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Biomedical Engineering 3rd Level

By:
Mohammed Faisal

Introduction
 Any Measurement (instrumentation) system can be described as having
three fundamental components:
1. Sensor.
2. Signal Conditioner.
3. Display and/or Storage Device.

Display
Signal
Sensor
conditioner
Recorder
Measurand
Fig. 1.1 Biomedical Instrumentation System
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What is Proteus VSM?

 Labcenter, a British company and Proteus software developer, has been
developed around the world for more than 20 years.
 Proteus is a Virtual System Modeling (VSM) .
 For the first time ever, it is possible to develop and test such designs before a
physical prototype is constructed.
 This is possible because you can interact with the design using on screen
indicators such as LED and LCD displays and actuators such as switches and
buttons.

What is Proteus VSM?

 The simulation takes place in real time (or near enough to it).
 Proteus VSM also provides extensive debugging facilities including
breakpoints, and variable display for both assembly code and high level
language source.

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Why Use Proteus VSM ?

 Proteus VSM was the first product to bridge the gap between schematic and
PCB for embedded design, offering system level simulation of microcontroller
based designs inside the schematic package itself.
 Over ten years later, Proteus VSM is still leading the field with more
microcontroller variants and peripherals than any competing product,
 better debugging tools and instruments.

 Proteus VSM includes a number of virtual instruments including an:

 Oscilloscope.
 Logic Analyzer.
 Function Generator.
 Counter Timer and Virtual Terminal as well as simple voltmeters and ammeters.

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Schematic Capture
 The basics of Schematic Capture in Proteus Design Suite will be covered step-
by-step.
 After course, the student should be familiar with the Proteus interface and be
capable of constructing different circuits.
 Contents:
1. Creating a file
2. Interface
3. Collecting Parts
4. Connecting a Circuit
5. Running the Simulator
6. Saving and Exporting

 Creating a File:
 After installing Proteus, you will be met with a page similar to that
shown below:

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 To create a new project, follow the steps below:

 1. Click on “New Project” under the “Start” header in the home page:

 The “New Project

Wizard” window will now
open.
 2. Choose a name and
file-path for your project:

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 3. Select the Schematic Design:

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Interface:

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Module Bars

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Sidebar:

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 Collecting Parts:
 In this part, we will prepare all the parts needed for our experiment.

Parts needed

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Collecting Parts:
 From main page of Proteus,
click on ‗P‘ to click device
from library.(See Figure )

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 In pick device:

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Simulation:

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Experimental example 1: Use of function generator and

oscilloscope to generate different waveforms

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Experimental example 2: Design ± 12V regulated power supply using

Proteus.
 Circuit Diagram

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Sensors

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Classification of Biomedical Sensors

 Biomedical sensors can be classified according to how they are used
with respect to the biological system:
1. Noninvasive biomedical sensors :
 placed on the body surface like Skin surface thermometers, biopotential
electrodes, and strain gauges placed on the skin.
2. Invasive sensors:
 need surgically to place or installation.
 We can also classify sensors in terms of the quantities that they
measure:
1. Bioelectrodes
2. Transducers

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Classification of Bioelectrodes
1. We can classify the bioelectrodes sensors for three type :
2. Micro electrode
3. Skin surface electrode
 Disposal Electrode
 Reusable Electrode
4. Needle electrode

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Type of Transducer
 We can also classify transducers according to the quantities that we measure to:
1. Mechanical transducers
 Strain Gauge
 Capacitive transducer
 linear variable differential transformer (LVDT)
2. Temperatures transducers
 Metallic Resistance Thermometers
 Thermistors
 Thermocouples
3. Ultrasonic transducers
4. Light transducers

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Signal conditioning Circuits

 Signal conditioning circuits are used to process the output signal from
sensors of a measurement system to be suitable for the next stage of
operation.
 The function of the signal conditioning circuits include the following items:
 Resistance conditioning circuits (divider voltage and Wheatstone bridge)
 Signal amplification (opamp), Comparator ,
 Filtering (opamp), Interfacing with µP (ADC), Protection(Zener & photo
isolation).

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Signal conditioning Circuits -Voltage Dividers

 The standard method for measuring large resistance changes is a voltage divider,
as shown in Fig.
 This instrumentation circuit is very popular due to its simplicity.
 The resistive sensor is placed in series with
a load resistor RL and connected to a voltage reference VCC.
 The current through the sensitive element and load
resistance becomes:

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Signal conditioning Circuits –Voltage Dividers

 Experimental example1: Calculate 𝑰𝒊𝒏 ,𝑽𝑹𝟏 and 𝑽𝑹𝟐 using Conditioner Circuit
(Voltage Dividers ) :
Solution

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Signal conditioning Circuits :Voltage Dividers

 Experimental example1: Calculate 𝑰𝒊𝒏 ,𝑽𝑹𝟏 and 𝑽𝑹𝟐 using Conditioner Circuit
(Voltage Dividers ) :

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• Experimental Example2: Using Conditioning Circuit (Voltage

Dividers )with Temperature sensor.

• Assuming the transducer thermositor 𝑅𝑠 is

initially𝑅0 =1000 Ω, and 𝑅1 = 1000Ω, then calculate
voltage dividers output and fill the table.
• Changes in the environment affects resistance
creating an change in voltage dividers output.
• This results in a voltage proportional to resistance
change. 𝑅𝑠 =𝑅0 + Δ𝑅𝑠

Temperature Divider output Divider output Percentage

(c) (calculated) ((practical)) Error

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Conditioning Circuit- Wheatstone Bridge

 One of the most used signal conditioning circuit. It can be used to convert a resistance change to a
voltage change as in the following
 A simple circuit used to measure small changes in resistance of a transducer.
 Classic configuration consists of four resistors
 Three fixed value and one variable value
 variable resistor is the sensing element (transducer) (See R4 in diagram below)
 Resistance of the variable resistor changes due to a change in an environmental
factor such as stress, pressure, or temperature.

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Wheatstone Bridge


Wheatstone bridge with one variable resistor

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Wheatstone Bridge
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One Variable Resistor

 Assuming the transducer resistance 𝑅𝑠 is initially𝑅0 =100 Ω,
and 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 =𝑅3 = 100 Ω, then 𝑉𝑎𝑏 can be plotted versus 𝑅𝑠 .
 Bridge is balanced , when
𝑅𝑠 = 100 Ω
𝑉𝑎𝑏 =0 volts
 Changes in the environment affects resistance creating an
unbalanced bridge
 This results in a voltage proportional to resistance change.
𝑅𝑠 =𝑅0 + Δ𝑅𝑠

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Two Variable Resistor



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Experiment procedures
 Wheatstone bridge is a simple circuit used to measure transducer responses by
measuring changes in voltage.
 Basic circuit analysis is used to determine the resistance when
the bridge is balanced.
 Any changes in transducer resistance cause the bridge to be unbalanced
providing a voltage roughly proportional to the
change in resistance and corresponding to the change in sensor value.
 A voltmeter measures the output of the Wheatstone bridge which can be
equated to a corresponding sensor value.
 In a sensor where the Wheatstone bridge is the sensing circuit, its output can be
amplified and processed to send information.

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Experiment procedures
 This figure shows the schematic circuit
diagram of a Wheatstone bridge.
 The resistor pair R3 and R4 are known,
and R1is the unknown resistance. Use
potentiometer R2 to find known R1at
balance of bridge .this occur when
R1/R2=R3/R4

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Wheatstone Bridge output(𝒗𝒂𝒃 =0) in Balance State

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Conditioning Circuit for Temperature Sensor By using -

Wheatstone Bridge
• Using Conditioning Circuit
(Wheatstone Bridge)to calculate
the Temperature sensor output
(𝒗𝒂𝒃 ) at different values of T.

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