Rock Fluid Properties – GEM Page 1 of 15

Rock Fluid Properties – GEM

More:

Overview

Modifying Existing Rock Types

Adding a New Rock Type

Deleting an Existing Rock Type

Averaging Laboratory Data into an Average Rock Type

Setting Rock Type Properties

Defining Relative Permeability Tables

Setting Hysteresis Modelling

Low-Salinity Water Injection (LSWI) Wizard [GEM]

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Rock Fluid Properties – GEM

Overview
GEM rock types and rock fluid properties are entered through the Rock Types dialog box, shown
below:

As shown above, the Rock Types dialog box has three tabs and a drop-down list of the different
rock types together with a menu button for adding, copying and deleting rock types.

Each rock type and its related information are entered through the following tabs:

· Rocktype Properties

· Relative Permeability Tables

· Hysteresis Modelling

There are a number of ways to access the Rock Types dialog box:

· In the main Builder window, select Rock-Fluid | Create/Edit Rock Types

· In the tree view, double-click Rock Fluid Types

· Double-click in the tree item for an existing rock type

· Select from the tree context menu item Create/Edit Rock Types

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Rock Fluid Properties – GEM

Modifying Existing Rock Types

To modify an existing rock type, open the Rock Types dialog box and select the desired rock
type from the drop-down list at the top of the dialog box. The data displayed in the tabs will
reflect settings for the selected rock type.

When editing a given rock type, changes made to the data will not be applied until you select
OK or Apply. When changing the selected rock type, you will be asked if you want to apply the
changes before continuing.

While changes to the relative permeability tables are not permanently applied to the dataset
until you save, Builder’s plot view window will display relative permeability curves derived
from the table data in the selected rock type from the Rock Types dialog box. This will permit
you to experiment with the table data and cancel at any time.

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Rock Fluid Properties – GEM

Adding a New Rock Type

A new rock type can be added to the list of available rock types by clicking the button then
selecting New Rock Type from the drop-down menu.

Alternatively, a new rock type can be created as a copy of an existing rock type. To do this,
select the rock type you want to copy from the drop-down list then click the button and
select Copy Current Rock Type.

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Rock Fluid Properties – GEM

Deleting an Existing Rock Type

An existing rock type can be deleted by first selecting the desired rock type from the drop-down
list then clicking the button and selecting Delete Rock Type from the drop-down menu.

Note: You cannot cancel from this operation therefore Builder will issue a message to make
sure that you wish to delete the currently selected rock type.

As each rock type is removed, the remaining rock types are renamed so that the rock type
numbers are sequential. For example, if there are three rock types (RockType 1 through 3) and
RockType 2 is deleted, then RockType 3 is renamed RockType 2. Therefore, you must keep in
mind that deleting a rock type might affect another property such as when assigning multiple rock
types to the grid. When deleting rock types review related array properties (such as RTYPE and
KRTYPE) to make sure the values correctly reflect the available rock types.

Note: Builder will prevent you from deleting the last remaining rock type, since the simulator
requires a minimum of one rock type defined for the dataset.

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Rock Fluid Properties – GEM 

Averaging Laboratory Data into an Average Rock Type
The feature to average rock types is designed to help you select and average relative permeability
and capillary pressure curves measured in the laboratory. This feature is available by selecting
Average Rock Type from the Rock Types dialog box by clicking this button at the top of the
page.

If laboratory data is available, it is necessary to convert this information into a format

compatible with CMG’s relative permeability and capillary pressure data input format (see the
simulator keywords *SWT, *SGT, and *SLT), and insert this information into a normal
simulator data set. For this Average Rock Type option, it is not necessary to make sure that the
endpoints are correct (that is, Krocw is the same for both *SWT and *SGT) as is required by the
simulators. The rock type created when you click Finish will be compatible with all of CMG’s
simulators by making sure that any endpoint rules required by the simulators are honored.

There can be up to seven steps in this wizard, depending on the content of the data set:

1. Water-Oil Relative Permeability Averaging

2. Gas-Liquid Relative Permeability Averaging

3. Gas-Water Relative Permeability Averaging (for oil wet or mixed wettability options)

4. Water-Oil Imbibition Capillary Pressure Averaging

5. Water-Oil Drainage Capillary Pressure Averaging

6. Gas-Liquid Imbibition Capillary Pressure Averaging

7. Gas-Liquid Drainage Capillary Pressure Averaging

For each of the steps, there is a grid control on the left side of the screen that contains a user-
controllable column of check boxes, as shown in the following example:

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Rock Fluid Properties – GEM

Setting Rock Type Properties

In GEM rock compressibility can be set independently for each rock type. This setting can be
found on the Rock Types dialog box on the Rocktype Properties tab.

Settings for Velocity Dependent Relative Permeability Option (VELDEPRP) can also be
found on the Rocktype Properties tab:

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Defining Relative Permeability Tables
The Relative Permeability Tables tab is important for entering information about each rock
type. The tabular interface allows you to copy and paste data from spreadsheet programs.
Aside from the convenience of a spreadsheet-like interface, this tab allows you to access a
number of convenient tools for working with relative permeability tables. There is a tool for
generating relative permeability tables from analytical equations, a tool for smoothing curve
data, and a tool for scaling curve data.

The Tools button in the upper left corner of the Relative Permeability Table tab is used
to access the available tools. When this button is clicked, a drop-down menu with a list of the
available tools will be displayed:

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Rock Fluid Properties – GEM > Defining Relative Permeability Tables

Tool: Generate Tables Using Correlations

To open the dialog box for generating tables from analytical equations – correlations, click the
button then select Generate Tables Using Correlations. The Relative permeability
correlations dialog box is displayed:

The Relative permeability correlations dialog box displays relative permeability curves to
help you identify the meaning of the required fields. Builder will verify that your entered values
are appropriate for the analytical equations. After entering required values and clicking OK or
Apply, Builder will generate the appropriate relative permeability tables. The curves will be
displayed in Builder’s plot view. The equations used for these correlations are given in
Appendix A of the GEM User Guide.

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Rock Fluid Properties – GEM > Defining Relative Permeability Tables 

Tool: Smooth Table

To access the Relative Permeability Curve Smoothing dialog box, click the button
and then select Smooth Table:

Note that relative permeability curves can be smoothed with all the smoothing capabilities
build in CMG’s GEM simulator.

When the Relative Permeability Curve Smoothing dialog box is opened, the plot view will
display relative permeability curves for both before and after the smoothing. You can modify
the default settings in the Relative Permeability Curve Smoothing dialog box at any time.
After clicking the Smooth Curves button, the plot view will be updated to display the
smoothed curves.

When you are satisfied with the smoothed curves, click OK to exit the dialog box and apply
the changes to the table in the Rock Types dialog box. Alternatively, click Cancel to cancel
the changes in the current Smooth Curves session.

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Rock Fluid Properties – GEM > Defining Relative Permeability Tables

Tool: Curve Scaling

To open the Curve Scaling dialog box, click the button then select Curve Scaling:

When the Curve Scaling dialog box is opened, the plot view will display relative permeability
curves both before and after the curve scaling. You can modify the default settings in the Curve
Scaling dialog box at any time. After clicking the Scale Curves button, the plot view will be
updated to display the scaled curves.

When you are satisfied with the scaled curves, click OK to exit the dialog box and apply the
changes to the table in the Rock Types dialog box. Alternatively, click Cancel to cancel the
changes in the current Curve Scaling session.

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Rock Fluid Properties – GEM > Defining Relative Permeability Tables

Modifying Tables from the Plot View

Rather than modifying numerical values in a table, Builder allows you to change your relative
permeability curves directly from the plot view, by clicking and dragging the points up or down.

To edit the curves, the Rock Types dialog box must be open. The Rock Types dialog box can
be opened directly from the menu or main tree view, as previously discussed. Alternatively, you
can double-click a curve directly on Builder’s plot view. This will open the Rock Types dialog
box with the appropriate rock type preselected. You can then edit points on the curve by
clicking and dragging them.

You can click OK or Apply in the Rock Types dialog box at any time to permanently apply the
changes to the dataset. Alternatively you can click Cancel if you decide that your changes are
not appropriate.

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Rock Fluid Properties – GEM

Setting Hysteresis Modelling

GEM supports hysteresis for both capillary pressure and gas relative permeability. Unavailable
options appear grey and the corresponding controls cannot be accessed.

For capillary pressure hysteresis, this requires the specification of the transition between the
imbibition and the drainage curves. For gas relative permeability hysteresis, this requires the
specification of the maximum gas saturation (this saturation in practice is an adjustable parameter
which determines the imbibition krg curve as a function of the given drainage curve).

To enable a hysteresis effect, select the appropriate check box on the Hysteresis Modelling tab
then enter the values in the relative permeability table on the Relative Permeability Tables tab.

To cancel a hysteresis effect, clear the appropriate check box on the Hysteresis Modelling tab.
The imbibition column will be removed from the relative permeability table.

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Rock Fluid Properties – GEM

Low-Salinity Water Injection (LSWI) Wizard [GEM]

To simulate low-salinity waterfloods, the following LSWI mechanisms can be modeled in
GEM:

Ÿ Role of ion exchange with clays or ions (e.g. SO42-) in determining water ionic
compositions

Ÿ Partitioning of surface active oil components into water

Ÿ Release of adsorbed surface active oil components

Ÿ Release of clay fines

Ÿ Relative permeability variation due to wettability change

Ÿ Geochemistry model

For further information, refer to “Ion Injection in GEM” in Appendix G of the GEM User
Guide, as well as information on keywords related to LSWI: *INTCOMP,
*STOICHIOMETRY, *STOICH-IEX, *NC-IEX, *COMPNAME-IEX, *AQIONS-IEX,
*STOICH-IEX, *SCOEFF-IEX, *EQVFRIEX, *CEC-CALC, and *CEC-IEX. Dataset
gmsmo056.dat demonstrates ion-exchange modeling and simulates a low-salinity water flood.

The Builder low-salinity water injection (LSWI) wizard provides a graphical user interface for
configuring the following mechanisms associated with LSWI modeling:

Ÿ Aqueous reactions

Ÿ Ion-exchange equilibria

Ÿ Mineral dissolution/precipitation reactions

The aqueous components, as well as the associated reactions and ion-exchange parameters, may
already have been defined in the dataset, using WinProp, for example. In this case, at least one
aqueous component must already be defined.

If desired, you can change the aqueous or mineral reaction structure. In this case, the entire
aqueous component section will be deleted from the dataset and replaced with another aqueous
component section, which you can define using the wizard.

For convenience, the wizard provides a means for specifying defaults for clastics and
carbonates. The defaults will change depending on whether or not you have elected to change
the aqueous or mineral reaction structure, and the low-salinity modeling method.

More:

Using the LSWI Wizard

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Rock Fluid Properties – GEM > Low-Salinity Water Injection (LSWI) Wizard [GEM] 
Using the LSWI Wizard

1. In the menu bar, click Components | Process Wizard to open the Process
Wizard Step 1 - Choose Process dialog box:

2. Select Low Salinity Water Injection (LSWI):

3. Click Next. The Step 2 – Input Specific Data for Low Salinity Water Injection
(LSWI) dialog box is displayed. If you have not defined fluid and mineral
components in the dataset, the dialog box will appear as follows. If you have already
defined the phase behavior and properties of your reservoir fluids using WinProp,
many of the wizard fields will already be populated, however, you can edit them as
outlined in subsequent steps. If you do not need to make any changes, click Next then
proceed to step 7 of this procedure.

Until you define the input data, the number of aqueous and mineral
components will be set to 0. These numbers will be adjusted when you
add aqueous and mineral reactions.
If you select Change the aqueous or mineral reaction structure, you
will be able to:

Ÿ Select default aqueous and mineral reactions from the Wolery

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