• China

• Officially known as People's Republic of China

(PRC)
• Largest country in East Asia and most populated
country in the world.
• Nation of growing eonomic and political
imporatance in global affairs
• A socialist state and ruled by the Communist
Party under a single-party system.
• China
• Since the victory of Mao Ze-dong's
communist forces in 1949, the Chinese
mainland has been a communist state ruled
by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
• Although other minor politicak parties exist,
they are authorized by the CCP, operate
under its leadership and are effectively
powerless.
• The political System of China refers to the
• Political structure
• Fundamental laws
• Rules and regulations and
• practices
-that are implemented in Mainland China and
which control the state power, government and
the relationships between the state and society.
• China's Preeminent Political Institutions
1. The Chinese Communist Party(CCP)
headed by the Party Politburo and its
Standing Committee
2. The Chinese Government -headed by the
Premier who leads over the State Council
3. National People's Congress(NPC)- the
highest organ of the state power
4. The People's Liberation Army(PLA)
• Formally established in Shanghai on July 20, 1921.
• - The CCP operated based upon the principle of
“Democratic centralism”
• - It was created a hierarchal political dynamic
where senior Party officials expect disciplined
agreement from junior officials.
• - But junior officials are allowed to comment on
policy proposals before decisions have been
made.
• - The Party’s most powerful policy and
decision-making entity is the Politburo and its
Standing Committee.
• - The most important body in this structure of
congresses is the National Party Congress.
• - Lower party organizations are subordinate to
higher organizations.
• - But the members of higher party congresses
are selected by lower party committees
• The Role of the CPC
• CPC plays the role as the core of leadership
among all other organizations at the
corresponding levels.
• Controls the entire political system
• Controls the government, the courts and the
army
• The President is not competitively elected he is
selected by CPC.
• Politburo
• -The Official head of the Politburo is
the Party's General Secretary.
• -It is the Chief political decision-
making body and every significant
decision that is affected China's
population, is first discussed and
approved by Politburo.
• The Politburo Controls three important bodies
1. The Military Affairs Commission- controlled
the armed forces.
2. The National People's Congress-
Parliament.
3. The State Council - the government's
administrative arm which ensures the party
line is upheld.
 •
• The Secretariat
• - Officially listed under the Politburo, the
Secretariat is described in China's
constitution as an administrative rather
than a decision-making body.
• - It's role is to oversee the daily operation
of the Party and implement the decisions
made by the Politburo and its standing
Committee
• Party Discipline
• -Every Party member, irrespective of
position, must be organized into a branch, or
other specific unit of the Party to participate
in the regular activities of the Party
organization.
• -Successful and Efficient party officials are
frequently given more prestigious jobs in
preferred locations.
• Divided into Two parts:
• a system of ministerial organizations and
• a system of geographic organizations
• China's ministerial system is generally organized
by the Ministry of Communications, Ministry of
Commerce, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and
the Ministry of Public Health.
• The other arm of the Chinese Government
consist of the layers of provincial, municipal,
county, township, and village governments.
• The State Council
• - Under China's constitution, the highest
government administrative body is the State Council.
• - The current State Council is composed of its
Premier, Vice Premiers, and State Councilors.
• - The official head of the State Council is the
Premier
• Each Vice Premier and State Councilor oversees
different aspects of the administration of the
Government.
• The Ministries
• - China’s government include not only the State
Council, but also China’s government ministries.
• - Ministries are often divided according to areas
of responsibility.
• - Government ministries are often function like
independent operators.
• - China’s ministries and their sub-offices are
often very protective of the perceived interests and
goals of the ministry.
• The National Peoples Congress (NPC) is the organizational
form for the state power in China and its fundamental
political system.
• - According to the Constitution, “ the ultimate
power of the Chinese government“.
• - It holds the highest authority in state power,
while local people's congresses are the local
authorities.
• - the full NPC officially selects the PRC'S President,
Premier, and the cabinet-level officials.
• - Allowing the PRC government to state that
these officials have been selected through “ elections”
by representatives of the Chinese People.
• Some of the functions and powers of the NPC:
• Examine and approve the state budget
• Examine and approve the plan for national
economic and social development.
• Modify the constitution.
• Appoint and remove top officials of the
Government of the PRC.
• The Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) is
the armed forces of the Communist Party of
China (CPC) and the People's Republic of China.
• The PLA is under command of the
Central Military Commission (CMC) of the
CPC.
• The PLA is divided into 5 main service
branches:
• air forces;
• ground forces;
• naval forces;
• the reserve forces;and
• the second artillery command( responsible
for nuclear and missile weapon)
• The Missions of the PLA as
• To integrate the ruling status of the
Communist Party
• To ensure China’s sovereignty, territorial
integrity, and domestic security to continue
national development.
• To protect China’s national interest
• To help maintain world peace
• The Chinese People’s Political Consultative
Committee
• - The CPPCC is a Chinese people’s
patriotic united front organization which
carries out the principle of “great unity,
great solidarity and embracing all
representative figure”.
• - It is an institution of multi-party
cooperation and political consultation
led by the CPC.
1.)The National Peoples Congress

• - The National People's congress (NPC) of the

People's Republic of China is the highest organ of
state power.
• - The standing committee of the NPC is the
permanent organ of the NPC . -The term office of
the NPC and its Standing Committee is five years.
• - The NPC and its Standing Committee are
empowered with the rights of legislation,
decision, supervision, election and removal.
Major Functions and Rights of the NPC
• To formulate and revise the Constitution and
supervise its implementation; enact and revise
basic laws and other laws of the state.
• To elect members of the Standing Committee
of the NPC.
• To examine and approve the plan for national
economic and social development.
• To exercise such other functions and powers as
the highest organ of state power should
exercise.
 State of the President
• - The President exercise the power of the head
of the state, according to decisions of the National
People's Congress and its Standing Committee.
• - In foreign affairs the, the president represents
the People's Republic of -China and enjoys the
highest right of representation of the state.
• - In terms of procedural, ceremonial and
symbolic significance, the presidency is the highest
position of the state .
• - In essence, however, the presidency does not
decide any state affairs but acts according to
decisions of the NPC and its standing Committee.
Functions of the President
In general, the functions and powers of the
president can be summarized as in the
following.
1. The power of promulgating laws.
2. The power of issuing orders.
3. The power of making appointment
or removals.
4. The power of conferring titles.
 The Election of the President
- According to the Constitution, candidates
for the President and Vice President must
meet two conditions.
- One is the Political condition. The
candidates must be citizens of the People's
Republic of China who has the right to vote
and to stand for election.
- The other is the condition on age.
Candidates must have reached the age of 45.
 The Election of the President
• Candidates for the President and Vice
President are proposed by the NPC presidium
for deliberation by all the deputies. Then the
Presidium officially decides on the candidates,
one for presidency and one for the vice
presidency, for election through voting by the
NPC. As the political democratization process
continues, the single-candidate practice will
gradually be replaced by multi-candidate
election.
• The State Council of the People's Republic of China,
namely the Central -People's Government, is the
highest executive organ of State Power, as well as the
highest organ of State Administration.
• The State Council is composed of a Premier, Vice
premiers, State Councilor, Ministers in charge of
ministries and commissions , the auditor-general and
the secretary general.
• The premier of the State Council is nominated by the
president, reviewed by the NPC, and appointed and
removed by the president.
• It is the highest state military organ with
the responsibility of commanding the
entire armed forces in the country.
• Led by a chairman and consisting of Vice
Chairman and members, the Commission
is elected for a term of five years and can
stand for re-election
Functions and Rights
1. Conducting trial of the following cases: first
hearing cases placed with the SPC by laws and
regulations and those the SPC deems within
its jurisdiction; appeals or protest against trial
decisions or verdicts of the higher people's
courts and sial people's courts ; appeal
against court judgements lodged by the
Supreme People's Procuratorate according to
trial supervision procedures.
Functions and Rights
2. Giving approval t death sentence.
3. Supervising the trials by local people's courts
and special people's courts at different levels.
4. On discovering mistakes in the rulings and
verdicts of local people's courts already being
legally enforced, conducting questioning or
appointing a lower level court to conduct re-
hearing.
Functions and Rights
5. Giving approvals to verdicts on crimes
not specifically stipulated in the criminal
law.
6. Offering explanations over the concrete
application of laws during the trial process.
• The people's procuratorates are the
legal supervision organs of the state.
• The prosecution system consist of the
Supreme People's Procuratorate, local
people's procuratorates and special
people's procuratorates such as the
military procuratorate.
Major Function of the SPP
1. To be responsible and report its work to the
National People's Congress and it's Standing
Committee, and accept the supervision of the NPC and
its Standing Committee
2. To put forward proposals to the NPC and its
Standing Committee
3. To offer judicial interpretations in the actual
application of law in the work of prosecution
4. To make stipulations, regulations and
implementation rules on the work of prosecution.