0102/2018 See ong 1: ‘The Angiosperm PLANTAE KINGDOM Nepegaie veya a, ee _ DIVISION ANGIOSPERMAE ran (ANTHOPHYTA) Green yaar | THEFLOWERING PLANTS x ey, * 4 i“ i Fetes # pans Evolution of Angiosperms Evolution of Angiosperms... { ‘ANGIOSPERMAE ‘am The term angiosporm is derived from two Greek Words Angeion means vessel, Sperma means Seed. 8 The vesselis the carpel. 2 Angiosperms generally Gymnesperms in many respects resemble 3 However, the enclosed ovules and seeds of the angiosperms are the features that distinguish them from the exposed ovules and seeds of ‘gymnosperms.¥ 91/02/2018 Exposed versus Closed Seeds apodeme ond Seto twain pat ‘THE ANGIOSPERM: exvener mmarvaes The angiosperms are the most recently evolved ‘and the most successful ofall plant groups ‘The production of flowers, fruits and soads and the ability fo survive in practically every type of, environment are the two most Important factors in he success of angiosperms BlThey are the dominant plants on earth today existing as trees, shrubs, herbs, llanas, vines, ‘grasses and sedges. GENERAL FEATURES. With over 257,000 extant species Angiosperm account for most of green plants, land plants, and seed plants diversity ¥Angiosperms are the most widely spread plant spp on terrestrial life including deserts, fresh and marine water environments (waterlilies and sea grasses) GENERAL FEATURES... ‘ZaSome are aquatic and epiphytic plants aThey vary greatly in size, shape, texture and form (Herb, Grasses, Shrub, Tree, Liana, Vines) + Tree_- a tall, woody (hard lignified) perennial plant vith 6 singe rank + Shrub_- & much-branched woedy perennial plant usually without a single trunk, + Herb - usualy low, som or coarse plant with annual above ground stems. Lack woody tissue (GENERAL FEATURES... + Liana_- an elongate, weak-stemmed, often climbing annuel or perennial plant, with woody texture + Mine_- an elongate, weak-stemmed, often climbing annual or perennial plant, with |* herbaceous texture “ * Suffrutescent - Woody basally, herbaceous epically (intermediate between woody and herbaceous)01/02/2018 GENERAL FEATURES... other flowering plants are parasitio Le. cocasionally cause serious crop losses as they bine about their host and intereapt food and ‘water intake in the host xylom and phloem Plants infested with Casytha fiformis PLANT PARTS ‘Root - An absorbing and anchoring organ, usually intially Geveloped trom the radiela and’ growing ownware ssStom - A supporting and conducting organ usually leveloped initially from the opleoty! and growing upward SiLeaf = A photosynthetlo and transpiting organ ‘oxpanded, usually green, organ tora onthe stom of 3 plant ‘SFlower-Reprocuctive structursof flowering plants “Fruit. Maturad evaryet lowering plants Seed. Maturad ovulaof seed plants LIFE SPAN OF ANGIOSPERMS ‘aFlowering plants differ in their life span: 1 Annual plant- Lives for one growing season 2 Biennial plant - Lives for two seasons, * Growing vegetativelyin the frst saseon and + Flowering in the second season 1 Perennial plant - A peronnial lives for three ormore season wo01/02/2018 SENERAL FEATURES... SaThe angiosperm like gymnosperms are heterosporous (have ovules & pollen). "ithe female gametophytes are entirely within sporophyte tissue and reduced to only a few cells. GiThe male gametophyte consist of germinated pollen grain with three nuclei at maturity. ANGIOSPERM DERIVED CHARACTERISTICS 4. Flowers * The flowers of angiosperms are the most remarkable feature distinguishing them fom other seed plants 1 Flowors: + enable a wider range of evolutionary relationships * broadening the ecological niches open to the fowering plants * allowing Angiosperms eventualy to dominate terrestrial ecosystems, ‘Ae Stamens: with two pairs of poten sacs Stamens are much lighter than the corresponding organs of gymnosparms ® Have contributed to the diversification of angiosperms tough time with adaptations ‘o specialized pollination conditions * Stamens have also become modified through ime to prevent selffertitzation again to increase diversity, allowing angiosperms to eventually fil more nich: ANGlosPERuDEaIvencuaractensnes. | 8. Reduced male parts: three ceils. The reduced male gametophyte in Bigiosnerms may have evolved to decrease the ‘amount of “time. from pollination, “to fertilzation, In gymnosperms fertilization can occur up to a Year after pollination, while. In flowering planis the fertiizalion Brocass beging very Soon after pollination, allowing angiospermna, ultimataly, to set seeds sooner and factor than gymnosperms, ANGIOSPERM DERIVED CHARACTERISTICS... 4. Closed carpel enclosing the ovules (carpel of carpels and accessory parts may become. the frat. * The closed carpel of angiosperms alsa allows adaptations ecw pollination syndrome ‘and controls’ to prevent ‘self, fertilization, * Once the ovary is fertiized the carpe! and some surrounding tissues develop ine 2 fh vihioh is an adaptation to dispersal anctre gpoortunity for angiosperms to increase their domination of te lerrestlal ecosystem.01/02/2018 ANGIOSPER DERIVED CHARACTERISTICS... Endosperm: Endosperm is a highly nutritive {sgue iat can provide food for tha Gevelopin mba, ts col edna and sommatimes of Be Seeding vinon it frst appears. Endosperm formation generally begins after fertlization and botore the rat aiden of te Zygoie. These distinguishing characteristics taken together have” made the Anglosperms the most diverse and fumerous land plants and the most commercially” important group” to iumans. ORIGIN OF ANGIOSPERUS The are two school of thoughts: 1. According to one School of thought (eg. Adolph Engler and his ‘follewers) Primitive ‘lowers of Angiosperms are similar in structure to strobill of conifers (a.g. Gnetum ). They are Inconspicuous and also exist in clusters as in 2g. grasses This was based on the fact that some Conifers Produce flower like reproductive structures, have vessels in thelr wood and have net-veined leaves and undergo double fertilization independently from the pteridasperms (sot forms) (¢.g. Caytonia) or eycadeoides)and that a flower is really a modified stem bearing leaves It is believed therofore that most primitive flowers are those having Iong receptacle sith many eplrally arranged flower parts that are Separated and not differentiated into sepals ‘and petals and with flattened stamens ‘and carpals Such flowers are found among the relatives of Magnolias and buttarcups, ‘aNumbor of Cotyiadona:Ciools ORIGIN OF ANGIOSPERUS... Plena eee ce nL ENTS 2It is also believed that angiosperm evolved divided inte two class |. Monocotyledonae |.Dicolyledonae “This classincations based on: ‘witn2colyledons* Monocots ‘nth ony dre cotyledon "Roots loots with primary ‘oot ataproots, manocats the Drimary foot frou roots "Veration As a rule venation fe olioulatein dicate ard Paralisiin monacetso1/02/2018" ‘CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERING PLANTS "mDicot lowers partes, oy while monccola are Trimeroue 4 (in ormatpie ot 35) ry ‘aVescuar bundles: oot rng ect open Le. they contain astrip of ,ozee omblum whien ges nie tothe ST Secondary growin, while in ‘monceats ore seatiored i the (pound Ussue and closed and encore secondary srowth Pollan grains: in the aleot, pollen grains mesiy with re} ‘eerires whereas inthe rmoneect pollen rains most "THE FAMILIES OF FLOWERING PLANTS ® Total number of flowering plants is estimated tobe 20,0008 6 (The now estimate is that there are about 00,000 flowering plant species. Read mors at: hitp:lfphys.orainews204438872.himi#iCD 4 These fall into between 398 - 457 families, Dicots fall in 336 familiee and Monocots in 57 families (Goldenberg, 2003). However, within this number there are 55 ‘eptional segregate farniios ‘FAMILIES WITH LARGEST NUBISER OF SPECIES ©The most diverse families of flowering plants, in order of rumber of species, are: 4.Asteracaae or Compositae 28 8° cies 2 Orchidaceae (orchid family): 24,950 species 3 Fabecoae or Leguminosae goa fami 19,400 4.Rublaceze: 13,165 (coffee family) ‘S.Poaceae or Gramineae (grass family): 10,035, S.Lamiaceas or Labiatae (mint family) 7,173 7.Euphorbiaceae (spurge family): 5,735 B.0yperaceae (sede family): 4,350 ‘8.Malvaceae (mallow family): 4,225 40,Araceae (aroid family}: 4,025 1 nth ist above chowing only the 10 largost aioe). the Orehiaaceas, Poanene, Cyperaceaoand Aracoue Ss monecot familias! the dire ae dicot fai ‘ATYPICAL ANGIOSPERM FLOWER ‘FLOWEN AND THE ANGIOSPERULE la A fowar is Intorprsted ac the ‘modified tgavenof the stem Flower has the following parts: la Receptacie Is the swollen tp of comes 2 pedicol on hich tho floral parts are attached. lb Sepais- Tho towormost oF outermost structures, which aro aly, Jan ake and protest te developing flower. Collectively rowns GALYE. la Patale- Located ins and above the. sopale, brightly coloured known ae corsa Porlanth - The combined calyx and cortia.01/02/2018 Flowering Plant— Flower cont... POSITION OF FLORAL LEAVES AT RECEPTACLE — Itfertorand the crary ie superion BaEpigyny: The margine of he thalamus "“taiGyncectum: the fae erin of Bore farther domarde “compltely ea a id Se Erelsing the ovary ana getting used watt ee Sdocet ‘Tid boars septa petal slamens shove ‘be oven The oraty aad tobe rar BU consats of one or more andthe reat ot the foal members corpely each made up ofan Stperice brary, styleard stigma “aPalgyny, The margins of the thalamus our ma mange Tedd te yl thea” sundry ASibererte ST Fi Flowering Pant (Dicotyledon) f ‘TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FLOWERS * COMPLETE: when all the four whorls are present (calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium) + INCOMPLETE: when one or more of the four whorls is missing *PERFECT- a flower with both androecium and gynoecium parts (bisexual flower) « ‘IMPERFECT a flower __ missing androecium or gynoscium (unisexual flower)01/02/2018 Palin aan development Nae ane [ Zevated wt pir fasun wh ‘cas eid hye. [so ectorprum undergs mia son {Galengranmobnercaiay™” "=" <= distaionte procse atstalatfouresi anges afer tan "xine and the inner layers the tne are teens as ‘gamatephyta. oy ‘Owile development Female gametophyte gsr 1a Tho dovelopmant of ovul| Harta oe eveling Grau) Gatfed “* paconus "thal Shlarges, and forms twa ‘ayers intorgumants) AL tno nex the| Imorgumonts “orm the| Sppeslatonm the chalas| Hat ruccinus enn re magasporoeyie or Maga spore mother ell Te gc Begnenorarte Undergoes iio proguce four opioid megsenors ‘Ovale development Female gametophytan. gpg erlarves ones ia oni ae, Heh ce ish se Three are 4 ony fre hd 3nd spas i the eel nueist vee Pollination, Fertilization and Sead formation [Efotinaton ste ranser of pion grin om an anthor tothe Sham of te same plant or ern prt sufortizatoniveves the non cf an #99 anes nit myn ‘secur ur oy, of waka Mas tkan lace ort may Mo ll opin female gmat tion 1 Thepotenisomplantrtnesemespecien 14 Thapotengraninroraftowarot asinarvaaty Stontsaigunanlougeeeibeteeproneetoc meetee "Then grow down tirough te sg ane these tthe mire '3lone ofthe ape tunes withthe ogg form age and obese ror no Pollinators ‘APoliation excl orally nial mest or 70% to ‘orvcluton, the jont eveluton of a plant and ie animal pollinator "Example: The yea plant and the yidéa meth, The femsle moth ays her epgs inthe lowers, smultaneouty paling the plant and the esterpitars develop within the ase n toe01/02/2018 Yucca flower Coevolution + this tea phenemeson where there ae jit enue oft o sore secs nora eclgea ahon + nen cn specs ches, the changes fs selection resus operstngbetsen the Wo specs and ap the ther evo ‘narlselecton some plant asl seat benchel wacan dd tthe sametine thesis asec opslrctonacs I} seaut of th ait recogni part foed and att sy. J The petinatrs wee abet outcompte other foraging insects. Moreover the poterestng Bees fave one neutheate, which mate thence he tls Der plinat } the chewing behaviour mig have salecve fresin the elton of Merl sractur. Aone time the ovules were ated sod einer on care stale Te owes of fday prota Inside the closed carpl which afford to prose agro honey Attraction of pollinators Imordarto make ute of animat pollinators, plants most: | oupply some reward, frequentty food, for the polinater, | advertise tho prasence of this to attract visitors, and | have @ way of putting pollen on the potinator 30 it is transferred tothe next plantffower, 11 The adaptations exhibited by any given flower dapend on the type of poltiator the flower is designed to attract Flower Adaptations ‘ABeense0 bu, oll, and ultravoletbut not red ‘BBec-polinated flowers aro mostly yellow (some blue) ‘nth ultraviolet nectar guides or Nending patterns.” 13220,000 specs of bees polinate flowering plants, {The flowers typiealy have a fragrant and sweet seont at the end ef some type of smal, ‘narrow floral tube which isthe right longth tof the fongue ofthe particular spacias of bea that polinaes that pant. ‘TBeo-pollinated flowers are sturdy and leregutarly shaped ‘Pollen sticks to the “fur” of a bes or bees collect th Pollen in specially modified araas on thoi loge [Few rctrphodn veg tary aa ara THOR TO ‘recta qude aca beer butte homens,7. 01/02/2018. Flower adaptations FaMoth and butterfly pelinated flowers ‘ro fragrant Ike bee-pollinated flowers |axBut Motn forage ony at night and visit yellow oF wnte flowers, colour that ‘Standout against darkness. aButtertlosdetectsred color [EXGuterties poltinate flowers with ‘noctaris at the base of the corella et Tiana RPE * transport wa 5 2. Have sieve. olemonts nd companion eal in thet phloem 2. A yey reduced female Sicls) eansicting “ot ‘ight oucien J4. Double | ferdization 5 com [eading to formation of a rygsle and nutrtve Sto” called the ‘ndespantn 5, Produce lose oar ‘Resemblance batwean Gymnosparmand Angiosperm The plant body is ifforentiatedin 22 saThey have a well developed ‘vascular system (xylom and phloem) ‘SiFlowors develop in both cases for reproduction but in gymnosperm the Nowers are more primitivain ture and simple in construction _Biliorospore.or pollen grains rows Into pollontube which carries the male gametes toa postion closeto ‘tho ogg eo for fortiizaton01/02/2018 Resemblance cont in he magneporengin gamelan orambrjoase snes ced secceranl rosin ancanea CN 1b te inopuments ging rae to more conned sructre (the mle) forbatrprlecton othe os ‘Young sporopiyte develop at \, the expense of the food stored Inthe parent sporophyte sme Gymnosperms and angiosperms [Gymnospacms naked sed [angiosperms Ficnare eseain ovary [on any insect pliaied | Untying potnsted | Everrcon or doiavous | oaty evergreen 1 iit cies ana habit | oaty perenne o trea: oton dy haste | Rosi FRUITS [244 tritis amatursovary and it may contain seeds [21AI ‘ruts arise trom flowers and thus are found ‘xoluaivaly inthe Rowaring plants lstFerttzation usually inirectly determines whether or net ‘he vary or ovaries of the flower will devalop into fru [>If atleast afew of to ovules are not fetaized, the flower ‘normaly withorsand drops without developing furtNer [=¥Potien grain contains a HORMONES, that may init fruit ‘development and somatimas a quary of dead pelion Is allthatisnecdedito stimulate an ovaryte become aut jPathemoearpic fruits aro those fruts that develops ‘without ‘terbitzation of "an "og "ag Banana, Go, pineapples. Fruit regions Ja By tne time the ovary nas puenner wes ‘matured into ‘a full “tras aa mate eae mat toenail cas Sees aa, te Ee PSS ell tet ba, ety or may aot” be Eisindion etween the messearpyandtheerdocarp oad IB Mosocarp — raters to ‘everything located between Be MSsecarp and the endear Fruit regions. a Feriarp. the colection of the three regions of | Mtrurameamer os 9 the ™ fruit "(exocarp, mesocarp. an endocarp) IBA fruit may be dry or fleshy at maturity. [2 Fruit may split exposing the seedsor not spit. la They may be derived from a single ovary or from ‘more than “one ovary,01/02/2018 Kinds of fruits 4. Freshly fruits SA Floshy fruits: These are fruits whose mesocarp sat losst partly floshy at maturity. 52 Simple Floshy fruits, Those are fruits developing from a single pst 1&1 The ovary may be superior er inferior moy simple with many carpet ‘TYPES OF FLESHY FRUITS © Popo A berry with a leathery non septate rind derived from an inferior ovary, as in Cucurbita (e.g. watermelon, cucumber, pumpkin). ‘0. Pyrene Fleshy fruit with ach seed surrounded by abony endocarp,as in lex, ‘0 Amphisarea A berry-like succulent frult with a ‘orustaceous or woody rind, as in Lagenaria. Types of Fleshy fruits © Berry : Fleshy fruit, with succulent pericarp, {as in Vitis, Solanum (Tomato) (© Drupe: Fleshy fruit with hard inner layer (endocarp or stone) surrounding the seed, eg. peach, olive, mange Prunus (Avocado). © Drupelst: A small drupe, as in Rubus, ‘© Hesperidium: A thick-skinned septate berry with the bulk of the fruit derived from glandular hairs, asin Citrus, 2. Dry fruits Dry ruts: Nesooarpie dry at maturity. GL Dry dehiscent Fruits: in this group are dlotinguished from one ancthar by the manner in which they spit [5 Dry indehiscant fruits: This type of dry fruits, the single seed Is united to varying degree with pericarp. They donot split open at maturity,01/02/2018 Dry indehiscent fruits Kinds of fruits.. 3. Aggregate fruit: is a fruits that is dorived from a single flower with several to many letits, The individual pists dovelop into tiny drupe oF frufits Sut mature as aclusterad om on 9 Sighs Besplacle 8g. Raspberries, Blackbores ahs 4. ‘Multiple fruits: They are derived from several to, many. Individual flowers ina “single Inflorescence. A een flower fi & has its own raceptacl, but ae the ree separately itt they ior ina a aha large ful tetrulls, og. plneapptes and figs Multiple fruits ‘multiple fruits from may lowers on an inflorescence THE LEAF ileaf - photosynthetic and transpiring organ expanded, Usually green, organ borne on the stem ofa plant mass of leaves, leat characteristics, such as shape, margin, hairs, the petiole, and the presence of stipules, are important for identifying plant species1/02/2015 2 ee A3¢ THE LEAF + Two basic forms of leaves can be daseribed considering ta| ‘way te blade (lamina) is divided, 3.A simple leaf has an undivided blade. However, the lea shape may be formed of bes, but the gaps between lobes donot reach tothe main vein 2. compound leaf has a fully subluided bisde, each leaflet] of the blade being separated slong a main or seconday| ecause each leaflet can appear tobe 2 simple ls, i's importa ‘orecognne whare the petiole ocusto ently compound Io } Compound leave ia characteristic of ome famlisFoboceae } Themidsleveinofcompoundleatwhen presets called a ac ‘Types of Leaves Compound Leaf * Palmately compound leaves have the leaflets radiating from the end of the petiole ik fingers ofthe palm ofa hand, eg, Connabis hemp) and Cassava, innately compound Teaves have the leat latranged along the main or they canbe categorized |. Unipinnate compound leaves |". Bipinnately compound leaves are twice divided: the leaflets are arranged along a secondary vein that is one of several branching of the rachis, I cach leaflet is called a The pinnules on cone secondary vein are called "pina"; e.g. Alba Bipinnate 1401/02/2013 Pinnately compound leaves can be odd or even pinnate 1, Tripinnate - the secondary leaflets are further subdivided, *0dd pinnate Imparipinnate): sith a terminal leaflet x innate): lacking a terminal leaflet Tripinnate Leaf types ‘Summary Leaves Arrangement on the stem ‘tomes pated tenho zen sem + Sires eran) ~ te rnc eho ech oe rene te dra sth noon of oe Po + Eten nee ne nd wr me a ees el + earaiacie avenge flee thal te et sine i Leaf arrangement0102/2018 Stems * A stom ie an ascending portion of the axis of the plant developing direet from Une plumule and bears leaves, branches and flowers. "It isa collection of integrated Ussues arranged as nodes and internodes. + Nodes are regions where leaves attach to the stems and internedes are the parts of the ‘tome between nodes. + Stem is made of epidermal tissues, ground tissues (cortex) and vascular tissu Stems Forms of stems: the variety of stems adapted to perform diverse functions. They may be aerial or underground, ‘The are two forms of aerial stems. i, Erect stem. Stout stem marked with sears of fallen leaves li, Weak stems Such as vines and liana Functions of stem ‘Stem supporttoaves for solar \argy collection. Turgor prossurain stems provide a hydrostatic skeleton that support tho young plants ‘Stem produce carbohyrates.as they contain green pigments. Cacti plants use stem for photosyntiesis, ‘Stam stores food material and water... in desert plants Stom transportwatar and eolutee between rocts and the leaves. Functions of stems. ‘Vegetative reproduction bud and nodes of strawberrystoton + produces shoots and roots that eventually form anew plant += Tendriis or twining siem such as morning Glory ‘and Sweet potatoes coil around objects and help to supportthe plant, ' The tips ofthe tondrits have adhesive pads that stich tothe neighbouring abjoct Modified stems that grow above ground GThorn is a hard pointed structure for protection of the plant body from grazing animals eg. Acacia, Grape fruit, + Cladodes or Cladophylis are flat leaf like stems modified for photosynthesis. Eg Asparagus, Orchids ete. + Succulent stem- such a cacti that stores large amount of water and are common in plants growing in deserts.01/02/2018 Stew modifications “Tori Modified stems that grow Below Ground + Function: They enable plants to surviveln stressful pariods ag winter. theirlower surface + Store fod for renewing growth of| Doriods of stress such ae cole winters og, Ginger, Canna, ris ‘2. Corms: Are shabby vertically erionto atoms that grow round. They have only fow thin Ieavosand stare 2 ‘A. Tubers: wollen ragion of stem that store food for Subsequent growin og Solanum tuberosum ish otatoas) ‘The economic Importance of Stems Stem modifications © Sugar and Molasses from sugar cane (Saccharum officinalis) is used in our drinks pancakes # Stem fibres are used to make several fabrics * Food e.g. from tubers of Potatoes © Lumber © Charcoal, Corks, Insulators, Life preservers, medicine 1701/02/2015 The Roots ‘When a seed germinctes part of the embryo within it Ue RADICLE gfows cut and develons inte the hrs rook. 3 ay alther develop into a thickened TAPROOT, ‘rom "which "thianar “Branch “roots area oF IntS ‘numerous ADVENTITIOUS ROOTSiibrous roots ‘apy mature pants exhibit » combination of taproct fd fsrous rock syste Sipicon ection surtace area is provided by rock Most dot plants nave taproot system with one or Secaclonely mere primary” roots "from “ich Secondary tots develop ‘The monoeoton tne other hand have fibrous systams: Root systems 4. Tap root system: Persistent, thick well developed primary (central) root common in Dicots . Fibrous root system: With fine, threadlike or slender roots common in ‘monocots ROOT STRUCTURE + Four rogions of the rect aro recognized although no line of demarcation between them, The cells of each region gradually develop to form those of the next region, the extent of each region varies considerably depending on the species involved. ‘The regions are called: 2. THEREGIONOF ceLL OMISION 3. THEREGIONOF CELL ELONGATION 4. THEREGIONOF GELLMATURATION 1, THE ROOT CAP. * Each root is covered over at the apex by a sort of a cap which protects the tender apex of the root as it makes its way ‘through the soil. * It wears away and replaced by new cells formed by the underlying growing tissues. + The root cap has another function, perception of gravity (geotropism) 2, THE REGION OF CELL DIVISION + Tho root cap is produced by cals inthe ragion of coll division, which is the cantar of ‘the root Up and surrounded by araot cap + Itis composed of an Apical Meristoms, ‘+ The root and apical meristem soon subdivide into three mmeristomatie areas: L PROTODERM: Give rise to outer layer of sll Epidermis |i, GROUND MERISTEM: othe inside of protoderm, producing parenchyma cals of cortex |W, PROCAMBIUM: appears as a sold cyindar in tho Center of the root, produces PRIMARY XYLEM ‘ond PHLOEM 18—— 01/02/2018 resent esion of Col Root structure A Longitugnal Sscuon _Thvough s Dest Root Fp a" | 8, REGION OF CELL ELONGATION = It extends for about tem from the root tp. Cells increased several times of their original length and also wider, the tiny vacuoles occupy 90% or ‘more of the volumé of each cell formed. + Mo further increase in cell size takes place above this region, so only the root cap and the apical ‘meristems are pushing through the sol 4, THE REGION OF MATURATION "The cells mature into various definitive cell ‘types of the primary tissue inthis region "Numerous hair like delicate protuberances develop from many of the apical cells, "The root hair is short lived and usually a few days ora week. CHARACTERISTICS OF ROOTS * The root isthe descending portion of the axis of the plant + The r00t does not normally bear buds except in sweet potatoes. ' The root ends and is protacted by 2 cap of thimble lice structure known 25 the root cap while the stem ends in a bua * The root bears a unicellular hats while the'stem or the shot bears mostly multeelular has Lateral roots which develop fiom and inner layer are ‘called ENDOGENOUS and those lateral roots that develop from the outer layers are said to be exogenous No nodes or internodes inthe rts butin stem only, ADVENTITIOUS ROOT SYSTEM + The roots that grow any part of the plant body other than radicleare called adventitious roots * They may develop from the base of the stom replacing the primary root + They may be eriginated from the node or internodes ot stem S, 91/02/2015 ‘TYPES OF ADVENTITIOUS ROOT SYSTEMS Fibrous roots: Fibrous root of monocotyledons are all adventitious roots. They can be given off from the base of the stem or from nodes and internodes of branches creeping along the ground, maize, sugarcane, and bamboo. Foliar roots. These are roots that come directly out of the leaf mainly from petiole or vein, Sometimes they are induced by hormones. indole Butyric Acid. SPECIALIZED ROOTS i. Food Storage: sweet potatoes, yams and extra cambial cells produce numerous parenchyma ‘calls which cause the organs to swell and stofes large guanllty of carbohydrates. ( tap root, adventitious, |, Water storage Roots: Pumpkins family produces large water storage roots especially plant that grow in arid areas Prosagative roots: Many plants produce buds [nan unusual piace or adventitious buds along the roots, that grow near the surface of the ground. ‘The buds develop in aerial stems Balled suckers. £.9. Pears Nodal roots adventitious roots that form characterist cally in rings from stem tissues around @ node Pneumatophores |QSpongy, aarial roots of ‘marsh or swamps such as in (mangroves), where foots are present in ‘waterlogged soils and. cannot obtain enough oxygen for ‘maintaining healthy tissues. pneumstephores Nproathing roots” (vereenacene/avcennacese)‘ 01/02/2018 Aerial roots Roots that are formed | in and exposed to air es, by epiphytes and _hemiepiphytes; insome species, Uaerial roots grow downward from tree canopy toward the ground as extremely Tong unbranched roots Root modification Contractile roots possessed by several herbaceous dicots Pneumatophores: Swampy plants produce ‘and monocot, which pull the plant deeper in the sol spongy roots (pneumatophores) which aid Exliy bulbs. in gaseous exchange. ‘Buttress roots ~typcal tree with large roots towards the base ofthe trunk to Inereaze stably, Aerial Roots (Velamen roots of Orchids) Parasitic roots, The parasitic plant; parasitise the host hotonynihetteveots ofovehos olor trough rote projections alld KALSTORA, iy ‘which develop along the stam in contact withthe host IRestabishes connection with water conducting vetsals ‘Mechanical support: maize prop root for ofthe host plat, ‘support, stilt root of mangrove (support) ‘Mycohrhizae more than ¥ ofthe seed plants have various funglassocated with their roots. Root nodulas pens and beans nodules_ 01/02/2018 ‘A. Forrachilel oppo 4 Prorseiseg, aan, 2 kris, Fares, Seaman rot e9, Bett “Sucking roto, Con i | D Fleaang cuts oq, Jussen ea fo 2 Spe at Yann Burress or tabular and Caudex or ignotuberoots Propor stiltroots BAdventitious roots that “cl ate ots ta ‘develop on a trunk or ncolsihenee tower branch reve These roots in some ‘cases seem to provide ‘support having either 2 Apt aay fe th bon geodcomproseinor ao rear enelle properties to. Fronetabis andthe iomagatiete. Geeeves, €.9, Pandanus tectorius srsegy to recover om (Pandanaceae) F Newtonian Duchanannié treeat Amani Nature Reserve, ‘Tanzania Be,Strangling roots special name for roots of stranaling igs (Flu| sp) Barepeimary Fomiopiphytos tat Bopinite ne tropieat Spipytasin tees and Sort down advantbous Foote that become rootedin the sol. 1 The roots surround tie fost trunk eventually Strangling the bark and} tna host es, The atrangor tote ofthe Fear epe (Horace) -Esologlealand Economic importance of Flowering Plants lexAcccuiturels simost entirely dependenton angioeperms, ‘Sines sireaty or nalraclytnreugh livestock eed ‘atimportant rami: Tone parce gra fra iat forthe most important proving BICRSR STENTS Gee ms net bare rye BERmiesugarcon soph ob + Rye fem teesncaminseanice Ane 4 Te elanacen Tomato far -(ptatons ato Bipsaatgp anit eceghahades (rns 11 The Cveutliacebe (gourd emi (pumpin sro), 1 Te Branscacee,or stardom (opeeeed and bbe, 1 Rutacenemay fas long tot foiy 01/02/2018 23