SEQUENCE

Sequence Characteristic:
 List of numbers written in a definite order
 Can be finite or infinite
 Does not have to have a pattern
 A function whose domain is the set of positive integers
 an is also known as the general term of the sequence

a1, a2, a3, a4, ……an, an+1….

The number a1 is called the first term, a2 is the second term and in general a n is the general
term.

Here is an example of a sequence

2, 4, 6, 8, 10

The sequence ends at 10 and is a finite sequence. Another way of representing a finite
sequence is when three dots (called ellipses) is placed between entries written as,
2, 4, . . . 10

Here the ellipses indicate that there are several entries in the sequence which are not
written explicitly.
The ellipses that follow a sequence indicate that the sequence continues indefinitely.
2, 4, 6, 8, 10…

This sequence consists of even numbers. To be more accurate giving a formula for the nth
term gives all the terms of the sequence.
an = 2n

and the sequence can be written as.

2, 4, 6, 8, . . . 2n
1st term 2nd term 3rd term 4th term nth term

a1 a2 a3 a4 an
 SERIES

A series represents the sum of the terms of a sequence. If a sequence is finite, we will
refer to the sum of the terms of the sequence as the series associated with the sequence. If the
sequence has infinitely many terms, the sum is defined more precisely in calculus.

Example 1. Determine the first five terms of each defined sequence, a give their associated
series.
Types of Sequence and It’s
Associated Series MEANS

Recursive Defined Sequence

Some sequences do not have simple defining formulas like those of the preceding
example. The nth term may depend on some or all the term preceding it.

Example 2. Find the first five terms of the sequence define recursively by a1 and

an = 3(an-1 +2)

Solution: The defining formula for this sequence is recursive. It allows us to find the nth
term an if we know the preceding term an-1

a2 = 3(a1 + 2) = 3(1+2) = 9
a3 = 3(a2 + 2) = 3(9+2) = 33
a4 = 3(a3 + 2) = 3(33+2) = 105
a5 = 3(a4 + 2) = 3(105+2) =321

Fibonacci Sequence

How to create the Fibonacci Sequence: {1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21….} Each term is simply the
sum of the two terms that precede.

Arithmetic Sequence, Arithmetic Series and Arithmetic Mean

Arithmetic Sequence
Example 3. Find the first six terms and the 300th term of the arithmetic sequence

13,17. . .
Solution

Since the first term is 13, we have a1 = 13. The common difference is d=
7-13=-6. Thus, the nth term of this sequence is

an = 13-6(n-1)

From this we find the six terms:

13,7,1,-5,-11,-17…

The 300th term is a300 = 13-6(299) = -1781

Arithmetic Series (Partial Sums )

Example 4. Find the sum of the first 40 terms of the arithmetic sequence

3,7,11,15 . . .

Solution

For this arithmetic sequence, a1=3 and d=4

40
S40 = [2 ( 3 )+ ( 40−1 ) 4 ]
2

= 3240
 Arithmetic Mean

Geometric Sequence, Geometric Series and Geometric Mean

Geometric Sequence

Where r = a n+1
an

Example 5. Find the eight terms of the Geometric sequence 5,15,45, . . .

Solution

To find the formula of the nth term of this sequence we need to find a and r. Clearly
a = 5.
45
To find r, we find the ratio of any two consecutive terms for instance, r = =3
15
thus

an = 5 (3) n-1

the eight term is a8 = 5 (3) 8-1= 5 (3) 7 = 10,935

Geometric Series (Partial Sums)

Geometric Series (Infinite Sums)

Geometric Mean
Parts of Hyperbola
Foci
Focal length
Transverse axis
Conjugate axis
Axes of symmetry
Center
Vertices
Co-vertices
Asymptotes

Center – midpoint of the segment connecting the foci. Coordinates (0, 0) or (h, k)

Vertices – points of intersection of the hyperbola with a transverse axis.

Co-vertices –The endpoints of the conjugate axis.

Foci – two fixed points.

Focal length - The focal length is the length of the distance between the two foci. This
length is equal to 2c.
Transverse axis – line going from one vertex passing through the center
and ending at the other vertex. The length of the transverse axis is 2a
(Twice the value of a).

Conjugate axis – line passing through the center perpendicular to the

transverse axis. The length of the conjugate axis is 2b (Twice the value of
b).

Latus Rectum – a chord of the hyperbola through either focus

perpendicular to the transverse axis and terminated by the curve. The
length of the latus rectum is 𝑳𝑹=𝟐𝒃𝟐𝒂

Asymptotes – lines pass through the center of the hyperbola and

intersect the vertices of the rectangle and side length of 2a & 2b.

Eccentricity –it is how much a conic section (a circle, ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola)
varies from being circular. Eccentricity of hyperbola 𝒆=𝒄𝒂
Derivation of a
Standard Equation of Hyperbola

Given are two points on the x-axis, F1(−c, 0) and F2(c, 0), the foci, both c units
away from their midpoint (0, 0). This midpoint is the center of the hyperbola. Let P (x, y)
be a point on the hyperbola, and let the absolute value of the difference of the distances of
P from F1 and F2, be 2a (the coefficient 2 will make computations simpler). Thus, |PF1 −
PF2| = 2a, and so

Assume P is closer to F2 so PF1 > PF2, and PF1 − PF2 = 2a.

Standard Equation of Hyperbola

Figure 1a. Figure 1b.

(1) center: origin (0, 0)

(2) foci: F1(−c, 0) and F2(c, 0)

• Each focus is c units away from the center

• For any point on the hyperbola, the absolute value of the difference of its
distance from the foci is 2a.

(3) vertices: V1(−a, 0) and V2(a, 0)

• The vertices are points on the hyperbola, collinear with the center and foci.
• If y = 0, then x = ±a. Each vertex is a unit away from the center.
• The segment V1V2 is called the transverse axis. Its length is 2a.

b −b
(4) asymptotes: y= x and y= x , the lines `1 and `2 in Figure 1b
a a

• The asymptotes of the hyperbola are two lines passing through the center
which serve as a guide in graphing the hyperbola: each branch of the
hyperbola gets closer and closer to the asymptotes, in the direction towards
which the branch extends. (We need the concept of limits from calculus to
explain this.)
 • An aid in determining the equations of the asymptotes: in the standard
equation, replace 1 by 0, and in the resulting equation x2 a2 − y2 b2 = 0, solve
for y.

• To help us sketch the asymptotes, we point out that the asymptotes `1 and `2
are the extended diagonals of the auxiliary rectangle drawn in Figure 1.b. This
rectangle has sides 2a and 2b with its diagonals intersecting at the center C.
Two sides are congruent and parallel to the transverse axis V1V2. The other
two sides are congruent and parallel to the conjugate axis, the segment shown
which is perpendicular to the transverse axis at the center and has length 2b.
Standard Forms of Equation
and It’s Graph

Standard Form of Equation of the Hyperbola with Center (0,0)