CLEA ENGINEERING | MEDICAL | FOUNDATION STOICHIOMETRY = Total Number of nucleons Y-map mol. wt Relative atomic mass (R.A.M) = Mass of one atom of an element qo "mass of one carbonatom Volume at STP * mol. wt. + At. wt. x AL. wt. Mass Density : . . density of the substance Specific gravity = ~Gensity of water at 4°C For gases : Absolute density (mass/volume) Molar massof the gas = Molar volume of the gas PM = P= BT | gas PMgasnt Mga Mgag Vapour density = V.D.= = PMy iar = My, = 2 Myge = 2 V.D. Mole-mole analysis : = At wit Mole-mok Mage] = At wt. Mol. Wt, Fifgis] + | rolatonship| —+ [Malo cf equation “oe 2 Se Volume at STPConcentration terms : Molarity (M) : Molarity (M) = ( wx 1000 CLEA ENGINEERING | MEDICAL | FOUNDATION Mol. wt of Solute) x Vinny Molality (m) = number of moles of solute «1000 Molality = ~Tnass of solvent in gram = 1000 w, / M,w, Mole fraction (x) : . n Mole fraction of solution (x,) = nN Mole fraction of solvent (x, nN X,+X,=1 % Calculation : mass of solute in gm i = oo 100 () % wiw = Tass of solution ingm ii) °% Wh mass of solute in gm (1) % WN = volume of solution in mi Volume of solute in ml iii) % viv = ———————_____ x 100 Lil) ev Volume of solution ~ Derive the following conversion : , ; Xp x 1000 1. Mole fraction of solute into molarity of solution M = GM, + Max, +Moxp _ , MM, x 1000 2. Molarity into mole fraction x, = p»1000-MM,_ 1000 — MM, ; Xp x1000 3. Mole fraction into molalitym = ~ 4, __ xiMyCLEA ENGINEERING | MEDICAL | FOUNDATION mM, 4. Molality into mole fraction x, 1000 +mM, ; mp 1000 5. Molality into molarity M = 7999 mM, Mx 1000 6. Molarity into Molality m = 1000 p MM, M, and M, are molar masses of solvent and solute. pis density of solution (gmv/mL) M = Molarity (mole/lit.), m = Molality (mole/kg), x, = Mole fraction of solvent, x, = Mole fraction of solute Average/Mean atomic mass : 4X; +AlX, + 100 Mean molar mass or molecular mass : A= nyMy +My + avg. = ny +Np +. Calculation of individual oxidation number : Formula : Oxidation Number = number of electrons in the valence shell —number of electrons left after bonding Concept of Equivalent weight/Mass : Atomic weight For elements, equivalent weight (E) = Vaiency -factor M For acid/base, E=-_______ Basicity / Acidity Where M = Molar mass M For O.A/R.A, E =—WWY__W____ no. of moles of e~ gained/lostCLEAR EXAM ENGINEERING | MEDICAL | FOUNDATION Atomic or moleculear weight ve. Equivalent weight (E) = (v.f. = valency factor) Concept of number of equivalents : No. of equivalents of solute = No. of equivalents of solute = No. of moles of solute ~ v.f. Normality (N) : Number of equivalents of solute Volume of solution (in litres) Normality = Molarity x v.f. Normality (N) = Calculation of valency Factor : n-factor of acid = basicity = no. of H* ion(s) furnished per molecule of the acid. n-factor of base = acidity = no. of OH ion(s) furnised by the base per molecule. At equivalence point : Volume strength of H,0, : 20V HO, means one litre of this sample of H,O, on decomposition gives 20 It. of O, gas at S.T.P. Normality of H,O, (N) = Volume, strengthof H,O, 5.6 Volume strength of H,0, Molarity of H,0,(M) = ~ me SenaMorhO2 11.2 Measurement of Hardness : mass of CaCO, Hardness i = Tol mass of waier “0 araness in PPM = Total mass of water Calculation of available chlorine from a sample of bleaching powder : 3.55 xxx V(mL) % of Cl, = Wwe where x = molarity of hypo solution and v = ML. of hypo solution used in titration.