearing nerve fibers
Cerebral Contusion
Form of TBI
More serious than concussions
Bruise the brain tissue and disrupt normal nerve function
Perforates eardrums
Result from the insertion of sharp objects into the ear canal or from a severe blow to the side of the head
Tachycardia
 Abnormally rapid heartbeat
Hypovolemic Shock
Condition of severe psychological distress
Caused by a decrease in the circulating blood volume so great that the body's metabolic needs cannot be
met
Heat Exhaustion
Caused by overexposure to heat and insufficient water and salt intake
Heatstroke is a MEDICAL EMERGENCY
Antiemedics
Drugs used to prevent or stop vomiting
Hypoxemia
Insufficient oxygenation of the arterial blood
Asphyxiation
Lack of oxygen coupled with accumulating carbon dioxide in the blood
Causes: near drowning, hypoventilation, airway obstruction
Burns
First-degree (superficial burns) - affect only the epidermis or outer layer of the skin
Ex. Sunburn
Second-degree (partial-thickness) - involve the epidermis and part of the dermis
Skin appears red and blistered, may be swollen
Deep partial-thickness burns - injure deeper layers of the skin
Third-degree burns - destroy the epidermis and dermis skin layers. Skin appears white, pearly, leathery
Fourth-degree burns - extend into underlying bones, muscles, tendons, nerves, & blood vessels
Skin appears white or charred, sensation is lost bc nerve endings are destroyed

*2,3,4 require immediate medical attention

Neoplasia
"New formation" or "New growth"
Neoplasm - new and abnormal formation of tissue
Tumors
Benign - remains circumscribed
Malignant - cancer, spreads to other cells, tissues, and parts of the body

Metastasis - spreading process

 Cancer
general term for more than 100 diseases that are characterized by uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells.
Immunity
Security against a particular disease or the state of being nonsusceptible to pathogenic effects of disease-
causing organisms
Genetic immunity (natural immunity)
Genetic feature specific to race, sex, and the individual's ability to understand
Acquired immunity (active immunity)
The body has developed the ability to defend itself against a specific agent
-Passive when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them
2 types:
1. Humoral immunity - body's major defense against bacteria
2. Cell-mediated immunity - action taken by another group of WBC's, called T-cell lymphocytes
Nutritional Imbalance
Cause growth problems, specific diseases, and even death
Obesity
When body weight is 10% to 20% above ideal
BMI - Body Mass Index, expressed relationship between height and weight
Alternative Medicine
Alternative - one medical treatment is to be used instead of another
Complementary - being used alongside traditional medicine
Integrative - promotes the blending of the best of both conventional and nonconventional therapies
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
Conventional medicine
Separation of the mind from the body
Philosopher of conventional medicine
Bioelectromagnetic (bioenergetic therapies)
Concentrate on modifying the disease process by directing energy (electrical or magnetic) within or through
the body
-Drugs/surgery not used
Andrew Weil, MD
Most common correlation between mind and healing in people with chronic illness is total acceptance of the
circumstances of a person's life, including illness
Lifestyle
Individual's consistent, integrated way of life, as typified by mannerisms, attitudes, and possessions
Dietary Goals for Americans
Adapted from the US Department of Agriculture
A - Aim for Fitness
B - Build a Healthy Base
C - Choose Sensibly
"Good" Stress
Enables the body to meet challenges of everyday activity
Distress
Negative influence
May produce pathological changes
EX. Person, condition
Hippocrates
Father of Western medicine
NCCIH
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
Medicine from India
Ayurvedic medicine
Points to consider when evaluating alternative forms of medicine
Watch for red flag words like miracle cure, purify, detox
2. Providers who whorl collaboratively with conventional practitioners
3. Get information about licensure, certification and appropriate credentials
4. Search major medical centers and universities or government agencies
5. Be wary of commercial sites on the Web.
Conventional medicine is referred to as:
Allopathic or Traditional
TCM three main philosophies
qi
2. 5 elements
3. feminine and masculine element (yin and yang)
Licensed in every state
Osteopaths, chiropractors, and acupunturists
Therapeutic
Finds and replenishes a person's energy field with rhythmic hand movements
TENS
Electric impulses block transmission of painful impulses
Massage
Characterized by manipulation, pressure, friction, and body kneading
Imagery
Slow, rhythmic breathing accompanied by a mental picture of relaxation
Acupuncture
long, hair thin needles placed into the skin produce regional anesthesia
Hypnosis
Achieves a state similar to sleep