Fiberglass Tank and Vessel Selection, Design, and Fabrication Specification ASME RTP-1 and Section X

March 1999
Process Industry Practices

Vessels
PIP VESFG001
Fiberglass Tank and Vessel
Selection, Design, and Fabrication Specification
ASME RTP-1 and Section X
PURPOSE AND USE OF PROCESS INDUSTRY PRACTICES
In an effort to minimize the cost of process industry facilities, this Practice has
been prepared from the technical requirements in the existing standards of major
industrial users, contractors, or standards organizations. By harmonizing these technical
requirements into a single set of Practices, administrative, application, and engineering
costs to both the purchaser and the manufacturer should be reduced. While this Practice
is expected to incorporate the majority of requirements of most users, individual
applications may involve requirements that will be appended to and take precedence over
this Practice. Determinations concerning fitness for purpose and particular matters or
application of the Practice to particular project or engineering situations should not be
made solely on information contained in these materials. The use of trade names from
time to time should not be viewed as an expression of preference but rather recognized as
normal usage in the trade. Other brands having the same specifications are equally
correct and may be substituted for those named. All practices or guidelines are intended
to be consistent with applicable laws and regulations including OSHA requirements. To
the extent these practices or guidelines should conflict with OSHA or other applicable
laws or regulations, such laws or regulations must be followed. Consult an appropriate
professional before applying or acting on any material contained in or suggested by the
Practice.
© Process Industry Practices (PIP), Construction Industry Institute,

The University of Texas at Austin, 3208 Red River Street, Suite 300,
Austin, Texas 78705. PIP member companies may copy this practice
for their internal use.
Not printed with State funds.

March 1999
Process Industry Practices

Vessels
PIP VESFG001
Fiberglass Tank and Vessel
Selection, Design, and Fabrication Specification
Table of Contents
1. Introduction .................................3 4.9 Conflicts.......................................... 8

1.1 Purpose...........................................3 4.10 User’s Basic Requirements
1.2 Scope..............................................3 Specification .................................. 8
1.3 Alternative Design Proposals...........4 4.11 Documentation to be Provided by
the Fabricator ................................ 8
2. References ..................................4
2.1 Process Industry Practices (PIP) .....4 5. Selection Guidelines .................. 9
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards.........4 5.1 ASME RTP-1 vs. Section X............. 9
2.3 Other References ............................5 5.2 Resins........................................... 11
5.3 Corrosion Veils ............................. 11
3. Definitions ...................................5 5.4 Construction Methods ................... 12
5.5 Cure Systems ............................... 14
4. General ........................................6 5.6 Design Methods ............................ 15
4.1 Applicable PIP Documents ..............6
4.2 ASME Requirements.......................6 6. Materials .................................... 16
4.3 National Board Registration.............7 6.1 Resins........................................... 16
4.4 Jurisdictional Compliance................7 6.2 Resin Fillers and Additives............ 17
4.5 Units of Measurement .....................7 6.3 Catalysts and Promoters ............... 17
4.6 Language ........................................8 6.4 Reinforcements............................. 18
4.7 Fabricator’s Responsibilities ............8
4.8 Disclaimers .....................................8
Process Industry Practices Page 1 of 37

PIP VESFG001
Fiberglass Tank and Vessel Selection, Design, and Fabrication Specification March 1999
7. Design ....................................... 19 9.5 Laminate Physical Property and

7.1 Design Pressure and Temperature 19 Proof Tests ...................................30
7.2 MAWP and Coincident Maximum 9.6 Laminate Reinforcement Content
Temperature................................. 19 Tests.............................................31
7.3 Minimum Design Temperature and 9.7 Hydrostatic Test ............................31
Coincident Pressure ..................... 20 9.8 Pneumatic Test .............................33
7.4 Design Loads and Load 9.9 Vacuum Test.................................33
Combinations ............................... 20 9.10 Acoustic Emission Test .................33
7.5 Component Design ....................... 21 9.11 Sample Cutouts.............................33
8. Fabrication................................ 26 10. Shipping ....................................34

8.1 Laminates..................................... 26 10.1 Cleaning and Painting or
8.2 Laminate Tolerances .................... 28 Pigmentation................................34
8.3 Laminate Acceptance Criteria....... 28 10.2 Preparation for Shipment ..............34
8.4 Repairs......................................... 28 10.3 Handling and Lifting ......................34
8.5 Post Curing................................... 28 10.4 Temporary Storage .......................35
8.6 Field Joints ................................... 28 10.5 Shipping Protection .......................35
8.7 Field Fabrication........................... 29
8.8 Tolerances.................................... 29 11. Receipt and Installation............36
11.1 Receiving Inspection .....................36
9. Inspections and Tests ............. 29 11.2 Installation.....................................36
9.1 Inspector ...................................... 29
9.2 Resin Cure Tests .......................... 29 Appendices
9.3 Laminate Thickness Checks ......... 30 Appendix A - Fabricator’s Design Report
9.4 Laminate Visual Acceptance Appendix B - Documentation Schedule
Checks ......................................... 30 Appendix C - Fabrication Figures
Appendix D - Quality Overview Plan
Page 2 of 37 Process Industry Practices

PIP VESFG001
March 1999 Fiberglass Tank and Vessel Selection, Design, and Fabrication Specification
1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose
This Practice describes the general materials selection, design, fabrication, testing,
inspection, and documentation requirements for fiberglass vessels and tanks to be
constructed in accordance with ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section X or
ASME/ANSI RTP-1. Fabrication shall be by ASME-accredited manufacturers. When
the type of fiberglass fabrication is not covered by Section X or RTP-1, the Purchaser
should use this Practice for guidance. In addition, Sections 5 and 11 provide guidance
for the User or Designer in developing procurement specifications and installation
practices for this equipment. Sections 5 and 11 are not the responsibility of the
Fabricator.
1.2 Scope
1.2.1 This Practice designates general requirements for the design and construction
of aboveground fiberglass reinforced polyester, vinyl ester, and epoxy tanks
and vessels having internal or external pressure from full vacuum up to the
limits of Section X. Shop- and field-fabricated equipment, thermoplastic-lined
equipment, and dual laminate equipment are covered in the scope of this
Practice. Not covered are fiberglass hoods, ducts, stacks, pumps, fans,
blowers, piping, and fully buried tanks that are beyond the scope of the
referenced standards. Furan and phenolic resins, non-glass structural
reinforcement, and metallic-lined fiberglass vessels are also outside the scope
of this Practice.
1.2.2 Total compliance (including stamping) with RTP-1 or Section X shall be a
basic requirement of all vessels and tanks ordered to this Practice. Refer to the
User’s Basic Requirements Specification (UBRS) or purchase order to
determine which code or standard is required. References in this Practice to
RTP-1 and Section X apply based on the specified standard and are not
interchangeable except as specifically indicated. All “RP”-stamped vessels
built in the United States or Canada shall be National Board (NB)-registered.
1.2.3 Deviations from this Practice require written approval of the Purchaser.
1.2.4 Many recognized and generally accepted good engineering construction
practices are included herein. However, in light of the many diverse service
applications of fiberglass tanks and vessels, these practices must be employed
with engineering judgment and supplemented, as appropriate, with
requirements related to specific materials of construction, service fluids,
operating environments, and tank geometries. Accordingly, provisions of this
Practice may be overridden or supplemented by an Overlay Specification.
1.3 Alternative Design Proposals

The Fabricator shall provide a base bid in full compliance with the purchase
requisition. The Fabricator may submit an alternative design if, in the Fabricator’s

PIP VESFG001
judgment, economy and/or improved schedule can be realized without reducing

capability or shortening the anticipated life of the vessel. The Fabricator shall comply
with the following requirements when submitting an alternate bid:
a. Alternative design quotations shall be accompanied by the base quotation and be
clearly noted as an alternate.
b. Alternative designs shall be fully and clearly described and substantiated by
sketches or drawings. Specific exceptions should be identified as such.
c. An alternative design shall not be used unless approved in writing by the User.
2. References
Applicable requirements in the latest edition (or the edition indicated) of the following industry
standards and references shall be considered an integral part of this Practice. Short titles will
be used herein when appropriate.
2.1 Process Industry Practices (PIP)

– PIP STF05501 - Fixed Metal Ladders and Cages Details
– PIP STF05520 - Pipe Railing for Walking and Working Surfaces Details
– PIP STF05521 - Angle Railing for Walking and Working Surfaces Details
– PIP STF05535 - Vessel Platform Details
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards
• American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

– ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
Section V - Nondestructive Examination
Section X - Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels
– ASME/ANSI RTP-1 - Reinforced Thermoset Plastic Corrosion Resistant
Equipment
– ASME B16.5 - Flanges and Flange Fittings Sizes NPS 1/2 through NPS 24
– ASME B18.22.1 - Plain Washers
• American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
– ASTM D638 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
– ASTM D695 - Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics
– ASTM D790 - Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and
Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
– ASTM D2583 - Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid Plastics by
Means of a Barcol Impressor
– ASTM D2584 - Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced Resins

PIP VESFG001
• American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

– ASCE 7 - Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
• International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO)
– Uniform Building Code (UBC)
2.3 Other References
• Association for Information and Image Management (AIIM)

– AIIM MS32 - Standard Recommended Practice - Microrecording of
Engineering Source Documents on 35 mm Microfilm
• Materials Technology Institute of the Chemical Process Industries, Inc. (MTI)
– MTI Publication 50 - Users Guide to ASME Standards for Fiberglass Tanks
and Vessels
3. Definitions
With reference to the Foreword and Article RG-3 of Section X and Paragraph 1-200 of
RTP-1, and for the purposes of this Practice, the following definitions apply:
Approved Equal: A substitution to a specified product that has been approved in writing by
the Purchaser
Construction: An all-inclusive term comprising materials, design, fabrication, examination,

inspection, testing, certification (ASME stamp and Fabricator’s Data Report), and pressure
relief
Designer: The party responsible for defining and specifying the mechanical design
requirements (e.g., UBRS) consistent with User criteria for use by the RTP-1 or Section X
Fabricator. The Designer is frequently an engineering contractor, but could be the User, third
party consultant, or RTP-1 or Section X Fabricator.
Fabricator: As defined in RTP-1, this term refers to the producer of RTP equipment. The
Fabricator combines resin and reinforcing fibers to produce the final product. In this Practice,
the Fabricator is the party entering into a contract with the Purchaser or Designer to construct
a vessel in accordance with the purchase order.
National Board (NB): The National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors. This is
an organization comprised of chief inspectors from various governmental jurisdictions in the
United States and Canada. Vessels meeting requirements of Section X can be registered with
the NB.
Overlay Specification: Technical requirements that supplement or override the provisions of

this Practice, such as a User specification or project specification
Purchaser: The party actually placing the order for the vessel or vessel components. This may
be the User or the User’s designated agent.

PIP VESFG001
User: The party responsible for establishing construction criteria consistent with RTP-1 or
Section X philosophy and service hazards as described in Section 1. This term refers to the
owner and/or operator of the equipment.
User’s Basic Requirements Specification (UBRS): The comprehensive requirements data

sheet provided by the User to the Fabricator in accordance with RTP-1 Table 1-1
4. General
4.1 Applicable PIP Documents

All vessels and tanks shall be designed and constructed in accordance with this
Practice. PIP STF05501, PIP STF05520, PIP STF05521, and PIP STF05535 shall be
used for ladders, cages, platforms, and railing.
4.2 ASME Requirements

Pressure vessels and tanks within the scope of this Practice shall satisfy all applicable
ASME requirements, including symbol stamping.
4.2.1 RTP-1 Scope
RTP-1 covers stationary vessels and tanks for the storage, accumulation, or
processing of corrosive or other substances at pressures not exceeding
15 psig (external or internal) above any hydrostatic head.
4.2.2 Section X Scope
Section X covers stationary vessels for the storage, accumulation, or
processing of substances at pressures exceeding 15 psig above any hydrostatic
head. There are upper pressure limitations depending on the type and class of
construction, but the maximum internal pressure limit is
3000 psig.
4.2.3 Exemptions
Both RTP-1 and Section X exclude the following vessels and tanks from their
scopes:
a. Portable or movable containers
b. Hoods, ducts, and stacks
c. Fans and blowers
d. Vessel internals such as entrainment separators, chevron blades, packing
support plates, and liquid distributor plates
e. Pipe or piping
f. Fully buried underground closed vessels
In addition, Section X excludes vessels having an inside diameter (ID), width,
height, or cross-section diagonal of 6 inches or less, with no limitation on

PIP VESFG001
length or pressure. The 6-inch dimension excludes the thickness of any

corrosion liner. Section X also excludes vessels containing lethal substances as
designated by the User in accordance with Paragraph RG-113.
RTP-1 also excludes vessels constructed of furan, epoxy, or phenolic resins,
vessels with non-glass structural reinforcements, and vessels having metallic
liners.
4.2.4 Limitations
In addition to the exemptions stated in Section 4.2.3 above, the following
types of vessels are not permitted by the provisions of this Practice:
a. Vessels constructed of furan or phenolic resins
b. Vessels using non-glass structural reinforcements
c. Vessels having metallic liners
4.3 National Board Registration

NB registration of Section X “RP”-stamped vessels is required.
4.4 Jurisdictional Compliance

All aspects of the work and completed vessel shall comply with applicable
jurisdictional rules and regulations. This includes, but is not limited to, the rules and
standards established by EPA and OSHA or other similar national standards.
4.5 Units of Measurement

US customary (English) units shall be regarded as standard; metric (SI) units may be
included for reference only and shall not be interpreted as a precise conversion.
4.6 Language
The language of all documents shall either be English or include the English
translation.
4.7 Fabricator’s Responsibilities

The Fabricator is responsible for construction of the tank(s) or vessel(s) in
conformance with this Practice and the documents referenced therein. Review of
Fabricator’s documentation (e.g., fabrication drawings) by the Purchaser or User does
not alter this responsibility. The Fabricator is responsible for conveying all Purchaser
requirements to any subcontractor or provider working at the request of the Fabricator.
4.8 Disclaimers
When a vessel or vessel component design is specified on the User’s vessel drawings,
the Fabricator is in no way relieved of the obligation and/or responsibility to comply
with the purchase specifications. Release for shipment by Purchaser’s or User’s
inspector does not relieve the Fabricator of any responsibility for complying with RTP-
1 or Section X, specifications, and/or drawings.

PIP VESFG001
4.9 Conflicts
If the Fabricator finds a conflict between this Practice, design drawings, UBRS,
referenced codes and standards, or any supplementary specification, the Fabricator
shall obtain written clarification from the Purchaser prior to proceeding with any
work.
4.10 User’s Basic Requirements Specification

It is the responsibility of the Purchaser to furnish a UBRS to the Fabricator. The
UBRS shall set forth the intended operating conditions of the vessel in order to provide
a basis for design. The UBRS shall also identify the external environment to which the
vessel is exposed, the intended function of the vessel, mechanical loads imposed on the
vessel, specific installation requirements, and specific codes and laws applicable to the
location where the vessel will be installed. The Purchaser must either specify the type
of resin and corrosion liner required or define the intended contents to which the vessel
will be exposed. While the UBRS is a requirement for RTP-1 stamped equipment, it
shall also be utilized for Section X stamped equipment. Examples of a completed
UBRS may be found in MTI Publication 50.
4.11 Documentation to be Provided by the Fabricator

Reproducible materials shall be of suitable quality to be microfilmed, per
AIIM MS32.
4.11.1 Fabricator's Data Package
Fabricator’s Data Package shall include the documents listed in Appendix B.
The Fabricator shall provide the Fabricator’s Data Package to the User in
accordance with quantities and dates indicated on the Documentation Schedule
in Appendix B. The final Fabricator’s Data Package shall be printed on 8-1/2"
x 11" paper (or folded to 8-1/2" x 11" size) and bound in data books.
4.11.2 Design Calculations
Design calculations shall include relevant RTP-1 or Section X formulas,
source paragraphs, formula values, calculated results, and comparisons with
acceptable values. Where calculations are based on formulas other than those
in RTP-1 or Section X, the source of the formulas shall be referenced. When a
computer program performs calculations, a program description shall be given
which includes the program name and version. If the program is not
commercially available to industry, the Fabricator shall maintain program
documentation and provide it upon request. (See Cautionary Note in Foreword
of RTP-1 and Section X regarding responsibility for the use of computer
programs.)
Calculations shall include:
a. RTP-1 or Section X calculations
b. Wind and earthquake calculations, as applicable
c. Support calculations (see Section 7.5.7)

PIP VESFG001
d. Calculations associated with lifting and erecting the tank or vessel

e. Nozzle load analysis for local and gross effect, when required
f. Design of internal and external attachments
g. Design loads and load combinations (see Section 7.4)
5. Selection Guidelines
This Section provides guidelines and other tutorial information intended to assist the Designer
in selecting and specifying fiberglass tanks and vessels. These guidelines are not the
responsibility of the Fabricator unless the Fabricator is also the Designer.
5.1 ASME RTP-1 Vs. Section X

The choice between RTP-1 and Section X should be based primarily on the design
pressure required for the vessel. Above 15 psig, Section X is required and is a legal
requirement in many states. Below 15 psig to full vacuum, this Practice requires RTP-
1. The only exception is epoxy resin vessels, which must be built to Section X. Each
standard uses a different approach to equipment design and covers different types of
equipment. The following paragraphs explain these differences:
5.1.1 RTP-1 Philosophy and Coverage
The philosophy of RTP-1 is much like Section VIII of the ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code in that many design rules are given and there is an
opportunity to design using stress analysis. The approach is like a “cookbook”
with all phases of materials, design, fabrication, examination, and testing
being covered.
Very detailed procedures are given for laminating methods and quality
assurance of the finished product. A hydrostatic test is required. Design safety
factors depend upon the method of design with larger design factors required
for design by rules and for vessels in critical corrosive services. All vessels are
required to have a minimum 2-ply chopped strand mat and 1-ply veil corrosion
liner and be constructed of corrosion-resistant resins such as polyester, vinyl
ester, and epoxy novalac types which use contact molding or filament winding
construction techniques. Furan, epoxy, or phenolic resins, non-E glass
structural reinforcement, and structural coring materials such as balsa wood
are not within the scope of RTP-1. RTP-1 also covers thermoplastic-lined
equipment and both shop- and field-fabricated vessels and tanks.
Since most of the fiberglass equipment built today falls within the scope of
RTP-1, this standard should be widely utilized. Earlier standards such as
ASTM D4097, ASTM D3299, and the now withdrawn NBS PS15-69 should no
longer be used. RTP-1 represents the best state of the art technology for tanks
and vessels 15 psig and below.

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5.1.2 Section X Philosophy and Coverage

Section X is more of a performance standard with few rules and fabrication
procedures. All designs are proven by either a destructive test (as in Class 1
vessels) or an acoustic emission test (as in Class II vessels). Because of the
destructive proof test requirements for Class I vessels and a 100,000-cycle
pressure test requirement, Class 1 vessels typically have been less than 1,000
gallons in size and of “standard” designs with very few nozzles. Consequently,
Class I vessels have not been widely used in the chemical processing industry.
Class II vessels do not require a destructive test, but must have their design
proven via an acoustic emission test at 1.1 times the Maximum Allowable
Working Pressure (MAWP) at the design temperature. This is an expensive
process and has limited the widespread use of Class II equipment because
lined metallic vessels are generally less expensive.
Both contact-molded and filament-wound construction are permitted in Class
II equipment; in addition, Class I equipment permits bag molding and
centrifugal casting techniques. Section X neither requires the use of nor
defines the construction of a corrosion liner. Any liner must be specified by
the User and is not included in the structural calculations. This Practice
requires an RTP-1 liner as a minimum in any Section X vessel. Section X
permits metallic and thermoplastic liners, non-glass structural reinforcements,
and all types of resins (including furan). However, this Practice prohibits the
use of metallic liners and furan or phenolic resins, and limits structural
reinforcements to types E and S glass for Section X vessels.
5.2 Resins
The most common types of resins used to manufacture RTP-1 and Section X vessels
are polyester, vinyl ester, and epoxy resins. Section X also permits the use of phenolic
and furan resins, but they have very limited application and are outside the scope of
this Practice. RTP-1 does not permit furan, epoxy, or phenolic resins at the present
time.
5.2.1 Polyester Resins

Polyester resins were the first resins developed for fiberglass construction and
have several variations. Types include orthophthalic, terephthalic, isophthalic,
bisphenol-A, chlorendic anhydride, and brominated. The last four of these
types are primarily used for corrosion-resistant applications; orthophthalic and
terephthalic resins are primarily used for marine applications (e.g., boat hulls).
Isophthalic resins have limited corrosion resistance and should be used only
for mild services. All polyester resins are generally more brittle in nature than
vinyl ester resins and are normally not used for filament-wound applications.
Most polyester resins have excellent acid and caustic resistances, but some are
more resistant to oxidizing atmospheres than others.

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5.2.2 Vinyl Ester Resins

Vinyl ester resins are more recently developed and are widely used in all types
of fiberglass construction. Because of their flexibility, ease of application, and
excellent corrosion resistance, vinyl ester resins are the preferred resins in
most applications. These resins have less strength at high temperatures than
most corrosion-resistant polyester resins. A variation of a vinyl ester resin
called epoxy novalac should be used whenever the contents contain over 200
ppm of organic chemicals. Epoxy novalac resin also has increased acid
resistance and a higher temperature rating.
5.2.3 Epoxy Resins
Epoxy resins are primarily used for pipe manufacture, but are also permitted
for Section X vessels. These resins have good acid resistance, but exhibit
poorer caustic resistance than vinyl esters and have some resistance to organic
chemicals. Because they are difficult to cure, epoxy resins are not widely used
for custom equipment.
5.3 Corrosion Veils

There are three types of corrosion veils widely used for corrosion-resistant fiberglass
equipment: C (chemical grade) glass veil, polyester veil, and carbon veil. Although
corrosion veils are only covered in RTP-1, all three are permitted in RTP-1 and Section
X construction. The veil is the inner most layer of the corrosion liner. At a minimum,
the corrosion liner should be at least 100 mils thick, normally consisting of 1 ply of
corrosion veil and 2 or more plies of chopped strand mat totaling 3 oz/ft2. A corrosion
liner is required for all construction under this Practice unless a thermoplastic liner is
used. Severe corrosive applications may require 2 or more plies of veil and 3 or more
plies of chopped strand mat. The resin manufacturer should be consulted for specific
recommendations.
5.3.1 C glass Veil
C glass veil is most commonly used and is a randomly deposited glass
filament cloth approximately 10 mils thick. The glass used is a chemical-
resistant glass as opposed to electrical grade or structural grade glass used in
the structural portion of the laminate. Due to good saturation properties, the
veil layer can have 90% resin (by weight) for maximum corrosion resistance.
For more severe applications, 2 or more plies of C glass veil are commonly
used. Because glass is attacked by hydrofluoric acid (HF), high concentrations
of sodium hydroxide, and demineralized water, this type of veil should not be
used in those applications. Even a small percentage of HF can negatively
impact C glass veil. Also, this veil has less resistance to abrasive services than
other veils and should be avoided in that type of application.
5.3.2 Polyester Veil
Polyester veil comes in a variety of types including perforated, non-perforated,
and conductive-treated. Perforated (or aperatured) polyester veil is the most
common and can be used for most applications in lieu of C glass veil.

PIP VESFG001
Polyester veil also offers resistance to HF and demineralized water and

improved abrasion resistance over C glass veil. Polyester veil is stiff and hard
to roll air out, making it generally more expensive to use. Multiple plies of
polyester veil are sometimes used; however, multiple plies makes it difficult to
remove all of the entrapped air, and surface pits are common. For this reason,
a ply of polyester veil is backed up with a ply of C glass veil in severe
services.
5.3.3 Carbon Veil
Carbon veil is used where surface conductivity is desired (e.g., dissipating
static charges in some flammable gas applications such as stacks or
scrubbers). Carbon veil is relatively expensive and very difficult to work with.
It also offers the least abrasion resistance of any type of veil. Where a
conductive veil is desired, a more suitable alternative is to use a conductive
polyester veil.
5.4 Construction Methods

5.4.1 Contact Molding
Contact molding was the initial type of method used for fiberglass vessel
construction. In this method, resin-saturated glass fabric is applied over a
male mold or cylindrical mandrel. The fabric layers are either chopped strand
mat, woven roving, or uni-directional or bi-directional fabric layers. The resin
is usually applied using brushes, but may also be sprayed on.
Contact molding lends itself to the manufacture of complex and non-circular
shapes. It is normally used for small diameter shells, dished heads and flat
bottoms on vessels and tanks. Because of the higher void area associated with
the types of glass fabric used, contact molding offers a higher resin content
(usually above 70%) and hence, is the most corrosion-resistant type of
construction. Since glass reinforcement is not continuous, this type of
construction typically has less tensile strength and modulus of elasticity than
filament-wound construction. Therefore, a vessel wall is typically thicker
using contact-molded construction.
Section X limits the maximum pressure for Class 1 contact-molded vessels to
150 psig. For Class II vessels, the product of the pressure (in psi) and the
diameter (in inches) is limited to 7200 lb./in.
Note: This method is also referred to as hand lay-up, but this term does
not capture all methods of contact molding such as spray-up and machine-
applied.
5.4.2 Filament Winding
Filament-wound construction uses multiple glass filaments that are applied to
a rotating mandrel in a band. The band is typically dipped in a resin bath
during this application.

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Because the glass fibers are continuous, the resulting laminate has the highest
tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of any type of laminate construction.
However, the resin content is lower and hence, the corrosion resistance is
lower than in contact-molded construction. The vessel wall is more difficult to
repair because any repair overlay will necessarily be of contact-molded
construction and typically be twice as thick as the original wall. Because
liquids can weep along the fibers, the external location of a leak does not
represent the internal location of a liner failure. The advantages of filament
winding are that it is faster and stronger than contact molding. This results in
cheaper fabrication costs for large vessel shells.
Because of the great strength of continuous filaments, Section X limits the
maximum pressure of Class I vessels with uncut filaments to 3000 psig and
with cut filaments to 1500 psig. For Class II vessels, the product of the
pressure (in psi) and the diameter (in inches) cannot exceed 7200 lb./in.
5.4.3 Centrifugal Casting and Bag Molding
Centrifugal casting and bag molding are two other methods used to fabricate
fiberglass vessels. These methods are used primarily for small diameter (i.e.,
less than 12 inches in diameter) Section X Class I vessels because the tooling
does not lend itself to large fabrications.
In centrifugal casting, a female mold is loaded with the appropriate fiberglass
reinforcement mats and cloth. Resin is injected into the center of the mold,
then thrown to the outside of the spinning mold by centrifugal force. The
advantage to centrifugal casting is quick fabrication with a well-saturated
resin laminate and no joints. The main disadvantage is that applications are
limited because it is almost impossible to do any side-mounted nozzles.
Bag molding also uses a female mold into which fiberglass cloth is inserted.
Resin is then added and a central inflatable bag squeezes the resin into the
cloth. Again, complex shapes are very difficult to manufacture. Because the
reinforcement fibers are not continuous, the maximum permitted pressure in
Section X is 150 psig for bag-molded construction.
5.4.4 Dual Laminates
Dual laminates are thermoplastic-lined fiberglass vessels. These are currently
allowed in Section X and will be allowed in RTP-1 in the near future.
Materials covered in Section 6.4.8 can be used for linings. Linings typically
are formed into the required vessel shape, then glued, welded, or molded into
one piece. The fiberglass laminate is laid on top of the thermoplastic liner.
In most cases, the thermoplastic liner is backed by imbedded glass or polyester
cloth which helps anchor it to the outside fiberglass laminate. In some cases
like PVC or CPVC, a solvent primer is used to bond the liner to the fiberglass
overwrap. In most cases, a conductive cloth is placed directly behind the
plastic liner so that the entire surface can be spark tested to find any voids or
defects.

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Only a few Fabricators strive to maintain the tooling and special skills
required for this type of construction. Dual laminate construction offers
greatly improved corrosion resistance over straight fiberglass, but is typically
much more expensive. Dual laminate construction may be advantageous when
compared to high-alloy or shorter life solid fiberglass vessels.
5.5 Cure Systems

There are two common types of cure systems used for polyester and vinyl ester resins.
These are methyl ethyl ketone peroxide/cobalt naphthenate (MEKP/CoN) and benzoyl
peroxide/dimethylanaline (BPO/DMA). In certain applications, a cumene
hydroperoxide/cobalt napthenate (CHP/CoN) is also used. In each case, the peroxide
acts as a catalyst and the other part acts as a promoter. A BPO/DMA cure is normally
reserved for the highest degree of resin curing which gives greater corrosion resistance.
Because it is more difficult to use (requiring a two-part pot system and normally an
elevated temperature post cure for maximum effectiveness), this system is generally
more expensive. Therefore, the BPO/DMA cure is more suitable for the toughest
applications. The MEKP/CoN system is the most common, and both parts can be
mixed together in a single resin pot. An elevated temperature post cure can also be
used with this system to ensure maximum resin cure, but is normally not needed.
Epoxy resins are typically mixed together with a curing agent such as an organic acid
hardener. Because of the difficulty in achieving a cure in a reasonable period of time,
elevated temperature post cures are normally required for epoxy resins.
5.6 Design Methods

Both RTP-1 and Section X provide for two design methods: design by rules (Method
A) and design by stress analysis (Method B). In Section X, Method A and Method B
may be used for Class II vessels only. For Class I vessels, the design is verified by
cyclic testing and a burst test. For Class II vessels, the design is verified via an
acoustic emission test. In general, the design rules of Method A are similar in both
RTP-1 and Section X, but each has different design factors that are applied. Design
rules in both RTP-1 and Section X are limited to specific configurations; for most
other configurations, Method B must be used. In RTP-1, a lower design factor is
permissible using Method B, but this is not true in Section X. Also, RTP-1 contains
fabrication details and additional rules and guidance for supports that are not
contained in Section X. All design calculations required by RTP-1 or Section X must
be performed and certified by a registered professional engineer experienced in
fiberglass design.
5.6.1 Design by Rules
Part 3A of RTP-1 and Paragraph RD-1170 of Section X contain basic design
rules for the fabrication of fiberglass vessels. Both contain rules for the design
of cylindrical shells and torispherical, elliptical, and conical heads under
internal and external pressures. The design rules in RTP-1 are slightly
different and employ a higher design factor than in Section X. Part 3A of RTP-
1 or Paragraph RD-1170 of Section X should be utilized whenever possible
for vessels composed of standard elements. In addition, there are rules for the

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design of nozzle reinforcements, stiffening rings and for flange design. RTP-1
also contains rules for the design of lug and double ring supports and
holddown lugs.
Note: Section X places an upper limit to Class II vessels designed by rules
to 75 psig and 96 inches ID.
5.6.2 Design by Stress Analysis
Part 3B of RTP-1 and Paragraph RD-1180 of Section X cover design of
fiberglass vessels using stress analysis. Design by stress analysis can be any
of several methods, but the most common method is finite element analysis
after having determined the laminate properties by use of lamination analysis.
RTP-1 allows a lower design factor if Part 3B is used. Section X has the same
design factors as in design by rules, but allows a higher design pressure for
Class II vessels--up to 200 psig. Because this method can encompass many
vessel configurations, it should be used for all types of complex vessels and
when transient loading such as thermal and cyclic are encountered. RTP-1 also
requires this method for all tanks larger than 16 feet in diameter.
5.6.3 Design Factors
There are some differences between RTP-1 and Section X regarding magnitude
for the design factors. In RTP-1, the design factor using part 3A analysis is 10
for continuous loads and 5 for intermittent loads (e.g., wind and seismic) and
for external pressure. The maximum ultimate tensile stress established by
laminate testing is divided by the design factor to give the allowable design
stress. In Section X, the design factor is put in terms of a strain limit of 0.001
for both internal and external pressure by Method A or a maximum stress
ratio of 6 for Method B. In RTP-1, if Part 3B analysis is used, the design
factor can be reduced to 9 without acoustic emission examination and 8 if an
acoustic emission examination is performed on the completed vessel. Further,
the design factor is always required to be 10 in the corrosion liner. RTP-1 also
provides that for vessels in User-designated critical corrosion service, the
design factor shall be multiplied by 1.25.
5.6.4 Maximum Allowable Design Stress
The maximum allowable design stress is established by testing in both
RTP-1 and Section X. In RTP-1, the Fabricator must have test data for all
qualified laminates. For Section X Class II vessels, a basic laminate unit is
qualified and the maximum allowable design stress is determined from that
test data. Section X Class I vessels are destructively tested to verify the
design. In RTP-1, testing is not required for filament-wound laminates, but the
laminate properties are determined by lamination analysis. In general, the
minimum allowable design stress for continuous loads should not be below
900 psi for an all-mat construction and could be over 2000 psi for a well-
constructed laminate of mat and woven roving. Filament-wound laminates can
have design stresses that exceed 3000 psi. In addition, RTP-1 and Section X
allow a maximum shear design stress of 200 psi. RTP-1 also gives a

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maximum allowable stress of 50 psi in peel. For all field-fabricated tanks and
vessels designed for 2 psi and above, RTP-1 requires a proof test to verify the
design stress values in both the axial and hoop directions.
5.6.5 Maximum Allowable Design Strain
For filament-wound laminates, the maximum allowable design strain for RTP-
1 vessels is 0.001 for continuous loading and 0.002 for intermittent loading
and for external pressure. In Section X, the allowable strain is approximately
0.001 for all types of loading in Method A analysis. In
RTP-1, this elastic modulus is determined via lamination analysis. In
Section X, it is determined by test method. However, due to the difficulty of
applying the test method (which involves winding a flat laminate), only
contact-molded laminates have been used thus far for Class II equipment.
6. Materials
6.1 Resins
6.1.1 Resins specified on the UBRS or drawings shall be used throughout the
laminate. Where resins are not specified, the Fabricator shall submit a request
to the Purchaser to use selected resins that are suitable for the operating
conditions and fluids shown on the UBRS or drawings. All resin shall be
commercial grade, and selection shall be based on supplier test data as
published in corrosion guides or actual field or laboratory tests. Resin
substitution shall not be allowed in any step of vessel fabrication.
6.1.2 The Fabricator shall follow the resin manufacturer’s current fabrication
instructions for proper formulation and cure. If FDA compliance is required,
only resins certified by the resin manufacturer to meet FDA requirements shall
be used, and a post cure using hot air or steam followed by cleaning with
water or steam is required.
6.2 Resin Fillers and Additives

6.2.1 Thixotropic Agents
Resins shall not contain fillers for viscosity control or fire retardancy except
as recommended by the resin manufacturer and agreed upon by the Purchaser.
Addition of thixotropic agents for viscosity control should not exceed 2%. In
cases where the chemical environment contains hypochlorites or attacks glass,
thixotropic agents shall not be used in the corrosion liner or other surfaces that
will be in contact with that environment.
6.2.2 Resin Putty
The use of resin putty shall be minimized and shall not be considered to
provide any structural strength to the laminate. Resin putty intended for use as
filler material shall be made by mixing up to 5% (by weight) of silica flour,
carbon flour, or milled fibers with the resin specified. Resin putty shall never

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be exposed to the process fluid and must always be overlaid with laminate.
Resin putty shall be formulated to cure crack-free.
6.2.3 Styrene
Styrene may be added as a dilutent for viscosity control where required to
improve workability and wet-out characteristics. The amount added shall not
exceed the resin manufacturer’s recommendations and shall not impair fire-
retardant or chemical-resistant properties of the final product.
6.2.4 Ultraviolet (UV) Inhibitors
When the vessel is not to be pigmented, up to 1% (by weight) of the resin
manufacturer’s recommended UV inhibitor shall be added to the resin in the
outer three plies of laminate.
6.2.5 Paraffin
Up to 0.6% (by weight) of paraffin or wax shall be added to the resin-rich
topcoat of non-mold surfaces to aid in curing and assure a tack-free surface.
This is required only for polyester and vinyl ester resins.
6.3 Catalysts and Promoters

Proper curing of the resin is the Fabricator’s responsibility. All vessels fabricated to
this Practice shall be cured to at least 90% of the minimum Barcol hardness specified
by the resin manufacturer. This requirement applies to both interior and exterior
surfaces. Use of a polyester veil or paraffin in the resin may lower the Barcol hardness
below the resin manufacturer’s specifications. The cure system for polyester and vinyl
ester resins shall be MEKP/CoN or CHP/CoN. The use of BPO/DMA shall be used
only when recommended by the resin manufacturer for the intended chemical service
or when specified by the Purchaser.
6.4 Reinforcements
All resins shall contain reinforcements of one or more of the types described in this
Section. A separately cured, unreinforced interior resin gel coat shall not be used.
Integrally bonded chopped strand mat and woven roving are not permitted in the
laminate.
6.4.1 Glass Surfacing Veil
Glass surfacing veil shall be C glass, 10 mils thick, with a silane-type finish
and a binder compatible with the lay-up resin.
6.4.2 Organic Surfacing Veil
Organic surfacing veil shall be apertured or non-apertured polyester veil, 12 to
16 mils thick, with a finish compatible with the lay-up resin.
6.4.3 Carbon Surfacing Veil
Carbon surfacing veil shall be 0.5 oz/yd2, 6 mils thick, with a finish
compatible with the lay-up resin.

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6.4.4 Chopped Strand Mat

Chopped strand mat shall be type E (electrical borosilicate) or ECR (electrical
corrosion-resistant) glass; 0.75, 1, or 1.5 oz/ft2; with a silane-type finish.
6.4.5 Woven Roving
Woven roving shall be E glass, nominal 24 oz/yd2, 5 x 4 square weave, with a
silane-type finish.
6.4.6 Continuous Roving
Continuous roving used for filament winding or in chopper guns for spray-up
shall be E or ECR glass with a silane-type finish.
6.4.7 Oriented Glass Fabric
Uniaxial or biaxial glass fabric used as structural reinforcement shall be E
glass with a silane-type finish.
6.4.8 Thermoplastic Liners
Thermoplastic liners may be used in lieu of or in addition to fiberglass
corrosion liners. The thermoplastic liner materials can be TFE, FEP, PFA,
MFA, PVDF, ECTFE, ETFE, PP, HDPE, PVC, or CPVC from 40 to 250
mils thick. All materials shall meet ASTM specifications and be adopted by
RTP-1 Appendix M-14, Part M14-2. All thermoplastic welders shall be
qualified per RTP-1 Appendix M-14, Part M14-8. Filler materials shall be of
the same ASTM specification as the parent material.
6.4.9 Core Materials
Core materials may be used to provide forms for molding ribs, head knuckles,
or other parts. They may also be used as filler between the bottoms or shells
of double-walled vessels. Core materials shall not be considered part of the
structural wall in the design other than in a purely compressive mode such as
a filler in flat-bottom tank. The cored bottom shall not be subject to bending
loads from internal or external pressure. Balsa wood, cardboard, urethane or
glass foams, plastic fillers, fiberglass mats, or other materials compatible with
the lay-up resin may be used as core materials. Core materials shall always be
covered by laminate and shall never be exposed to the chemical environment.
7. Design
7.1 Design Pressure and Temperature

The design pressure and coincident maximum temperature shall be determined by
carefully considering all operating phases (including liquid head) that the vessel or
tank may experience during the specified project life, such as:
• Initial startup
• Normal operations

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• Temporary operations
• Emergency shutdown
• Emergency operations
• Normal shutdown
• Startup following a turnaround or emergency shutdown
• Cleaning, steam out, and decontamination
• Upset conditions
• Environmental restraints on relief venting
The maximum and minimum operating pressures and temperatures shall be specified
on the UBRS. In addition, refer to the UBRS or Overlay Specification for any margins
to be applied to the maximum operating pressure(s) and coincident temperature(s).
7.2 MAWP and Coincident Maximum Temperature

The MAWP to be marked on the nameplate is defined as the maximum gauge pressure
(in psi) permissible at the top of the completed vessel in its normal operating position
while at the designated coincident temperature for that pressure. This MAWP may be
determined from either the design pressure or calculations based on the specified
nominal component thickness (but reduced by the specified liner thickness). This
applies to both Section X and RTP-1 nameplates.
7.3 Minimum Design Temperature and Coincident Pressure

The minimum design temperature and the coincident pressure to be marked on a
Section X nameplate shall be selected in consideration of the operating phases such as
those listed in Section 7.1. The minimum design temperature shall be given on the
UBRS. When atmospheric temperatures govern the temperature during startup or
normal operations, the lowest one-day mean atmospheric temperature at the
installation site must be considered.
7.4 Design Loads and Load Combinations

The Designer shall determine the loads listed in this Section and specify them in design
calculations. Design loads are defined and classified as follows:
7.4.1 Dead Load (L1)
The Dead Load is the installed weight of the vessel or tank including internals,
catalyst or packing, platforms, insulation, linings, piping, and other permanent
attachments.
7.4.2 Operating Live Load (L2)
The Operating Live Load is the weight of the liquid at the maximum operating
level, including the load of liquid on the trays or held up in packing.

PIP VESFG001
7.4.3 Pressure Load (L3)

The Pressure Load is the MAWP (internal or external at the coincident
temperature) load, including the pressure drop through the vessel or tank. For
vessels with more than one independent chamber, each chamber shall be
designed and constructed to withstand the most severe condition of coincident
pressure and temperature in normal service.
7.4.4 Thermal Load (L4)
Thermal Loads are loads caused by restraining thermal expansion/interaction
of the vessel or tank and/or its supports.
7.4.5 Test Load (L5)
The Test Load is the weight of the test medium (usually water). Design basis
shall consider that the vessel or tank will be tested in its normal operating
position.
7.4.6 Wind Load (L6)
The Wind Load shall be determined in accordance with ASCE 7, UBC, or
applicable local code.
7.4.7 Seismic Load (L7)
The Seismic Load shall be determined in accordance with ASCE 7, UBC, or
7.4.8 Snow Load (L8)
The Snow Load shall be determined in accordance with ASCE 7, UBC, or
7.4.9 Piping and Superimposed Equipment Loads (L9)
Loads caused by piping (other than the dead load) and superimposed
equipment shall be considered as applicable.
7.4.10 Dynamic Load (L10)
Dynamic loads caused by the action of agitators, spargers, or other vibratory
equipment shall be considered as applicable.
7.4.11 Load Combinations
Vessels or tanks and their supports shall be designed to meet the most severe
of the following load combinations (see Section 7.5.7 for vessel supports):
1. L1+L6 Erected Condition with Full
Wind Load
2. L1+L2+L3+L4+L6+L8+L9+L10 Design Condition with Full
Wind Load
3. L1+L2+L3+L4+L7+L8+L9+L10 Design Condition with
Seismic Load

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4. L1+(F)L3+L5+(0.25)L6 Initial Hydrostatic Test

Condition with Vessel in
Normal Operating Position
and 25% of Wind Load
Note: F is the minimum required increase over MAWP to be marked
on the vessel and is equal to 1.1 for Section X vessels and 1.1 to 1.2
for RTP-1 vessels.
7.5 Component Design

7.5.1 Heads and Shells
7.5.1.1 The UBRS shall indicate the principal dimensions of the shell and
heads. Dimensions specified shall include diameter, height or length,
minimum wall thickness (including liner thickness), and head shape.
Thicknesses specified shall be the minimum required by the
Purchaser. For RTP-1 vessels, thickness shall be a minimum of
0.22 inches, including the corrosion liner. For Section X Class II
vessels, thickness shall be a minimum of 0.25 inches, not including
the corrosion liner. For both RTP-1 and Section X vessels,
corrosion liner thickness (100 mils minimum) shall not be included
in the structural calculations for heads and shells.
7.5.1.2 Top heads of vertical tanks, when specified, shall be designed to
support a 250 pound person walking anywhere on the head, in
addition to any external pressure. Maximum deflection of the top
head under all combinations of loadings shall be 1/2 percent of span
at any location. On any flat-sided tank, the maximum deflection of
any wall shall be 1/2 percent of span at any location.
7.5.1.3 Where tanks are agitated by a vertical, top-entering agitator, it is
strongly recommended that the agitator not be supported from the
head. The shell shall be reinforced with external circumferential
stiffening ribs if the tank is agitated.
7.5.1.4 The shells of open-top, vertical tanks shall be provided with a
reinforcing ring at the top of the shell. The ring shall be of sufficient
rigidity to maintain the shape of the tank.
7.5.1.5 Dished heads subject to internal or external pressure or hydrostatic
loads shall be reinforced in the knuckle per RTP-1 Figure 4-2(a) or
Section X Figure RD-1175.2.
7.5.1.6 Flat bottoms on tanks fabricated to RTP-1 shall be reinforced in the
knuckle per RTP-1 Figure 4-3 and have a 1-1/2 inch minimum
knuckle radius. In addition, flat bottoms shall be suitable for
installation on flat, cushioned surfaces (such as those described in
Section 11.2(c)) without the use of grout.
7.5.1.7 Shell joints shall be reinforced per RTP-1 Figure 4-5 or Section X
Figure 1175.2.

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7.5.2 Nozzles and Reinforcements

7.5.2.1 Nozzles shall be as specified in the UBRS and any Overlay
Specification. If not otherwise specified, the design shall conform to
RTP-1 Figure 4-6 or Section X Table RD-620.1. Minimum nozzle
size shall be 2 inches. Threaded connections, bulkhead fittings, or
pad-type nozzles shall not be permitted. All nozzles that are 4
inches and smaller shall be equipped with plate or conical gussets in
accordance with RTP-1 Figure 4-11 or Section X Figure RD-620.4.
Section X requires gussets on nozzles 6 inches and smaller.
7.5.2.2 All manways and all nozzles except those providing clearance for
connecting internal piping (i.e., dip pipe mounting nozzles),
instrumentation, or other specified penetrating nozzles and internal
appurtenances shall be installed flush with the inside of the
equipment per RTP-1 Figure 4-8 or Section X Figure RD-620.5.
Where penetrating nozzles are required, they shall be installed per
RTP-1 Figure 4-9 or Section X Figure RD-620.6. For RTP-1
stamped equipment, the placement of nozzle installation and cutout
reinforcement laminates shall be in accordance with RTP-1 Figure
4-10. For Section X vessels, see Figures RD-620.4 and RD-620.5.
The reinforcement for nozzles and other vessel openings shall be
external to the vessel wall, and the area of opening reinforcement
shall be increased where necessary to limit shear stress to 200 psi.
7.5.2.3 All nozzles with internal projections shall have the ends capped or
wrapped with the same number of surfacing veils present in the
corrosion liner of the shell and heads. All nozzle necks that extend
inside the vessel shall not contain any woven roving. Where
corrosion liners thicker than 100 mils are required, the increased
thickness above 100 mils shall be added to the thickness given in
RTP-1 Figure 4-6 or Section X Table RD-620.1.
7.5.3 Nozzle Flanges
All flanges shall be flat-faced and molded integrally with nozzle stub in
accordance with RTP-1 Figure 4-7(b) or Section X Table RD-620.1. Flange
drilling, dimensions, and thickness shall be in accordance with RTP-1 Figure
4-6 or Section X Table RD-620.1 for 50 psi minimum rating, unless a higher
rating is required. Bolt holes in flanged nozzles shall straddle natural
equipment centerlines unless otherwise noted. They shall also be spot faced on
the back of the flange for ASME B18.22.1 Type A Narrow washers.
7.5.4 Manways
All vessels and tanks more than 36 inches ID shall be equipped with at least
one manway. Tanks more than 16 feet ID shall be equipped with at least two
manways -- one in the shell and one in the roof. Vessel and tanks less than 36
inches ID require full-diameter body flanges for access, unless the vessel has
an integrally molded thermoplastic liner and is a Section X Class I vessel

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excluded from this requirement. Minimum manway size is 20 inches ID, but
24 inches ID shall be provided unless the smaller size is specifically indicated
in the UBRS. Manway dimensions shall be per RTP-1 Table 4-2 and installed
per RTP-1 Figure 4-8. Section X manway dimensions shall conform to Table
RD-620.1 and be installed per Figure RD-620.5. All manways shall be flush
with the inside of the vessel or tank and be provided with studs, bolts, gasket,
and cover. All manway covers shall be provided with two handles for lifting.
The number and size of manways shall be indicated on the drawing or UBRS.
7.5.5 Gaskets
Gasket type, thickness, and material shall be as specified on the UBRS or
Overlay Specification. Unless otherwise specified, all gaskets shall be 1/8 inch
thick, full-faced elastomeric types having a Shore A durometer hardness of 60
(plus or minus 5).
7.5.6 Bolting
Both interior and exterior bolting shall be as specified on the UBRS or
Overlay Specification. Bolts are permissible in sizes up to and including 1
inch in diameter. Studs shall be used in sizes over 1 inch. Bolting and studs
shall be ASME SA-307 Grade B minimum; nuts shall be ASME SA-563
Grade A minimum or other ASME standard. Nuts shall be semi-finished
heavy hex pattern.
7.5.7 Supports
The type of equipment support shall be as indicated in the UBRS or as shown
on the Purchaser’s equipment drawings. The Fabricator is responsible for
proper design of the supports even if design details are shown on the
Purchaser’s equipment drawings. Equipment supports shall be designed for all
maximum coincident loading conditions. If seismic and wind loads are
specified, Designer shall take these into account in the support design. For
design purposes, wind and seismic loads shall not act concurrently. Designer
shall include in design calculations the loading and weight basis of the support
design.
Flat-bottom tanks shall be installed with fully supporting foundations and
shall be anchored. Minimum size of anchor bolts shall be 1 inch. RTP-1 does
not allow anchor bolts to be used to resist internal pressure in flat-bottom
tanks. Design of anchors shall follow RTP-1 Appendix NM-4 with holddown
clips used per RTP-1 Figure NM4-5.
Suspended vessels should use design methods given in RTP-1 Appendix NM-
5.
If horizontal tanks or vessels require saddles for support, a finite element
analysis shall be used to design the supports and check for excessive stresses
in the shell and heads. A Zick analysis shall not be used to design horizontal
vessel support systems because of the different properties of fiberglass

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laminates versus metallic plates. Multiple saddles and additional stiffening are
usually required.
Skirt supports shall be attached to the vessel per Appendix C, Figure 1 of this
Practice. All skirts shall be provided with vent and access openings per
Appendix C, Figure 2. Skirt holddown methods are given in Appendix C,
Figure 3.
7.5.8 Body Flanges
Body flanges, when specified or when required by Section 7.5.4, shall be
designed in accordance with RTP-1 Appendix NM-2 or Section X Paragraph
RD-1176 and shall always contain woven roving. They shall be flat and true
to a tolerance per RTP-1 Table 4-3 and Paragraph 4-700 or Section X
Paragraph RD-620.3 and Figure RD-620.3. Under no circumstances shall the
finished machined and resin coated flange thickness be less than that specified.
(See Section 8.1.4.)
7.5.9 Stiffening Rings
Stiffening rings, if provided, shall be a minimum of 3/16 inch thick and be
constructed similar to RTP-1 Figure 4-4. Other shapes such as trapezoidal,
triangular or flat ribs may be used. The required moment of inertia for
stiffening rings used to support the shell against external pressure is given in
RTP-1 Paragraph 3A-330 or Section X Paragraph RD-1172.1. Core materials
used to help form the rib shape shall not be considered to increase the moment
of inertia.
7.5.10 Internals
Unless otherwise specified, all internals shall be manufactured with the same
materials as the equipment wall. Metallic pipe for tubing or coils shall be as
specified on the UBRS and shall be suitable for cold bending. Coils and other
internal piping, trays, or other internals shall be supported to prevent vibration
or breakage during shipping and operation. Baffles for agitated tanks shall be
of the wedge type with sealed ends or the plate type with gussets. Refer to
Appendix C, Figure 4 of this Practice for baffle construction. Support ledges
for packing supports or other heavy internals shall be integrally molded into
the wall or else utilize a plate clamped between body flanges. Secondary
bonded rings may also be used to support lighter loads such as trays but they
shall be well sealed and all cut edges shall be capped with veil. See Appendix
C, Figure 5 for internal support ledge construction. All internals shall be
covered with a full corrosion liner on the outside and all edges shall be capped
with surfacing veil. A coating of resin only is not permitted. Secondary bonded
internals shall not contain woven roving; they shall be all mat construction. On
internal piping with butt joints, the joint edges shall be wrapped with surfacing
veil before the butt joint overlay is attached. Internal glued joints are not
permitted.

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7.5.11 Nameplates
The completed equipment shall be provided with a nameplate in accordance
with RTP-1 Paragraphs 1-530, 1-540 and 1-550 or Section X Article RS-1. In
addition, the following information shall be provided either on the RTP-1 or
Section X nameplate or a separate nameplate:
• User’s equipment item number
• Initial test pressures
• Purchase order number
• Resin used
• Liner construction
• Capacity in gallons
• Estimated weight when empty, full of process fluid, and full of test water
Nameplates shall be located in an accessible location. The Fabricator shall
show the nameplate location and information provided on the dimensioned
fabrication drawing. On insulated tanks, the nameplate shall be located on a
bracket that extends 1 inch beyond the insulation thickness.
7.5.12 Ladders, Platforms, and Handrails
Where indicated on Purchaser drawings and specifications, the manufacturer
shall furnish ladders, platforms, and handrails. All material shall be in
accordance with PIP STF05501, PIP STF05520, PIP STF05521, and PIP
STF05535. All materials shall also conform to OSHA regulations or
equivalent national standard and any local building code, as required.
8. Fabrication
8.1 Laminates
8.1.1 Corrosion Liner
The corrosion liner shall be at least 100 mils thick and consist of, at minimum,
1 ply of surfacing veil and 2 or more plies of chopped strand mat totaling 3
oz/ft2. No spray-up or chopped strand mat from a chopper gun shall be used in
the corrosion liner. In addition, no colorants, thixotropic, or fire retardant
additives may be used in the corrosion liner. Only paraffin used for surface
cure and fillers used to increase abrasion resistance may be used. Only C
glass, polyester, or carbon surfacing veils are permitted in the corrosion liner.
The corrosion liner shall not be used in structural calculations to determine
vessel wall thickness.
On vessels having a thermoplastic lining, the fiberglass corrosion liner
described above may be omitted. However, a conductive layer shall be placed

PIP VESFG001
directly behind the thermoplastic liner to enable the entire liner surface to be
spark tested.
8.1.2 Structural Layer
The structural layer shall consist of multiple plies of glass cloth, such as
chopped strand mat and woven roving, in contact-molded construction or
multiple cycles of filament winding roving interspersed with chopped strand
mat and/or oriented glass cloth. All filament-wound shells shall contain
chopped strand interspersed between winding cycles and have a minimum
axial strength of 9000 psi. Pigments shall not be added to the structural layer.
The structural layer shall not be applied until the corrosion liner has been
allowed to gel so that resin will not be squeezed out of the corrosion liner
during the fabrication of the structural layer. A layer of chopped strand mat
shall always be laid directly behind the corrosion liner as the start of the
structural layer. The resin used in the structural layer shall be the same as that
used in the corrosion liner.
8.1.3 Exterior Layer
The exterior layer shall consist of either chopped strand mat, a gel coat, resin
paint, or surfacing veil. UV inhibitor or pigment is always required in the
exterior layer. The exterior layer is the only part of the vessel wall that may be
painted or pigmented. Painting or pigmenting shall be done after all internal
inspections are carried out. On polyester and vinyl ester resin vessels, a
paraffinated topcoat is required unless resin paint is applied.
8.1.4 Cut Edges
On any interior cut edges exposed to the chemical environment, the edges shall
be capped with resin and the same number of surfacing veils as in the
corrosion liner. When machining of flange faces is required, the faces shall be
faced with surfacing mat. All other exterior machined surfaces or cut edges
(e.g., boltholes) shall be coated with resin only.
8.1.5 Joints and Secondary Bonds
All resin for capping cut edges and making joints, secondary bonds, and
coatings (and elsewhere throughout the equipment) shall be the same resin
used to construct the structural wall and corrosion liner. Interior secondary
bonds covering shell and head joints shall be a minimum of 3 inches wide on
each side of the joint and shall consist of a minimum of 1 ply of surfacing veil
and 3 plies of 1-1/2 oz./sq. ft. chopped strand mat. If the corrosion liner
thickness exceeds this construction, the interior lay-up shall match the
corrosion liner. Each successive ply shall overlap the preceding ply by a
minimum of 1/2 inch beyond each side. The first ply shall be a minimum of 3
inches wide.
8.1.6 Lapping of Reinforcements
All edges of reinforcing material shall be lapped a minimum of 1 inch for mat
and oriented cloth and 2 inches for woven roving. Lapped edges of adjacent

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layers shall be staggered. In addition, the laps in nozzle reinforcing pads shall
be located at least 45 degrees from the longitudinal axis of the vessel.
8.1.7 Tapering of Secondary Bonds
All interior and exterior secondary bonds shall be tapered at the edges a
minimum of 6:1 to minimize stress concentrations. The material in the taper
shall not count towards the required structural strength of the bond.
8.1.8 Thermoplastic Liners
Thermoplastic liners shall meet the requirements of RTP-1 Appendix M-14,
except that Part M14-7 for shop qualification is not mandatory for Section X
stamped vessels. All provisions of Appendix M-14 are mandatory for RTP-1
stamped equipment.
8.1.9 Mold Release Agents
Molds shall be prepared using a layer of polyester film, carnauba-based paste
wax, or polyvinyl alcohol. All mold release agents shall be removed prior to
inspection and shipment.
8.2 Laminate Tolerances

Laminate thickness tolerances must meet RTP-1 Subpart 2C or Section X Paragraph
RQ-130 or RQ-140. Incorrect laminate sequence is not allowed even if the laminate
thickness exceeds requirements. The fiberglass corrosion liner thickness shall not be
less than 100 mils.
8.3 Laminate Acceptance Criteria

The laminate acceptance criteria for RTP-1 and Section X stamped vessels shall be in
accordance with Section 9.4 of this Practice and Table 6-1 of RTP-1 as applicable.
8.4 Repairs
Minor defects in workmanship may be repaired prior to stamping, provided approval
for method and extent of repair is first obtained from the Purchaser and the Authorized
Inspector (Section X vessels) or the Certified Individual (RTP-1 vessels). All repairs
to RTP-1 vessels shall be in accordance with RTP-1 Appendix M-9. For Section X
vessels, corrosion liner and structural layer repairs for Class II vessels shall be in
accordance with RTP-1 Appendix M-9. Structural repairs to Class I vessels are not
allowed.
8.5 Post Curing

When the UBRS or Overlay Specification calls for post curing the vessel, post curing
shall consist of a cure temperature of at least 180º F for a minimum of four hours.
Post curing is required for equipment containing food or pharmaceutical products,
equipment using a BPO/DMA cure system, and equipment fabricated with epoxy
resins. Post curing by placing the vessel in a circulating hot air oven is preferred.
Circulating hot air from external sources inside the vessel or using steam may also be
used. If steam is used, care should be taken that no steam sparge pipe impinges on the

PIP VESFG001
interior surface or inside any nozzle. For this purpose, a steam sparge pipe projecting
at least 12 inches beyond the interior surface of the nozzle and at least 12 inches from
any wall is required. Only low-pressure (less than 5 psig) steam shall be used. During
the steam post curing process, the vessel is to be maintained at atmospheric pressure.
If hot air for the post cure is generated by fired heaters, a clean burning fuel such as
propane or natural gas shall be used. Kerosene shall not be used.
8.6 Field Joints

Where the field joining of vessel or tank components is required, Fabricator shall
furnish all necessary material. The fabrication procedures shall conform to the
requirements of this Practice and RTP-1 or Section X. The Fabricator is required to
complete the equipment in the field for stamped equipment. The Fabricator shall take
full responsibility for the equipment until it has been completed, tested, inspected, and
stamped in the field.
8.7 Field Fabrication

Tanks with field-fabricated shells shall meet all the requirements of RTP-1, including a
field hydrotest. Tanks more than 16 feet in diameter shall have a laminate proof test
from nozzle cutouts. Only an RTP-1-accredited shop with certificate scope allowing
for field fabrication may be used. Field fabrication of Section X vessels is not allowed
by provisions of this Practice.
8.8 Tolerances
In addition to the mandatory fabrication tolerances given by RTP-1 Figure 4-1 or
Section X, the recommended User’s fabrication tolerances given by RTP-1 Figure
NM7-1 are required for all vessels fabricated per this Practice.
9. Inspections and Tests
9.1 Inspector
There are several types of inspection individuals defined by RTP-1 and Section X.
They include the “Inspector,” the “inspector,” the “Certified Individual,” and the
“Authorized Inspector.” The Inspector used to inspect equipment built to RTP-1 shall
be an individual who is mutually agreeable to the Purchaser and Fabricator. The
Inspector may be employed directly by the Fabricator or Purchaser or be an
independent person hired by the Purchaser or Fabricator. The Inspector is to be
designated on the UBRS, with duties defined in RTP-1 Paragraph 1-400. In
Section X, the Inspector's duties are defined in Paragraph RG-330.
In RTP-1, the Certified Individual employed by the Fabricator is responsible for
ASME certification. In Section X, an Authorized Inspector who is registered with the
NB is responsible for the certification. An additional Purchaser’s inspector shall be
responsible for inspecting the vessel in accordance with the Quality Overview Plan in
Appendix D of this Practice.

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9.2 Resin Cure Tests

Resin cure tests shall be in accordance with RTP-1 Paragraph 6-910 and the following
requirements:
9.2.1 Barcol Hardness Tests
One week after manufacture, all equipment fabricated to this Practice shall be
cured to a minimum of 90% of the resin manufacturer’s recommended Barcol
hardness for fully cured laminates. Post curing may be required to attain this
hardness. Barcol hardness values of laminates containing organic or carbon
fiber surfacing veils can be 3 to 5 points less than those specified. Values
measured when the vessel temperature is above 70º F can also be lower.
Cooling of the surface may be necessary to obtain specified values. A light
sanding of the surface to remove the paraffin layer may also be required to
lower the readings. Barcol hardness tests shall be determined in accordance
with ASTM D2583 for Section X vessels or per Paragraph 6-910 for RTP-1
vessels.
9.2.2 Acetone Sensitivity Tests
All potential air-inhibited cure surfaces of polyester and vinyl ester resin
vessels shall be checked for acetone sensitivity. A tacky surface after
application of acetone indicates an undercured laminate. Recoating with a
paraffinated wax topcoat is required to correct this nonconformity.
9.3 Laminate Thickness Checks

The thickness of laminates shall be checked per RTP-1 Paragraph 6-920 or Section X
Paragraph RG-141. A spot check of all pressure containing laminates shall be
performed. Permissible thickness tolerances shall be in accordance with the applicable
standard.
9.4 Laminate Visual Acceptance Checks

All laminates shall be checked visually in accordance with RTP-1 Paragraph 6-940 or
Section X Paragraph RG-141. The acceptance criteria for RTP-1 equipment is per
Table 6-1; for Section X equipment, acceptance criteria is per ASME Code
Section V, Article 28 Paragraph SD-2563 for structural laminates. All corrosion liners
shall meet the requirements of RTP-1 Table 6-1 for Level 2 laminates unless the
Purchaser has declared the vessel to be in critical service. If critical service is declared
on the UBRS, the laminates shall meet Level 1 requirements.
Since RTP-1 Table 6-1 does not give a density for entrapped air, the maximum
permissible air entrapment density for Level 1 and Level 2 laminates shall be 10
bubbles per square inch for the corrosion liner. For RTP-1 structural laminates, the
maximum density shall be 10 bubbles per square inch for bubbles 1/16 inch and
smaller or 4 bubbles per square inch for bubbles larger than 1/16 inch. In addition, the
criteria for foreign inclusions in the corrosion liner shall be a maximum dimension of
1/32 inch with a maximum density of 1 particle per square foot for both Level 1 and
Level 2 laminates.

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Thermoplastic liners shall meet RTP-1 Appendix M-13, Table M13-5-1 Lining Visual
Inspection Acceptance Criteria.
9.5 Laminate Physical Property and Proof Tests

When specified in the UBRS or when RTP-1 equipment is field-fabricated or designed
for pressures 2 psig and above, the following physical property tests of fully-cured
specimens shall be conducted by a qualified and experienced independent laboratory
using ASTM test methods:
9.5.1 Test Specimen Preparation
Test specimens shall be a full thickness of the laminate as produced and not be
machined on the surface. Test specimens shall be marked with the Purchaser’s
equipment number and sample location so that results can be correlated to the
specific production piece sampled. Specimens prepared from shell cutouts less
than 16 feet in diameter shall be cut in the axial direction of the cylinder to
minimize specimen curvature. Specimens prepared from filament-wound shells
16 feet or more in diameter shall be cut and tested in both the hoop and axial
directions. Specimens prepared from flat laminates shall have their long axis
parallel to the warp of the woven roving. Depending on thickness, tensile test
specimens shall be Type I or Type III, per ASTM D638 Figure 1. Flexural test
specimens shall be Type I of ASTM D790. For thicknesses greater than 0.230
inch, interpolate to the nearest 0.062 inch to determine specimen dimensions.
Edge compressive test specimens shall be in accordance with ASTM D695
Paragraph 6.2. For thicknesses less than 0.525 inch, specimens may be plied
to approximately 0.525 inch. The ends of compressive test specimens must be
milled flat and true at 90 degrees to the surface plane of the specimens.
9.5.2 Testing Specimens
Tensile properties shall be determined on specimens in triplicate per
ASTM D638, speed B (0.20 inch per minute). A load extension plot shall be
made and the chart speed recorded. All flexural tests shall be made with the
“liner” face of the laminate in compression (under the loading nose). When
edge compression properties are required, they shall be determined on three
specimens per ASTM D695. Test results shall be sent in duplicate to the
Purchaser. The report shall include all pertinent details required by the Report
section of the applicable ASTM test method. Load-elongation and load-
deflection plots shall be included.
9.6 Laminate Reinforcement Content Tests

Reinforcing sequence shall be checked by visual means at nozzle cutouts and joint
edges. Where this is not practical, a burnout test shall be made on three specimens per
ASTM D2584. The guidelines given in RTP-1 Paragraph 6-930 shall be followed.
9.7 Hydrostatic Test

A hydrostatic test to check for leaks shall be required on all liquid-filled equipment.
Flat sidewall deflection shall not exceed 1/2 percent of span during the hydrotest. Test

PIP VESFG001
pressure shall be 1.1 times the design pressure at the top of vessel in the installed
position. All testing shall be in accordance with RTP-1 Paragraph 6-950 or Section X
Article RT-6.
9.7.1 Test Water
Testing of vessels should be conducted with water that is clean and free of
debris. Potable water is acceptable for fiberglass equipment. Brackish or
untreated water shall not be used. The Fabricator shall provide all facilities
and materials (e.g., blinds, bolting, and gaskets).
9.7.2 Test Temperature
Before application of the test pressure, the test water and vessel material shall
be allowed to equalize to approximately the same temperature.
9.7.3 Hold Time
The final hydrostatic test pressure shall be held for a minimum of one hour, or
as specified on the drawings and/or specification.
9.7.4 Post Test Requirements
After completion of the hydrostatic test, the vessel shall be drained, dried, and
closed as quickly as practicable. This includes drying internals. Test water in
contact with austenitic stainless steel internals shall have a maximum chloride
content of 50 ppm, and if in contact with the stainless steel for more than 72
hours, shall be treated with an appropriate biocide to prevent biologically
induced corrosion of stainless steel.
9.7.5 Field Test
If field assembly/erection is required, the hydrostatic test shall take place on
the User’s site. Fabricator shall provide a detailed test procedure to the
Purchaser for review prior to testing.
9.7.6 Horizontal Vessels
Horizontal vessels shall be designed to support a full weight load of water.
Horizontal vessels shall be tested while resting on its support saddles without
additional supports or cribbing.
9.7.7 Tall Vertical Vessels
Tall vertical vessels must be tested in the installed position per RTP-1 and
Section X. These vessels must be adequately supported during the test to
prevent damage. A field hydrostatic test is usually required in cases where the
vessel is supported by lugs or ring supports in steelwork.
9.7.8 Flanged Joints
Any flanged joint for which the service gasket is to be furnished by the
Fabricator and which will not be disassembled after testing shall be tested with
the specified service gasket. If the joint is to be disassembled after testing and
employs flanges per ASME B16.5, the test gasket may be selected by the

PIP VESFG001
Manufacturer subject to the limitations in Sections 9.7.8.1 and 9.7.8.2. If the

service gasket is not specified and the joint is to be disassembled after testing
and employs nonstandard flanges (i.e., other than per ASME B16.5), the test
gasket shall be as specified by the Purchaser.
9.7.8.1 In no case shall the nominal thickness of sheet or laminate gasketing
be less than 1/8 inch. Joint sealing compound or gasket lubricant
shall not be used unless specified for the service condition.
9.7.8.2 Flanged joint assemblies specified to be furnished with service
gaskets (e.g., main shell joints, manways, and blind flanged nozzles)
and disassembled following tests shall be reassembled using new
service gaskets. If such joints are shipped unassembled, new service
gaskets for field installation shall be suitably packaged, marked,
and shipped with the vessel (see Section 10.2.3).
9.8 Pneumatic Test

In cases where a hydrostatic test is not feasible, vessels built to RTP-1 or Section X
shall be pneumatically tested to 1.1 times the design pressure. However, due to the
inherent danger of pneumatically testing a relatively non-ductile material, extreme
caution must be taken when conducting this test. All pneumatically tested vessels must
be remotely monitored via acoustic emission examination during the test. After the
vessel has been brought up to the test pressure and held for at least 30 minutes, the
pressure shall be reduced to 80% of test pressure or lower and all nozzles and manway
joints shall be checked for leaks.
Purchase specification shall indicate if pneumatic testing is required in the field on the
User’s site. The detailed procedure for pneumatic testing shall be submitted in writing
by the Fabricator for the Purchaser’s approval.
9.9 Vacuum Test

As required in RTP-1 and Section X, all vessels designed for vacuums below 6 inches
of water column shall be vacuum tested as well as hydrostatically tested. The vacuum
test shall take place after the hydrostatic test. If the vessel is designed only for
vacuum, it shall be vacuum tested with acoustic emission monitoring during the test.
9.10 Acoustic Emission Test

RTP-1 vessels designated in critical service and all Section X vessels shall have an
acoustic emission examination performed during the hydrostatic test. The testing shall
be conducted by a qualified independent testing agency approved by the Purchaser.
The acceptance criteria is given in RTP-1 Appendix M-10 or Section X Article RT-6.
Test procedures and equipment shall be in accordance with ASME Code Section V,
Article T-11.
9.11 Sample Cutouts

If required by the Purchaser’s Overlay Specification, all cutouts from vessel laminates
shall be marked to identify the equipment number and sample location and shall be

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retained for the Purchaser’s inspection. Cutouts are the property of the User and shall
be retained by the Fabricator for at least six months after shipment, unless instructed
otherwise. The extent to which cutouts shall be used by the Fabricator for mechanical
property testing shall be detailed in the Overlay Specifications or UBRS.
10. Shipping
10.1 Cleaning and Painting or Pigmentation

All equipment fabricated in accordance with this Practice shall be cleaned inside and
outside and shall be free of oil, grease, marking compounds, mold release agents,
grinding dust, stray glass fibers, and general shop soil to provide a mutually
acceptable workmanlike product. The interior is to be dried after testing and cleaning.
After all internal and exterior laminate quality inspections have taken place, the vessel
may be painted or pigmented with an exterior resin coat in accordance with the
requirements of the UBRS. Any exterior carbon steel surfaces (e.g., holddown clips,
ladders, platforms, and handrails) shall be prepared and painted or galvanized in
accordance with the requirements of the UBRS. To protect from rust, exterior alloy
steel bolting shall be coated with a lubricant or else galvanized or PTFE-coated.
10.2 Preparation for Shipment

10.2.1 Nozzle Covers
Blind flanged connections, including manways, shall have the blinds attached
with a full complement of new bolts. These bolts may have been used for the
hydrostatic test. All nozzles shall be provided with covers. All flange faces
other than those furnished with permanent blinds shall be covered with 1/2
inch thick wood or 1/8 inch thick steel plate no smaller than the flange OD.
The cover shall be secured with a minimum 25% (but no fewer than four)
complement of bolts.
10.2.2 Internals
If any internals cannot be safely shipped in place, the Fabricator shall
assemble them in the vessel to be sure the internals fit properly with any
specified clearances or tolerances. Only after this trial assembly shall internals
be removed, identified, tagged, and shipped separately.
10.2.3 Accessories
All bolting and other loose parts shall be suitably packaged and labeled with
the purchase order number. Uncoated bolts and nuts shall be coated with a
suitable thread lubricant to prevent corrosion during transportation and
storage. The lubricant shall be easily removable with mineral spirits or a
solvent.

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10.3 Handling and Lifting

Impact or excessive distortion can cause cracking or crazing of the laminate structure.
Therefore, special consideration shall be given to the following as recommended in
RTP-1:
a. Vertical fiberglass vessels shall be provided with lifting and/or tailing lugs for
moving or repositioning. Vessels shall not be rolled, slid, dropped, or thrown.
All shop-built vessels and tanks shall be provided with lifting lugs designed by
the Fabricator for a shock factor of 1.5.
b. Where lifting lugs are not used, woven fabric rigger-slings of 3-inch width
minimum shall be used for lifting cylindrical vessels in a horizontal position.
c. Open-end equipment (e.g., open top tanks) shall be provided with internal cross
bracing or external structure to prevent damage from distortion during handling
and transporting.
d. For lifting an uncrated and unskidded open-end vessel in a vertical position, a
spreader bar shall be used to prevent damage from excessive distortion.
e. Where a spreader bar is required for proper lifting, a stenciled notation to that
effect shall be applied to the vessel in a prominent location prior to shipment.
Woven fabric rigger-slings of 3 inch minimum width and adequate strength
should be for lifting fiberglass vessels. These slings shall be used in direct
contact with the vessel. Unpadded chains or cables shall not be wrapped around
a fiberglass vessel for lifting.
f. Lifting cables and/or straps shall not be attached to or permitted to come in
contact with nozzles, flanges, gussets, or accessories other than lifting lugs,
unless specifically approved by the Fabricator.
g. When a vessel is being lifted, a guideline shall be attached to prevent impact
damage caused by swing contact with other objects.
10.4 Temporary Storage

As recommended in RTP-1, fiberglass vessels shall be placed on shipping cradles or
dunnage resting only on firm level surfaces during storage or repositioning. Vessels
shall not rest on stones, tools, chocks, or other small hard objects. When stored
outdoors, vessels shall be adequately tied down to prevent movement due to wind or
water flotation. Closed vessels shall not be completely sealed. Where a large open-end
vessel is stored in a horizontal position, bracing is required at the open end to prevent
excessive distortion. One cross brace with suitably padded end plates to distribute the
load shall be installed perpendicular to the surface on which the vessel is resting.
10.5 Shipping Protection

As recommended in RTP-1, cylindrical vessels that are being shipped shall be
protected as follows:
a. Vessels shipped horizontally shall be mounted on padded cradles. These saddles
shall have 120 degrees minimum arc and be at least as wide in inches as the

PIP VESFG001
vessel measures in feet of diameter. The cradles shall be placed as close as

possible to the top and bottom heads and/or other stiffened areas of the vessel.
b. Vessels shall be secured to the truck or railcar with padded banding straps that
are properly fastened to the bed of the vehicle. Vessels shall also be blocked at
the ends to prevent shifting in transit. The blocks shall be padded and bear only
on the knuckle radius of the flat or dished heads. Railcar transportation shall be
avoided whenever possible. If railcar transportation is necessary, a cushioned
end car shall be used. Road trailers shall be of the “airride” suspension type.
c. Vessels being shipped in a vertical position shall be secured to a pallet or skid,
then fastened to the bed of the vehicle with padded banding. Small vessels being
shipped in an enclosed trailer shall be completely crated with padded blocking
between the vessel and the inside of the crate.
d. Vessels should be secured to the vehicle with 1-1/2 inches or more clearance
between the vessel (including external fittings, nozzles, and other projections)
and the bed of the truck or railcar. Small vessels may be shipped on pallets or
skids to permit handling by forklift truck. When two or more separate units are
shipped together, sufficient clearance shall be provided between units to prevent
contact during transit.
11. Receipt and Installation
This Section provides guidance to the User, as given in RTP-1, on proper receipt and
installation fiberglass equipment. This guidance is not the responsibility of the
Fabricator unless the Fabricator also installs the equipment.
11.1 Receiving Inspection

Prior to removal from the truck, trailer, railcar, or shipping container, the vessel
should be inspected to determine if damage was incurred during transit. If damage is
observed, the carrier representative shall be notified immediately and the unloading
operation shall be delayed until the carrier representative’s inspection has been
completed. The receiving inspection should include a complete check for the following:
a. External surface damage such as cuts, penetrations, delaminations, or fractured
areas
b. Nozzle damage such as broken nozzles, broken flanges, or gouged flange faces
c. Internal surface damage such as crazing-white areas with star-shaped surface
cracks
d. Vessel damage at contact points of dunnage, cradles, chocks, or holddown strap
bands
11.2 Installation
During installation of fiberglass vessels and tanks, the following considerations should
be given to ensure adequate service:

PIP VESFG001
a. To avoid localized damage during storage or repositioning, fiberglass vessels

should be placed only on firm level surfaces that are free of stones, tools, or
other small hard objects.
b. The support base surface for flat-bottom tanks shall be nonporous and free of
cracks, depressions, and vertical projections. Reinforced concrete with a trowel
finish is often used as a support base. The support base shall be flat within 1/4
inch of a horizontal plane; if sloped, the support base shall not have projections
greater than 1/4 inch above the surface plane.
c. Flat-bottom tanks should be set on a cushioning pad to minimize stresses caused
by seams, shrinkage distortions, and/or support base or vessel bottom
irregularities. The pad shall be 1/2 inch thick, closed cell elastomeric sponge
material of suitable composition with a compression deflection range of 5 to 9
psi or 1/2 inch asphalt-impregnated felt. Resin or cement grout, petroleum base
mastic/sand mortar, or other suitable conforming material which will cushion
the vessel bottom over surface irregularities of the support base or tank bottom
may also be used.
d. If the vessel has a bottom drain, the support base shall be notched to provide
clearance with the nozzle flange or reinforcement.
e. If the support base has a trench to accommodate bottom discharge piping, a
structural grating trench cover shall be installed flush with the top of the support
base to minimize any unsupported area of the tank bottom.
f. To prevent nozzle damage due to piping strains, flexible connectors shall be
used to connect metallic piping that is 2 inches and larger to vessel nozzles.
g. Valves attached directly to vessel nozzles may need to be independently
supported so that weight and torque forces will not be transmitted into the
nozzle.
h. Flanged piping connections shall use flat face flanges with full face gaskets. If a
raised face piping flange must be connected to a flat face fiberglass flange, a
blocking ring spacer should be utilized (see RTP-1 Figure NM9-2). Metal
washers shall be used under all bolt heads and nuts. All bolts or studs shall be
well lubricated before tightening. Do not exceed the Fabricator’s recommended
torque when tightening the bolting. Tighten in a sequence as shown in RTP-1
Figure NM9-3.
i. Vertical or side-entering agitation equipment shall be supported independently
from the vessel to prevent excessive vibration that might damage the nozzle or
vessel wall.
j. Provision shall be made to prevent the vessel contents from freezing. A positive
venting arrangement shall also be provided, such as a conservation vent, relief
valve, or open vent sized to prevent the maximum allowable working internal
and external pressure from being exceeded.

PIP VESFG001
k. Storage tanks shall have overflows as large as any inlet nozzle. Roof nozzles
shall not be used as overflows on flat-bottom storage tanks as required by RTP-
1 Paragraphs 5-400(b) and 5-400(c).

APPENDIX A
Fabricator’s Design Report

PIP VESFG001
APPENDIX A
Fabricator’s Design Report
The Fabricator’s Design Report, per Paragraph 1-300 of RTP-1 or Paragraph RG-321 of Section X,
shall contain at least the following data:
1. Design Calculations
2. Fabrication Drawings
3. Certification by a registered professional engineer of the above two items for RTP-1 vessels
and Section X Class II vessels
4. Final copy of the UBRS updated with all fabrication changes
The following are required only in a Section X Fabricator's Design Report:
1. Material manufacturer’s specification sheets for resin, fiber reinforcement, promoters,
catalyst, and other components used in laminate construction
2. Procedure Specification for all laminates
3. Properly certified Form RP-2 for parts of the vessel fabricated by other fabricators
4. Qualification Test Report for Class I vessels
5. Records of Quality Control Test Reports
6. Production Test Report
Page A-2 Process Industry Practices

APPENDIX B
Documentation Schedule
PIP VESFG001
APPENDIX B
Documentation Schedule
Equip. No. ___________________________ P.O. No. ____________________________ S.O. No.___________________________

Equip. Description _________________________________________________________________________________________________
Project Engineer __________________________________________ Phone No. _________________________________________
"WKS" Column = Number Of Weeks Required From P.O. Date

"P" Column = Number Of Legible Prints Required
"T" Column = Number Of Transparencies Required
(2)
WITH BID FOR APPROVAL FINAL CERTIFIED DATA WITH ALLOW FOR USER
(3)
BOOKS EQUIP APPROVAL
ITEM T P WKS T P WKS T P WKS P P WEEKS FROM
RECEIPT OF DATA
Current UBRS
Vessel Outline Dimensions
Vessel Details
Vessel Structural Attachments

For Ladders, Platforms, etc.
Foundation and Support Loadings
All Laminate Sequences with a

Legend
Nondestructive Exam. &

Post Cure Procedures
Design Calculations
Shipping Diagram & Rigging

Instructions
Fabricator's Data Package

(See Sheet 2)
Fabrication Sequence &

Schedule
Sub Vendor/Supplier List
Progress Report (Monthly)
NOTES:
1. Drawings and data are to be mailed to _____________________________________ unless submitted with quotation.
2. Final certified drawings are to be submitted within 2 weeks of receipt of “Approved” or “Approved As Noted” prints.
3. All data must be supplied prior to submission of invoice.
4. All questions of a technical nature shall be directed to ___________________________________________________.
5. Reproducibles and original film drawings shall not be folded for mailing.
6. Each copy of all data (e.g., Drawing Sheets, manuals) must be certified by Fabricator with equipment or instrument Tag
Number and Purchase Order Number written or typed on the face of each copy.
Page B-2 Process Industry Practices

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Fabricator’s Data Package
The Fabricator’s Data Package is to include:

1. Final certified fabrication drawings as described in this Appendix
2. Fabricator’s Design Report (see Appendix A)
3. Post cure charts (time/temperature record)
4. Pressure test charts (time/pressure/water temperature record)
5. Non-destructive examination records and reports
6. Nameplate facsimile
7. Copies of all material log sheets, including material certifications and lot numbers
8. Copies of all inspection checklists or travelers
9. Copies of any certified laminate or proof tests required
10. Description of non-conformities accepted by the User, if any
11. Required bolt preload for custom flanges
12. Any other documentation required in the UBRS
Process Industry Practices Page B-3

PIP VESFG001
Fabricator’s Drawing Information
The Fabricator shall provide certified assembly and working drawings for all vessels and tanks.
Fabricator's drawings shall have the same designation for nozzles, manways, skirt openings, and
column trays as shown on Purchaser's drawings. Drawings shall be complete and shall include, but not
necessarily be limited to, the following information:
1. Maximum Allowable Working Pressure and coincident maximum design temperature (internal and
external, if applicable) (see Section 7.2)
2. Minimum Design Temperature and coincident Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (see
Section 7.3)
3. Reference to ASME RTP-1 or Section X, Edition, and Addenda. Include any Code Cases used
and special service restrictions.
4. Special service notes (e.g., “for Critical Corrosive Service” followed by a description of the
service)
5. National Board registration number (“RP”-stamped vessels)
6. Design specific gravity
7. Liner thickness and type
8. Secondary bonded joint details. All secondary bond overlays shall be detailed and identified by
use of standard symbols described in a drawing legend.
9. Nondestructive examination requirements
10. Post curing requirements
11. Hydrostatic, pneumatic, or vacuum test pressures, as applicable
a. Shop test in horizontal position (referenced to top of vessel)
b. Shop test in vertical position (referenced to top of vessel) (except for horizontal vessels)
c. Any Field in operating position (referenced to top of vessel)
12. Material specifications for all components and all attachments to components
13. Thickness and laminate sequences of all components.
14. All pertinent dimensions, including location of weld seams, knuckles, manways, nozzles and
projections, vessel supports, insulation supports, and any other information necessary for a
complete description of the vessel
15. Complete description of all vessel flanges (including both standard and custom-designed),
pressure bolting, and gaskets
16. Legend describing laminate sequence symbology
17. Sensitive leak tests, if any
18. Vessel support details
19. Surface preparation, painting, or other protective coating specifications
20. Estimated weight of vessel when empty, operating, and full of water
21. Design capacity of vessel (or each compartment) (in gallons)
22. Full size reproductions of Fabricator & ASME nameplates as stamped by Fabricator
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PIP VESFG001
23. Purchaser's vessel identification number(s) and title

24. Reference to Purchaser’s specifications. Fabricator shall include on the drawings a reference to
all applicable codes, standards, and specifications (including all applicable PIP documents and
any applicable Fabricator standards). References shall include date of issue. When reference is
made to Fabricator's own standards, copies of such standards shall be included with the
submitted working drawings.
25. Special cleaning instructions and purging instructions, if applicable
26. Extent of any laminate sample testing requirements
27. Details of any thermoplastic lining. Include thickness, joint configuration and location, and
material specification, if applicable.
28. Wind and seismic zone design conditions
29. Recommended bolt torque for all flanges
30. Name of the User and Fabricator
31. Design fill level of liquid contents in the vessel or tank
32. Installation name and location
33. Full details of all attachments
34. Operating conditions, if given
35. Special fabrication tolerances
36. Nozzle schedule. Include nozzle mark, nozzle service (if designated), reference to nozzle details
on drawing, gusset type, and all dimensions shown on RTP-1 Figures 4-6, 4-8, 4-9 and 4-11 or
Section X Figures RD-620.1, RD-620.4, RD-620.5, and RD-620.6.
Special Notes
Fabricator's drawings shall also include the following notes as applicable:
1. Declaration of critical or lethal service (lethal services are prohibited in Section X)
2. Laminate defect level and maximum density of entrapped air
Process Industry Practices Page B-5

APPENDIX C
Fabrication Figures
APPENDIX D
Quality Overview Plan

For
RTP-1 and Section X Vessels
PIP VESFG001
APPENDIX D
Equip. No._________________________________________ P. O. No. S. O. No.

Equip. Description
Project Engineer Phone No.
Inspection Contact Phone No.
Activities checked apply to the above item. In most cases, the Purchaser representative will require five (5) days notification to make
arrangements for hold point inspections.
QUALITY OVERVIEW ACTIVITY DOCUMENTATION
REVIEW WITNESS INSPECT HOLD POINT REQUIRED
No. Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No
1. Resin identification
2. Acetone wipe test
3. Barcol Hardness test
4. Ultraviolet stabilizing record
5. Nozzle cutout specimens
6. Visual inspection of laminate quality
7. Post curing
8. Hydrostatic test and/or vacuum test
9. Acoustic emission test
10. External dimensional check - orientation/elevation
11. Internal dimensional check
12. Laminate thickness
13. Out-of-roundness check
14. Shell wall taper check
15. Plumbness and squareness of connections, supports,

etc.
16. Flange drilling check
17. Flange bolt hole spot facing check
18. Flange face flatness check
19. Vessel bearing surface flatness check
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PIP VESFG001

QUALITY OVERVIEW ACTIVITY DOCUMENTATION
REVIEW WITNESS INSPECT HOLD POINT REQUIRED
No. Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No
20. Knuckle radius of head-to-shell joint check
21. Non-slip surface on top head check
22. Radiusing of all corner joints check
23. Inspect nozzle joint secondary bond lay-up
24. Inspect secondary bond lay-up for attachments
25. Gusset installation and sealing
26. Bolt hole resin sealing check
27. Spark test of thermoplastic liner
28. Nameplate stamping and installation check
29. Final cleaning and shipping protection check
30. Check shop fit-up of field assembled items
31. Check match marking of field assembled items
32. Check proof test results
33. Release for shipment
34. Obtain Fabricator’s Data Report
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Process Industry Practices Page D-3

PIP VESFG001
Quality Overview Notes
1. The User or the User’s Designated Agent will provide the Fabricator with a completed Quality
Overview Plan.
2. The Fabricator is to provide the User with the documents for review, witness/hold point activity
notification, and inspection opportunity as indicated by the User on the Plan, as follows:
2.1 Review: Fabricator is to provide documentation, the review of which will allow the
User to verify that the referenced construction activity has been performed as
specified. Other construction requirements may be verified/audited.
2.2 Witness: Fabricator is to notify User not later than five days before performing the
referenced construction activity so that the User may exercise the option to observe.
Other construction requirements may be verified/audited.
2.3 Inspect: Fabricator is to provide User access to physically conduct internal/external

inspection of the referenced item. Other construction requirements may be
verified/audited.
2.4 Hold Point: Fabricator must notify User not later than five days before performing the
referenced construction activity and must receive authorization from the User before
performing the activity. Other construction requirements may be verified/audited.
3. Some of the items in this Quality Overview Plan are covered elsewhere in this Practice.
4. If a work item is not checked, then there is no requirement to provide documentation or

notification to the User. However, the work item itself is still required to be performed if specified
elsewhere in this Practice, the Data Sheet, the purchase order, the Code, etc.
Page D-4 Process Industry Practices

Fiberglass Tank and Vessel Selection, Design, and Fabrication Specification ASME RTP-1 and Section X

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Fiberglass Tank and Vessel Selection, Design, and Fabrication Specification ASME RTP-1 and Section X

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Process Industry Practices

© Process Industry Practices (PIP), Construction Industry Institute,

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Process Industry Practices

1. Introduction .................................3 4.9 Conflicts.......................................... 8

Process Industry Practices Page 1 of 37

7. Design ....................................... 19 9.5 Laminate Physical Property and

8. Fabrication................................ 26 10. Shipping ....................................34

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1.3 Alternative Design Proposals

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judgment, economy and/or improved schedule can be realized without reducing

2.1 Process Industry Practices (PIP)

2.2 Industry Codes and Standards

• American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

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• American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

• Association for Information and Image Management (AIIM)

Construction: An all-inclusive term comprising materials, design, fabrication, examination,

Overlay Specification: Technical requirements that supplement or override the provisions of

Process Industry Practices Page 5 of 37

User’s Basic Requirements Specification (UBRS): The comprehensive requirements data

4.1 Applicable PIP Documents

4.2 ASME Requirements

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length or pressure. The 6-inch dimension excludes the thickness of any

4.3 National Board Registration

4.4 Jurisdictional Compliance

4.5 Units of Measurement

4.7 Fabricator’s Responsibilities

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4.10 User’s Basic Requirements Specification

4.11 Documentation to be Provided by the Fabricator

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d. Calculations associated with lifting and erecting the tank or vessel

5.1 ASME RTP-1 Vs. Section X

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5.1.2 Section X Philosophy and Coverage

5.2.1 Polyester Resins

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5.2.2 Vinyl Ester Resins

5.3 Corrosion Veils

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Polyester veil also offers resistance to HF and demineralized water and

5.4 Construction Methods

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Process Industry Practices Page 13 of 37

5.5 Cure Systems

5.6 Design Methods

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Process Industry Practices Page 15 of 37

6.2 Resin Fillers and Additives

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6.3 Catalysts and Promoters

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6.4.4 Chopped Strand Mat

7.1 Design Pressure and Temperature

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7.2 MAWP and Coincident Maximum Temperature

7.3 Minimum Design Temperature and Coincident Pressure

7.4 Design Loads and Load Combinations

Process Industry Practices Page 19 of 37

Equip. No. _ P.O. No. S.O. No._