MID-TERM REVIEWER FRATRICIDE - IT REFERS TO THE ACT
CDI 5- MAM’ SHAIRA OF KILLING ONE’S BROTHER.
REMINDER: HUWAG KANG AASA SA
STOCK KNOWLEDGE! LITERAL NA MA-
STOCK KA  PADAYON LAY!
SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION – IT IS AN
ART WHICH DEALS WITH THE IDENTITY
AND LOCATION OF THE OFFENDER AND
PROVIDES EVIDENCE OF HIS GUILT
THROUGH CRIMINAL PROCEEDING.
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR – A PERSON
WHO IS CHARGED WITH THE DUTY
OFCARRYING ON THE OBJECTIVES OF
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION –THAT IS
THE IDENTIFYING THE GUILTY PARTY
AND THE LOCATION AND PROVIDING
EVIDENCE OF HIS/HER GUILT.
HOMICIDE INVESTIGATION – IT IS THE
OFFICIAL INQUIRY MADE BT THE
POLICE ON THE FACTS AND
CIRCUMTANCES SURROUNDING THE
DEATH OF THE PERSON WHICH IS
EXPECTED TO BE CRIMINAL OR
UNLAWFUL.
HOMICIDE – IT REFERS TO THE KILLING
OF A HUMAN BEING DEPENDING ON
CIRCUMSTANCES.
DEATH – IS THE STATE OF COMPLETE
AND PERSISTANT CESATION OF
RESPIRATION, CIRCULATION AND
OTHER VITAL FUNCTIONS OF THE
BODY. IT IS THE RETURN OF THE BODY
TO A STABLE EQUILIBRIUM
CHEMICALLY AND PHYSICALLY.
SORORICIDE – IT REFERS TO THE ACT
OF KILLING ONE’S SISTER.
MATRICIDE – IT REFERS TO THE ACT
OF KILLING ONE’S MOTHER.
PATRICIDE - IT REFERS TO THE ACT OF
KILLING ONE’S FATHER.
PARRICIDE – LEGALLY, IT REFERS TO
THE ACT OF KILLING A PERSON TO
WHOM HE/SHE IS RELATED SUCH AS
PARENT, GRANDPARENT, LEGAL WIFE,
CHILD OR GRANDCHILD (RPC BOOK II).
INFANTICIDE – LEGALLY, IT REFERS TO
THE ACT OF KILLING A CHILD LESS
THAN THREE DAYS OLD (RPC BOOK II).
SUICIDE – IT REFERS TO THE ACT OF
TAKING ONE’S OWN LIFE
INTENTIONALLY OR VOLUNTARILY (RPC
BOOK II).
UXORICIDE – IT REFERS TO THE ACT
OF KILLING ONE’S WIFE.
REGICIDE – IT REFERS TO THE ACT OF
KILLING A KING.
VATICIDE – IT REFERS TO THE ACT OF
KILLING A PROPHET.
ABORTICIDE – IT REFERS TO THE ACT
OF KILLING A FETUS INSIDE THE WOMB
OF A PREGNANT WOMAN. LEGALLY,
THE CRIME COMMITTED IS CALLED
ABORTION (RPC BOOK II).
EUTHANASIA – IT REFERS TO MERCY
KILLING OR PAINLESS DEATH OF A
PERSON SUFFERING FROM INCURABLE
DISEASE TO CUT SHORT HIS/HER
SUFFERING. IT IS CONSIDERED MUDER
WITH THE QUALIFYING AGGRAVATING
CIRCUMSTANCE OF TREACHERY.
1
ACCIDENTAL DEATH – IT REFERS TO
THAT WHICH OCCURS BEYOND THE
SWAY OF ONE’S WILL AND LIES
BEYOND THE BOUNDS OF HUMAN
FORCEABLE CONSEQUENCES.
MURDER – IT REFERS TO THE KILLING
OF ANOTHER PERSON PROVIDED ANY
OF THE FOLLOWING CIRCUMTANCES
ARE PRESENT:
1. WITH TREACHERY, TAKING
ADVANTAGE OF SUPERIOR STRENGTH,
WITH THE AID OF ARMED MEN, OR
EMPLOYING MEANS OR PERSONS TO
INSURE OR AFFORD IMPUNITY;
2. IN CONSIDERATION OF A PRICE,
REWARD, OR PROMISE;
3. BY MEANS OF INUNDATION OF FIRE,
POISON, EXPLOSION, S`HIPWRECK,
STRANDING OF VESSEL, DERAILMENT,
OR ASSAULT UPON A STREET CAR OR
LOCOMOTIVE, FALL FROM AN AIRSHIP,
BY MEANS OF MOTOR VEHICLES, OR
WITH THE USE OF ANY OTHER MEANS
INVOLVING GREAT WASTE AND RUIN;
4. ON THE OCCASION OF ANY OF THE
CALAMITIES ENUMERATED IN THE
PRECEEDING PARAGRAPH, OR OF ANY
EARTHQUAKE, ERUPTION OF
VOLCANO, DESTRUCTIVE CYCLONE,
EPIDEMIC, OR ANY OTHER PUBLIC
CALAMITY;
5. WITH EVIDENT PREMIDITATION;
6. WITH CRUELTY, BY DELIBERATELY
AND INHUMANLY AUGMENTING THE
SUFFERING OF THE VICTIM, SCOFFING
OR OUTRAGING AT HIS PERSON OR
CORPSE
NOTE: FOR THE PURPOSE OF THE
COURSE, HOMICIDE WILL BE
INTERPRETED IN ITS GENERIC OR
COMPREHENSIVE TERM TO INCLUDE
ALL CRIMES AGAINST PERSON
MENTIONED IN THE REVISED PENAL
CODE.
ESTABLISHING THE CORPUS DELICTI IN
CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS
-IN THE INVESTIGATION OF CRIMES
AGAINST PERSONS SUCH AS KILLING
OR DESTRUCTION OF LIFE, CORPUS
DELICTI OR THE ACTUAL COMMISSION
OF THE CRIME CHARGED MUST BE
INITIALLY ESTABLISHED BY THE
HOMICIDE INVESTIGATOR. TO THIS
EFFECT, THERE MUST BE
SATISFACTORY EVIDENCE TO SHOW
THE FOLLOWING CONSTITUTING THE
CORPUS DELICTI:
1. THE FACT OF DEATH OR KILLING
OCCURRED.
2. THE IDENTITY OF THE VICTIM.
-THE FACT OF DEATH MAYBE SHOWN
BY THE FOLLOWING SIGNS OF DEATH:
A. BY THE CESSATION OF BREATHING
AND RESPIRATORY MOVEMENT – LIKE
THE HEART ACTION, CESSATION OF
RESPIRATION IN ORDER TO BE
CONSIDERED AS A SIGN OF DEATH
MUST BE CONTINUOUS AND
PERSISTENT.
B. BY THE CESSATION OF HEART
SOUND – THERE MUST BE ENTIRE AND
CONTINUOUS CESSATION OF THE
HEART ACTION AND FLOW OF BLOOD
IN THE WHOLE VASCULAR SYSTEM. AS
A GENERAL RULE, IF THERE IS NO
2
HEART ACTION FOR A PERIOD OF FIVE
MINUTES, DEATH IS REGARDED.
C. BY THE LOSS OF PALINGS OF NAIL
BEDS WHEN PRESSURE IS APPLIED IN
THE FINGERNAIL IS RELEASED.
D. BY THE COOLING OF THE BODY
(ALGOR MORTIS) - AFTER DEATH, THE
METABOLIC PROCESSES INSIDE THE
BODY CEASES. NO MORE HEAT IS
PRODUCED BUT THE BODY LOSES
SLOWLY ITS TEMPERATURE BY
EVAPORATION OR BY CONDUCTION TO
THE SURROUNDING ATMOSPHERE.
THE RATE OF COOLING OF TE BODY IS
NOT UNIFORM. IT IS RAPID DURING THE
FIRST TWO HOURS AFTER DEATH AND
AS THE TEMPERATURE OF THE BODY
GRADUALLY APPROACHES THE
TEMPERATURES OF THE
SURROUNDINGS, THE RATE BECOMES
SLOWER.
E. BY INSENSIBILITY OF THE BODY AND
LOSS OF POWER TO MOVE – AFTER
DEATH, THE BODY BECOMES
INSENSIBLE AND NO AMOUNT OF
STIMULATION IS CAPABLE OF LETTING
IT MOVE.
F. BY OBSERVING THE CHANGES IN
THE SKIN – THE SKIN AFTER DEATH
MAYBE OBSERVED TO BE PALE AND
WAXY LOOKING, THERE IS LESS OF
ELASTICITY, OPACITY OCCURS AND
APPLICATION OF HEAT ON THE SKIN
SURFACE WILL NOT PRODUCE BLISTER
OR INFLAMMATORY REACTION.
G. CHANGES IN OR ABOUT THE EYE,
e.g. LOSS OF CORNEAL REFLEXES,
CLOUDING OF THE CORNEA,
FLACCIDITY OF THE EYEBALL. THE
PUPIL IS IN THE POSITION OF REST.
THE IDENTITY OF THE VICTIM DUE TO
VIOLENT DEATH MAY BE ESTABLISHED
BY THE
FOLLOWING METHODS:
1. THRU IDENTIFICATION MADE BY
RELATIVES, FRIENDS, NEIGHBORS, OR
BY ANYONE WHO KNOW PERSONALLY
THE VICTIM.
2. THRU IDENTIFICATION BY THE
BRACELETS, NECKLACE, RINGS, AND
ORNAMENTAL WEARING APPAREL OF
THE VICTIM.
3. THRU THE PERSONAL BELONGINGS
IN POSSESION AND FOUND IN THE
BODY LIKE LETTER, WALLET, DRIVERS
LICENSE, RESIDENCE TAX, ID CARDS
AND ATHERS.
4. THRU CLOTHINGS BY ITS TAILOR
MARKS, LAUNDRY MARK PRINTED
NAME, SIZE, TEXTURE COLOR, AND
DESIGN.
5. THRU FINGERPRINTING AND
COMPARISON WITH RECORDS OF
POLICE DEPARTMENT.
6. THRU BODY PECULIARITIES SUCH AS
MOLES, SCARS, WEIGHT, HEIGHT
BIRTH MARKS, HAIR, TATTOOS AND
DENTURES.
IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE
1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE VICTIM IS
AN IMPORTANT INVESTIGATIVE STEP
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS:
A. THE IDENTITY OF THE DECEASED
MAY AROUSE SUSPICION IN
MYSTERIOUS DEATH SINCE THE VICTIM
MAY BE A PERSON WHOSE LIFE HAS
BEEN THREATENED OR WHOSE DEATH
3
WAS DESIRED FOR CRIMINAL WHICH THE DECEASED HAD
PURPOSES. SACRIFICED TO OBTAIN.

B. THE IDENTITY OF THE DEAD PERSON 3. IF HE INTERPRETS A CRIMINAL

PROVIDES THE FOCAL POINT FOR THE DEATH AS ACCIDENTAL OR NATURAL,
INQUIRY SINCE THE INVESTIGATOR GUILTY PERSON IS OTHERWISE SET
CAN THEN CENTER THEIR ATTENTION SCOT-FREE.
ON HE ASSOCIATES AND THE
ACQUINTANCE OF THE DECEASED. MISTAKES IN HOMICIDE
INVESTIGATION
C. THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE
DECEASED CAN BE TRACED OR 1. THE MISTAKES OF THE HOMICIDE
RELATED TO WANTED PERSONS OR INVESTIGATOR CAN NOT BE
MISSING ONE. CORRECTED.

2. CLOTHES AND OTHER ARTICLES 2. THE HOMICIDE INVESTIGATOR

SHOULD NOT CROSS THE THREE (3)
A. IN THE ABSENCE OF THE NEXT OF BRIDGES, WHICH HE BURNS BEHIND
KIN OR NEAREST KIN OF THE HIM. IT IS IMPORTANT THAT THE CASE
DECEASED PERSON, THE POLICE BE ADEQUATELY HANDLED BY
USUALLY TAKE THE POSSESION OF COMPETENT PERSONNEL.
THE PROPERTY FOUND IN THE
PERSON OF THE DECEASED. THE FOLLOWING ARE THE THREE (3)
BRIDGES:
B. THE MEDICAL EXAMINER MAY TAKE
POSSESSION OF OBJECTS USEFUL IN A. THE DEAD PERSON HAS BEEN
ESTABLISHING THE CAUSE OF DEATH. MOVED – IT IS THEREFORE
NECESSARY THAT PHOTOGRAPHS BE
C. IN CIRCUMTANCES WHICH THE TAKEN, MEASUREMENTS MADE,
BODY IS FOUND USUALLY DETERMINE FINGERPRINTS TAKEN AND OTHER
THE NUMBER OF IDENTIFYING CLUES NECESSARY TASKS TO BE FIRST
THAT ARE PRESENT IN THE VICTIM. CARRIED OUT.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF HOMICIDE B. THE SECOND BRIDGE IS BURNED

INVESTIGATOR ARE: WHEN THE BODY IS EMBALMED.
ELBALMING DESTROYS TRACES OF
1. HOMICIDE INVESTIGATOR WHEN ALCOHOL AND SEVERAL KINDS OF
CALLED UPON TO INVESTIGATE A POISONS. IF POISONING IS
VIOLENT DEATH, STAND ON THE DEAD SUSPECTED, THE INTERNAL ORGANS
MAN’S SHOES, TO PRODUCE HIS SHOULD BE REMOVED BEFORE
INSTINCTS AGAINST THOSE SUSPECTS. EMBALMING.
2. IF THE INVESTIGATOR INTERPRETS
AN ACCIDENTAL DEATH AS DUE TO
NATURAL DEATH, THE WIDOW OF THE 4
FAMILY MAY BE DEPRIVED OF
BENEFITS AND OTHER PROPERTIES,

4
C. THE THIRD BRIDGE IS BURNED AUTOPSIES VS POST MORTEM
WHEN THE BODY IS BURNED OR EXAMINATION
CREMATED.TO EXHUME A BODY IS
DIFFICULT AND EXPENSIVE. THE LAPSE POST MORTEM EXAMINATION REFERS
OF TIME MAKES EXAMINATION DOUBLY TO THE EXTERNAL EXAMINATION OF A
DIFFICULT AND CONCLUSION IS HARD DEAD BODY WITHOUT INCISSION
TO ARRIVE AT CREMATION DESTROYS BEING MADE, ALTHOUGH BLOOD AND
THE BODY ITSELF. OTHER BODY FLUIDS MAY BE
COLLECTED FOR EXAMINATION.
THE MEDICO LEGAL AUTOPSY
AUTOPSY INDICATES THAT IN
1. THE REAL BEGINNING OF HOMICIDE ADDITION TO AN EXTERNAL
INVESTIGATION SHOULD BE TO EXAMINATION THE BODY IS OPENED
ESTABLISH THE CAUSE OF DEATH AND INTERNAL EXAMINATION IS
ACCURATELY. CONDUCTED.

2. AN AUTOPSY SHOULD BE KINDS OF AUTOPSY

PERFORMED AT ONCE WHEN THERE IS
THE SLIGHTHEST TO SUSPECT THE
PROBABILITY OF HOMICIDE.
3. IN GENERAL, IT MAY BE STATED
THAT DEATH HAS BEEN CAUSED BY
VIOLENCE AND AUTOPSY IS ALWAYS
BE PERFORMED UNLESS THERE IS
ADEQUATE PROOF TO THE CONTRARY.
NECROPSY REPORT – IT IS A
DOCUMENT STATING THE CAUSE OF
DEATH OF THE VICTIM; THIS IS THE
MEDICO LEGAL REPORT.
1. HOSPITALS OR NON – OFFICIAL
AUTOPSY
2. MEDICO LEGAL OR OFFICIAL
AUTOPSY
DEATH - IS THE TERMINATION OF LIFE.
IT IS THE COMPLETE CESSATION OF
ALL THE VITAL FUNCTIONS WITHOUT
POSSIBILITY OF RESUSCITATION
THREE KINDS OF DEATH
1. SOMATIC OR CLINICAL DEATH

-THIS IS THE STATE OF THE BODY IN

WHICH THERE IS COMPLETE,
AUTOPSY PERSISTENT AND CONTINUOUS
CESSATION OF THE VITAL FUNCTIONS
-AN AUTOPSY IS A COMPREHENSIVE OF THE BRAIN, HEART AND LUNGS
STUDY OF A DEAD BODY, PERFORMED WHICH MAINTAIN LIFE AND HEALTH.
BY A TRAINED PHYSICIAN EMPLOYING
RECOGNIZED DISSECTION, METHOD, 2. MOLECULAR OR CELLULAR DEATH
PROCEDURE AND TECNIQUES. IT
INCLUDES REMOVAL OF TISSUE FOR -AFTER CESSATION OF THE VITAL
FURTHER EXAMINATION. FUNCTIONS OF THE BODY THERE IS
STILL ANIMAL LIFE AMONG INDIVIDUAL
CELLS. THIS IS EVIDENCE BY THE
PRESENCE OF THE EXCITABILITY OF
THE MUSCLES AND CELIARY

5
MOVEMENTS AND OTHER FUNCTION
OF INDIVIDUAL CELLS.
-ABOUT THREE TO SIX HOURS LATER,
THERE IS DEATH OF INDIVIDUAL CELLS.
THIS IS KNOWN AS MOLLECULAR OR
CELLULAR DEATH.
3. APPARENT DEATH OR STATE OF
SUSPENDED ANIMATION
SUSPENDED ANIMATION
-CARDIAC ACTIVITY, BREATHING AND
FUNCTIONING OF THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM REACH SUCH A LOW LEVEL
ACTIVITY THAT A HOMICIDE
INVESTIGATOR MAY BE DECEIVED INTO
AN ASSUMPTION OF DEATH.
THE FACT OF DEATH
1. THE FIRST ACTION OF AN
INVESTIGATOR UPON ARRIVING AT THE
SCENE OF THE HOMICIDE IS THE
VERIFICATION OF DEATH.
2. AN INDIVIDUAL IS SAID TO BE DEAD
IN THE MEDICAL SENSE IF ONE OF THE
VITAL FUNCTIONS IS NO LONGER
PERFORMING WITHIN THE BODY.
3. RESPIRATION
4. CARDIAC ACTIVITY
5. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
ACTIVITY
6. IN LEGAL SENSE, DEATH IS
CONSIDERED TO HAVE OCCURED IF
ALL THE VITAL FUNCTIONS OF THE
THREE ABOVEMENTIONED (3 RD , 4 TH
AND 5 TH) HAVE CEASED.
AUTHORITY TO CONDUCT HOMICIDE
INVESTIGATION
1. DESK OFFICER
2. LETTER OF REQUEST
3. ORDER
4. WRITTEN DIRECTLY
PURPOSE OF HOMICIDE
INVESTIGATION
1. TO RECORD THE RELEVANT DETAILS
OF THE CASE
2. TO SERVE AS RECORD OF DETAILS
IN THE LIGHT OF DEVELOPMENT
3. DEPOSITORY OF DATA THAT MAYBE
A FUTURE SUBJECT THAT COULD HELP
IN REPORT WRITING, ANALYSIS AND
JUDGMENT.
4. IT MAY SERVE AS DOCUMENTARY
EVIDENCE IN COURT AND TO REFRESH
THE MEMORY OF THE INVESTIGATOR
WHILE TESTIFYING.
NOTE: DON’T FORGET TO JOT DOWN
THE TIME OF DISPATCHED, TIME OF
ARRIVAL AND TIME YOU LEFT THE
CRIME SCENE.
METHOD OF ESTABLISHING THE TIME
OF DEATH
-THE INVESTIGATOR EITHER BY
HIMSELF OR WITH THE AID OF THE
EXPERTS DETERMINES THE
APPROXIMATE TIME OF DEATH. THIS
CAN BE SHOWN BY:
1. BY TESTIMONY OF THE WITNESS
WHO MAY CORRELATE THE TIME WITH
CERTAIN EVENTS, NATURAL
PHENOMENA AND OTHER CONDITIONS.
IT MAY BE APPROXIMATED WHEN THE
COCK
6
CROWS, POSITION OF THE SUN OR THE
MOON, DISMISSAL OF CLASSES,
WEARING APPAREL OF THE
DECEASED, RINGING OF THE CHURCH
BELLS AND OTHERS.
2. BY CIRCUMTANTIAL PROOF AS TO
THE TIME OF OCCURRENCE, LIKE THE
LAST TIME THE VICTIM WAS SEEN
ALIVE, WITNESSES TO PROVE THE
SUSPECT COMING FROM THE CRIME
SCENE AT CERTAIN APPROXIMATE
TIME, ETC.
3. BY THE TESTIMONY OF EXPERTS OR
TECHNICAL MEN SUCH AS PHYSICIAN
ON THE FOLLOWING POINTS:
A. PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF RIGOR
MORTIS – RIGOR MORTIS IS THE
STIFFENING OF THE MUSCLE TISSUE
OF THE BODY FOLLOWING DEATH. IT
USSUALLY OCCURS 2-6 HOURS AFTER
DEATH.
B. FACTORS – BODY TEMPERATURE AT
DEATH (HIGH OR LOW); ENVIRONMENT
TEMPERATURE (HEAT: HASTEN, COLD:
RETARDS) STRENUOUS MUSCULAR
ACTIVITY, EMOTIONAL EXCITEMENT
C. PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF POST-
MORTEM LIVIDITY –THIS IS THE
GRAVITATION OF BLOOD IN THE MOST
DEPENDENT PORTIONS OF THE BODY
THUS PRODUCING REDDISH
DISCOLORATION OF THE AREA
AFFECTED. IT APPEARS USUALL 3-6
HOURS FOLLOWING DEATH.
D. FACTORS – CIRCULATORY FAILURE
(STAGNATION; SKIN LIVID PRIOR TO
DEATH) ACUTE BLOOD LOSS (LIVIDITY
LESS MARKED) CARBON MONOXIDE
POISONING; CYANIDE; CASE OF RAPID
COOLING (WATER) TRADIEUS SPOT
PETECHIE (OVER CONGESTION OF
BLOOD IN CAPILLARIES).
E. COAGULATION OF BLOOD INSIDE
THE BLOOD VESSELS – THIS USUALLY
OCCURS 6-8 HOURS FOLLOWING
DEATH.
F. VOLUME OF THE STOMACH
CONTENTS – THE STOMACH USUALLY
EMPTIES 3-4 HOURS AFTER THE LAST
MEAL.
G. DEGREE OF DECOMPOSITION OF
THE BODY – IN TROPICAL CLIMATE,
DECOMPOSITION STARTS 36 TO 48
HOURS AFTER DEATH. BODIES ON
SURFACE GROUND IS TRANSFORMED
INTO SKELETAL IN A MONTH TIME;
TWICE LONGER WHEN THE BODY IS IN
WATER AND ONE TO THREE YEARS IF
BURIED UNDERGROUND DEPENDING
UPON THE NATURE OF THE SOIL,
HUMIDITY, DEPTH, PRESENCE OR
ABSENCE OF THE EMBALMING FLUID,
INTEGRITY OF THE COFFIN, CONDITION
OF THE BODY AT THE TIME OF DEATH,
ETC.
H. OTHER BASIS – OTHER PROOFS
INFERRED FROM THE SURROUNDING
EVIDENCE LIKE THE DEGREE OF THE
DESTRUCTION OF THE COFFIN,
WEARING APPAREL, AND PERSONAL
BELONGINGS ETC. SIMILARLY THE
NATURE OF THE BLOOD STAIN,
WHETHER FRESH, CLOTHED OR DRIED
MAY INDICATE A RECENT ONE, WHILE
THOSE THAT ARE DRIED UP WITH
CERTAIN DEGREE OF DISCOLORATION
SHOW THAT IT IS OF LONG STANDING.
7
THE FOLLOWING PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
MAY ALSO INDICATE THE TIME OF
DEATH:
1. THE PRESENCE OF RUSTS IN
BLADED WEAPON
2. PRESENCE OF SMOKE ODOR IN THE
BARREL OF THE GUN
3. SPIDER WEB IN THE DISTURBED
CRIME SCENE
4. AMOUNT OF PETROLEUM IN THE
KEROSENE LAMP
5. POSITION OF THE CLOCK HANDS
WHEN DISTURBED AND OUT OF
FUNCTION
6. DEGREE OF PURIFICATION OF
PERISHABLE MATERIAL THAT MAY BE
PRESENT IN THE CRIME SCENE.
METHOD OF ESTABLISHING THE
POSITION OF THE VICTIM AT THE TIME
OF DEATH
-THE APPROXIMATE POSITION OF THE
VICTIM AT THE TIME OF DEATH MAY BE
INFERRED BY THE FOLLOWING:
1. POSTURE OF THE BODY WHEN
FOUND – THE BODY MAY BECOME
RIGID IN A POSITION IN WHICH HE DIED.
POST-MORTEM LIVIDITY MAY DEVELOP
IN THE ASSUMED POSITION.
2. POST-MORTEM LIVIDITY – VOLUNTARY OR INVOLUNTARY, WHILE
HYPOSTATIC (ACCUMULATION OF
BLOOD IN A DEPENDENT PART OF THE
BODY) LIVIDITY (BLUISH GRAY
DISCOLARATION) WILL BE FOUND IN
THE AREAS OF THE BODY WHERE THE
BODY LIES. IF THERE IS ALREADY
COAGULATION (CLOT) OF BLOOD, OR IF
THE BLOOD HAS ALREADY DIFFUSED
INTO THE TISSUES OF THE BODY, A
CHANGE OF POSITION OF THE VICTIM
WILL NOT ALTER THE LOCATION OF
THE POST-MORTEM LIVIDITY.
3. CADAVERIC SPASM – THIS THE
INSTANTANEOUS RIGIDITY OF A
GROUP OF MUSCLES AT THE TIME OF
DEATH DUE TO EXTREME NERVOUS
TENSION, EXHAUSTION OR INJURY TO
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. THE FINDING
OF WEAPON FIRMLY GRASPED IN THE
PALM OF THE HAND OF THE VICTIM IS
THE PROOF THAT IT WAS THE
POSITION OF THE DECEASED
IMMEDIATELY AFTER DEATH.
.4. LOCATION OF THE POST-MORTEM
CONTACT FLATTERING – DUE TO THE
LOST OF ELASTICITY OF THE SKIN, THE
AREA WHEREIN THE BODY REST OR
THE SKIN WHICH IS IN CONTACT WITH
THE SURFACE WHEREIN THE BODY
WILL BE FLATTENED.
DISTINCTION BETWEEN RIGOR MORTIS
AND CADAVERIC SPASM
1. TIME OF APPEARANCE
RIGOR MORTIS APPEARS TWO TO SIX
HOURS AFTER DEATH WHILE
CADAVERIC SPASM APPEARS
IMMEDIATELY AFETR DEATH.
2. MUSCLES INVOLVED
RIGOR MORTIS INVOLVED ALL THE
MUSCLES OF THE BODY WHETHER
CADAVERIC SPASM INVOLVES ONLY A
CERTAIN MUSCLE OR GROUP OF
MUSCLES AND ARE A SYMETRICAL.
3. OCCURRENCE
8
RIGOR MORTIS IS NATURAL
PHENOMENA, WHICH OCCURS AFTER
DEATH, WHILE CADAVERIC SPASM MAY
OR MAY NOT APPEAR ON A PERSON AT
THE TIME OF DEATH.
4. MEDICO LEGAL SIGNIFICANCE
RIGOR MORTIS MAY BE UTILIZED BY A
MEDICAL JURIST TO APPROXIMATE
THE TIME OF DEATH, WHILE
CADAVERIC SPASM MAY BE USEFUL TO
DETERMINE THE NATURE OF THE
CRIME.
STEPS TO BE TAKEN DURING
INVESTIGATION AT THE CRIME SCENE
1. ESTABLISH MOTIVE TO THE KILLING
MOTIVES NEED NOT TO BE PROVED IN
SOME CRIMINAL PROSECUTION BUT
THE DETERMINATION OF THE MOTIVE
WILL FURNISH A GOOD CLUE IN THE
SOLUTION OF THE CRIME.
THE INVESTIGATOR DRAWING FROM
HIS INQUIRY, EXPERIENCE, AND
AVAILABILITY OF DATA MUST BASE HIS
INVESTIGATION ON A THEORY THAT
RATIONALLY EXPLAINS THE FATAL ACT.
THE MOST COMMON MOTIVES ARE THE
FOLLOWING:
-REVENGE, SEX MOTIVES
-FEUDMORAL,TURPITUDE
(WICKEDNESS)
-JEALOUSY - LOVE TRIANGLE MENTAL
DEFICIENCY
-GAIN - FINANCIALLY OR OTHERWISE
SELF DEFENSE
-CIVIL SUIT SADISM
2. CONDUCT INTERVIEW AND
INTERROGATION OF WITNESSES THE
INTERVIEW AND INTERROGATION
MUST BE DONE EXHAUSTIVELY AND
PATIENTLY. OBSERVED PERSONS TO
BE INTERVIEWED AS TO THEIR MORAL,
INTELLECTUAL AND PHYSICAL
CONDITIONS. THEIR BACKGROUND
HISTORY MUST BE STABLISHED.
3. DETERMINE IF SUSPECT HAS FLED
AND GONE INTO HIDING IF THE
SUSPECT HAS FLED, HIS FLIGHT
COULD BE A SIGN OF GUILT. THE
ABSENCE OF THE SUSPECT FROM HIS
HOME AND HAUNTS CAN BE
INTERPRETED AS FLIGHT. A SEARCH
SHOULD BE MADE FOR THE SUSPECT
IN DIFFEWRENT PLACES. SOMEONE
SHOULD BE IN POSITION TO TESTIFY
THAT THE ACCUSED DID NOT RETURN
TO HIS HOME OR VISIT HIS USUAL
HAUNTS.
4. GATHER PHYSICAL EVIDENCES TO
SHOW SIGNS OF STRUGGLE THE SIGNS
OF STRUGGLE MAY BE DUE TO THE
RETREAT OF THE VICTIM IN THE
COURSE OF THE ATTACK, THE DEGREE
OF RESISTANCE OF THE VICTIM TO
AVOID THE ATTACK AND THE LENGTH
OF TIME SUCH RESISTANCE HAS BEEN
OFFERED.
IF THE VICTIM DOES IMMEDIATELY
BECOMES UNCONSCIOUS AFTER THE
FIRST BLOW, STAB, CUT OR SHOT, THE
SIGN OF STRUGGLEMAY BE LIMITED.
NEVERTHELESS, IT COULD BE SHOWN
BY THE FOLLOWING PHYSICAL
EVIDENCE:
A. BLOOD
B. HAIR
C. FURNITURE
D. MARKS OF WEAPONS
9
E. EVIDENCE OF MANNER AND 2. SHARP-POINTED INSTRUMENT –
DIRECTION OF ESCAPE OF THE PUNCTURE WOUND
ASSAILANT
F. PRESENCE OF DEFENSE WOUNDS IN 3. SHARP-EDGED AND SHARP-POINTED
THE VICTIM INSTRUMENT – STAB WOUND

C. WOUND BROUGHT ABOUT BY

CLASSIFICATION OF WOUNDS TEARING FORCE - LACERATED WOUND
I. AS TO SEVERITY D. WOUND BROUGHT BY ABOUT BY
A. MORTAL WOUND – WOUND WHICH IS CHANGE OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
CAUSED IMMEDIATELY AFTER – BAROTRAUMA
INFLICTION OR SHORTLY THEREAFTER E. WOUND BROUGH BROUGHT ABOUT
THAT IS CAPABLE OF CUASING DEATH. BY HEAT OR COLD – FROSBITE, BURNS
B. NON-MORTAL WOUND – WOUND OR SCALD
WHICH IS NOT CAPABLE OF F. WOUND BROUGHT ABOUT BY
PRODUCING DEATH IMMEDIATELY CHEMECAL EXPLOSION – GUNSHOT OR
AFTER INFLICTION OR SHORTLY SHRAPNEL WOUND
THEREAFTER.
G. WOUND BROUGH ABOUT BY
EVIDENCE TO SHOW THE FATAL INFECTION
EFFECT OF WOUNDS
INTERPRETATION OF INSTRUMENT
1. AMOUNT OF HEMORRHAGE USED BY THE NATURE OF THE
2. SIZE OF THE INJURY EXTERNAL INJURIES
3. ORGANS AND PARTS OF THE BODY
INVOLVED SUFFERED BY THE VICTIM
4. MECHANICAL EFFECTS ON THE VITAL
ORGANS 1. CONTUSION – AN INJURY FOUND IN
THE SUBSTANCE OF THE SKIN WITH
II. AS TO THE KIND OF INSTRUMENT DISCOLORATION OF THE SURFACE
USED: DUE TO THE EXTRAVASATIONS (TO
CAUSE OF FLOW) OF BLOOD. THIS IS
A. WOUND BROUGHT ABOUT BY DUE TO THE APPLICATION OF BLUNT
BLUNT INSTRUMENT INSTRUMENT.
1. CONTUSION
2. HEMATOMA 2. ABRASION (WEARING OR GRAZING) –
3. LACERATED WOUND AN INJURY CHARACTERIZED BY THE
REMOVAL OF THE SUPERFICIAL
B. WOUND BROUGHT ABOUT BY EPITHELIAL LAYER OF THE SKIN
SHARP INSTRUMENT BROUGHT ABOUT BY THE FRICTION
AGAINST A HARD, ROUGH SURFACE.
1. SHARP-EDGED INSTRUMENT –
INCISED WOUND 3. HEMATOMA – THIS IS THE
EXTRAVASATIONS OF BLOOD IN THE
NEWLY FORMED CAVITY. IT IS

10
SOMETIMES CALLED BLOOD TUMOR. IV. AS REGARDS TO THE DEPTH OF
THERE IS EXTREME DESTRUCTION OF THE WOUND
THE TISSUES UNDERNEATH THE SKIN
THEREBY ALLOWING THE BLOOD TO 1. SUPERFICIAL – THE WOUND
ACCUMULATE. HEMATOMA IS CAUSED INVOLVES ONLY THE LAYERS OF THE
BY A HIT OF BLUNT INSTRUMENT IN SKIN.
AREAS OF THE BODY WHERE BONY 2. DEEP – THE WOUND INVOLVES THE
TISSUES ARE SUPERTICIAL. INNER STRUCTURE BEYOND THE
4. INCISED WOUND – THIS IS LAYERS OF THE SKIN.
PRODUCED BY FORCIBLE CONTACT ON A. PENETRATING - THE WOUNDING
THE BODY BY SHARP EDGED AGENT ENTERS THE BODY BUT DID
INSTRUMENT LIKE BOLOS, KNIVES, NOT COME OUT OR THE PIERCING OF A
AXE, BROKEN GLASS OR SHARP EDGE SOLID ORGAN OR TISSUE OF THE
INSTRUMENT. BODY.
5. LACERATED WOUND – THIS IS THE B. PERFORATING – THE WOUNDING
TEARING OF THE SKIN DUE TO AGENT PRODUCES COMMUNICATION
FORCIBLE CONTACT OF A BLUNT BETWEEN THE INNER AND OUTER
INSTRUMENT. THE EDGES ARE PORTION OF THE HOLLOW ORGANS.
IRREGULAR AND DO NOT
CORRESPOND TO THE WOUNDING DEATH CAUSED BY FIREARMS
INSTRUMENT.
1. GENERAL PRINCIPLE
6. PUNCTURED WOUND – THIS IS
PRODUCED BY SHARP POINTED A. IN THE INVESTIGATION CAUSED BY
INSTRUMENT LIKE ICE PICKS, NAILS, FIREARM, THE WOUND IS EXAMINED
PINS, ETC. FOR THE PURPOSE OF DETERMINING
THE FOLLOWING:
7. STAB WOUND – THIS IS PRODUCED
BY THE FORCIBLE APPLICATION OF A 1. NATURE AND TYPE OF WEAPON
SHARP EDGED AND SHARP POINTED USED
INSTRUMENT. IT COULD INVOLVE VITAL 2. THE DISTANCE AND THE DIRECTION
ORGANS OR CAUSES SEVERE OF FIRE
HEMORRHAGE, IT MAY CAUSE 3. THE RELATIVE POSITION OF THE
IMMEDIATE DEATH. VICTIM AND THE ASSAILANT

III. AS TO THE MANNER OF INFLICTION B. IF THE BULLET IS STILL IN THE BODY,

THE MEDICAL EXAMINER SHALL
1. HIT – BY MEANS OF BOLO, BLUNT CAREFULLY RECOVER IT FROM THE
INSTRUMENT, AXE. FATAL WOUND, BULLET THUS
2. THRUST OR STAB – BY MEANS OF RECOVERED, ADDITIONAL
BAYONET DAGGER. INFORMATION CAN BE OBTAINED
3. GUNPOWDER EXPLOSION – CONCERNING THE CHARACTER OF THE
PROJECTILE OR SHRAPNEL WOUND. WEAPON.
4. SLIDING OR RUBBING OR ABRASION.

11
C. IF THE GUN IS RECOVERED WHICH
IS SUSPECTED TO BE OF THE
MURDERER’S WEAPON, IT MAYBE
POSSIBLE TO IDENTIFY OR EXCLUDE IT
BY MEANS OF COMPARISON BETWEEN
FATAL BULLET AND TEST BULLET.
D. IN ALL INVESTIGATION OF
UNEXPECTED DEATH, ALL WEAPONS,
BULLETS AND SHELLS RECOVERED
SHOULD BE SUBMITTED FOR EXPERT
EXAMINATION.
2. NATURE AND EXTENT OF GUNSHOT
WOUND
TWO TYPES OF GUNSHOT WOUNDS
1. ENTRANCE WOUNDS
2. EXIT WOUND
A. GUNSHOT WOUND COULD SHOW
THE FOLLOWING:
1. THE KIND OF AMMUNITION USED
2. THE FIRING DISTANCE
3. THE STRIKING OF THE BULLET WITH
ANOTHER OBJECT
4. PASSAGE THROUGH CLOTHING
5. PATH OF THE BULLET THROUGH THE
BODY
B. THE SHAPE, SIZE AND APPEARANCE
OF THE GUNSHOT ENTRANCE ARE
AFFECTED BY THE FOLLOWING:
1. THE DISTANCE OF THE DISCHARGE
2. THE TYPEOF THE WEAPON
3. THE NATURE OF THE WEAPON
4. THE NATURE AND AMOUNT OF
GUNPOWDER
5. THE AFFECTED PART OF THE BODY
C. WHEN A BULLET STRIKES A SKIN, IT
PUSHES AGAINTS THE TOUGH,
ELASTIC SURFACE WHICH STRETCHES
AN INCIDENT WHICH A PART OF THE
SKIN REMOVES THE GRIME (INGRAINED
ORSOOT/CARBON) FROM THE BULLET
AND FORM A GRAY RING AROUND THE
ENTRANCE WOUND.
D. THE WOUND ITSELF IS LARGER
THAN THE BULLET SINCE AT CLOSE
RANGE, IT IS AFFECTED BY EXPLOSIVE
GASES, POWDER, CLOTHING AND IN
CASE OF SHOTGUN, A WAD MAY BE
DISCOVERED IN THE WOUND.
E. THE POWDER IS NOT COMPLETELY
FOUND AND SMALL PARTICLES OF THE
GUNPOWDER ARE SEEN AT THE SKIN
RESULTING TO THE CREATION OF
TATTOOING RING.
F. THE SMOKE OF THE DISCHARGE
ITSELF IS THE CAUSE OF THE
DISCHARGE, POWDER MARKS AND
SCORCHING ARE MORE PROMINENT
ON THE SIDES FROM WHICH THE
BULLET COMES.
G. WHEN THE DISCHARGE IS FAR FROM
THE ENTRANCE WOUND, IT REVEALS
THE DISCHARGE PRODUCT SUSH A
TATTOOING OR SCORCHING BECAUSE
OF EXPLOSIVE GASES. THE WOUND IS
SMALLER.
SHOTGUN WOUNDS
A SHOTGUN WOUNDS ARE
RECOGNIZED BY THE PRESENCE OF
SHOTS/PELLETS IN THE WOUNDS. THE
MOST COMMON TYPE OF SHOTGUN
FOUND AT THE SCENE IS THE 12
GAUGESHOTGUN. THIS WEAPON WHEN
FIRED FROM A DISTANCE OF 1 TO 3
FEET WILL MAKE A HOLE.
-DETERMINATION WHETHER GUNSHOT
WOUND IS SUICIDAL, HOMICIDAL OR
ACCIDENTAL
12
A. EVIDENCE TO PROVE THAT THE
GUNSHOT WOUND IS SUICIDAL
1. THE FIRE IS USUALLY CONTACT OR
CLOSE CONTACT, AS SHOWN BY THE
PRESENCE OF
BURNING AND TATTOOING OF THE
AREA AROUND THE GUNSHOT WOUND.
2. THE PRESENCE OF ONE GUNSHOT
WOUND IN MOST CASES, AFTER A
SHOT ESPECIALLY AT THE HEAD, THE
VICTIM CAN NO LONGER PERFORM OR
ACT TO CAUSE ANOTHER SHOT
EXCEPT IF THE FIREARM USED IS AN
AUTOMATIC OR DEFECTIVE ONE.
3. PORTIONS OF THE BODY INVOLVED
ARE THOSE ACCESSIBLE TO THE
HANDS OF THE VICTIM UTILIZED IN
COMMITING SUICIDE. PERSON
COMMITTING SUICIDE WILL NOT THINK
OF DIFFICULT WAY OF ENDING HIS LIFE
UNLESS HE HAS THE INTENTION OF
DECIEVING THE INVESTIGATOR.
A. PRESENCE OF SUICIDE NOTE. CARE
MUST BE TAKEN IN THE
DETERMINATION OF THE
GENIUNENESS OF SUCH NOTE.
B. HISTORY OR CAUSE OF
DESPONDENCY (DISHEARTENED),
FAMILY, FINANCIAL, OR MARITAL
PROBLEM MAY PRESENT SUFFICIENT
TO CASE HIM TO COMMIT SUICIDE
CONSIDERING HIS CHARACTER AND
MENTAL CONDITIONS.
C. WOUNDING WEAPON HELD TIGHTLY
IN THE PALM OF THE HAND OF THE
VICTIM. A STATE OF CADAVERIC
SPASM MAY BE OBSERVED WHICH
SHOWS THAT THE WEAPON IS HELD
TIGHTLY AT THE TIME OF HIS DEATH.
D. EXCLUSION OF ALL OTHER
EVIDENCES TO SHOW THAT THE CASE
IS NOT SUICIDE.
B. EVIDENCE TO SHOW THAT THE
GUNSHOT WOUND IS ACCIDENTAL.
1. USUALLY THERE IS BUT ONE SHOT.
2. THERE IS NO SPECIAL AREA OF THE
BODY INVOLVED.
3. CONSIDERATION OF THE TESTIMONY
OF THE ASSAILANT AND THE
DETERMINATION AS TO WHETHER IT IS
POSSIBLE TO BE ACCIDENTAL BY
KNOWING THE RELATIVE POSITION OF
THE VICTIM AND THE ASSAILANT.
C. EVIDENCE TO SHOW THAT THE
GUNSHOT WOUND IS HOMICIDAL
1. THE SITE OR SITES OF THE
ENTRANCE WOUND HAS NO POINT
ELECTION.
2. THE FIRE IS MADE WHEN THE VICTIM
IS USUALLY SOME DISTANCE AWAY
FROM THE ASSAILANT.
3. SIGNS OF STRUGGLE/DEFENSE
WOUND MAY BE PRESENT IN THE
VICTIM.
4. THERE MAY BE DISTURBANCE OF
THE SURROUNDING ON ACCOUNT OF
THE PREVIOUS STRUGGLE.
5. WOUNDING FIREARM USUALLY NOT
FOUND AT THE SCENE OF THE CRIME.
6. TESTIMONY OF WITNESSES.
D. TO SHOW GRANADE OR BOMB
EXPLOSION
A. SEVERE TEARING OF THE
CLOTHING.
B. WOUNDS OF WHATEVER
DESCRIPTION FOUND IN THE BODY OF
THE VICTIM.
C. PRESENCE OF SHRAPNEL IN THE
BODY.
13
D. TESTIMONY OF SURVIVORS OR
WITNESSES TO THE EXPLOSION.
E. DETERMINATION OF THE MOTIVE.
F. DETERMINATION OF THE SOURCE OF
THE GRENADE OR BOMBS.
E. TO SHOW POISONING

A. HISTORY SHOWS THAT THE

COMPLAINTS AND SYMPTOMS
APPEARED SUDDENLY LIKE AN ACUTE
ABDOMEN, EPILEPSY, HEART FAILURE
OR CHOLERA.

B. THE SYMPTOMS APPEAR WHILE THE

INDIVIDUAL IS AT THE STATE OF GOOD
HEALTH.

C. THE SYMPTOMS USUALLY APPEAR

AFTER MEAL OR AFTER TAKING SOME
FOOD OR MEDICINE.

THE ONSET OF THE SYMPTOMS ARE

INFLUENCE BY THE MODIFYING
FACTORS BUT IN MOST CASES IT
APPEARS WITHIN AN HOUR.

D. WHEN SEVERAL PERSONS PARTAKE

THE FOOD OR DRUG AT THE SAME
TIME, THE APPROXIMATE
OCCURRENCE OF THE SYMTOMS ARE
AT THE SAME TIME.

E. THE COURSE OF THE SYMPTOMS

MAY EITHER GETTING SEVERE OR
HAVING STEADY IMPROVEMENT.

F. EXAMINATION OF ORGAN FOR THE

PRESENCE OF THE SUSPECTED
POISON.

G. TESTIMONY OF WITNESS.

14