MS 2 – The Life and Works of Rizal
Week 2 – Activity 2
Name: Ralph D. Custodio
Date: ___________________________
Section: BSIT II-A
Score: __________________________
● Activity 2
A. Create a graphic organizer of the changes in the Philippines during the nineteenth-century,
categorizing political, economic, and socio-cultural context.
Political
Conservatism vs. Liberalism
• In Spain, academics were
divided into two irreconcilable
camps: Conservatives and
Liberals, neither of whom
offered enough practical
solutions to end the struggle.
Frailocracy
• Rule of the friars
The Spaniards ruled the
Filipinos in the 19th century.
Filipinos were enslaved by the
Spaniards and were forced to
pay taxes and work under their
authority.
The middle class began to
ANSWER SHEET
Economic
Encomienda to Hacienda – The
Encomienda System was not a
land grant, but rather an
administrative entity for
collecting tribute.
Galleon Trade – The Manila
Galleons were Spanish
commerce ships that traveled
across the Pacific Ocean for two
and a half centuries, making one
or two round-trip excursions
every year between the ports of
Acapulco and Manila, both of
which were part of New Spain.
Indulto de Commercio –
Governors of provinces have the
right to engage in and control
trade.
Forced Labor (polo y servicio)
Taxation – a government was
Socio-Cultural
Philippine Educational
System during Spanish Time
• 1855 – the year Spain
realized the need of
establishing a system of
public education for the
indios - this was the year
that Gov. Gen. Crespo
organized a Commission and
recommended remedial
measures to improve
elementary education
• 1861 – the year
Commission completed its
report and forwarded it to
Spain
• 1863 – the year that the
Educational Decree of 1863
was issued
Provisions of Educational
Decree of 1863
Social hierarchy is classified
into three categories: Lower
Class, Middle Class, and
Upper Class.
Social tensions were created
among and between these
classes.
Justice biases the prosperous
 become dissatisfied with the given power to levy and collect and the dominant.
way the upper class ran the taxes for public purposes in
country. order to increase its inhabitants'
well-being

B. Write a reflection paper about the Philippines in the 19th century focused on the following:

1. Instability of Colonial Administration

2. Corrupt Colonial Officials

3. Philippine Representation in the Spanish Cortes

4. Human Rights Denied to Filipinos

5. No Equality before the Law

6. Maladministration of Justice

7. Racial Discrimination

8. Frailocracy

9. Forced Labor

10. Haciendas Owned by the Friars

11. The Guardia Civil

Reflection:
Corrupt Colonial Officials

As they say, great power comes with great responsibility, yet occasionally people become
blinded and overwhelmed by their abilities and desire more.
During the 19th century, Spanish colonial period, the Philippines was plagued by extensive
corruption. In many elements of civic life and in numerous sectors, the Philippines is plagued with
corruption and criminality. Corruption threats abound in the state’s judicial system, public services,
land administration, and natural resource management. Graft, bribery, illegal execution, extortion,
lack of transparency, insufficient enforcement of laws and government policies, and consistent lack
of support for human rights are examples of the colonial officials’ corruption in the Philippines. The
colonial officials sent to the Philippines by Spain in the nineteenth century were a far cry from their
accomplished and dedicated predecessors in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. They were either
ruthless, inept, cruel, or venal.
The 19th-century corruption of colonial authorities was a disease that afflicted the country and
caused Filipinos to suffer. Local officials, including friars, were a fixture in their everyday lives, as
were Spanish secular officials at the top of the colony’s hierarchy.