Citations Soc Sci 101 Research Proposal

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https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/divisiveness

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Chapter 2

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Types and examples of transition words

There are four main types of transition word: additive, adversative, causal, and sequential.
Within each category, words are divided into several more specific functions.

Remember that transition words with similar meanings are not necessarily interchangeable. It’s
important to understand the meaning of all the transition words you use. If unsure, consult a
dictionary to find the precise definition.

Additive transition words

Additive transition words introduce new information or examples. They can be used to expand
upon, compare with, or clarify the preceding text.
Function Example sentence Transition words and phrases

Addition We found that the mixture was effective. Moreover, it indeed, furthermore, moreover, additionally, and,
appeared to have additional effects we had not predicted. also, both x and y, not only x but also y, besides x, in
fact

Introductio Several researchers have previously explored this topic. For such as, like, particularly, including, as an
n instance, Smith (2014) examined the effects of … illustration, for example, for instance, in particular,
to illustrate, especially, notably

Reference The solution showed a high degree of considering x, regarding x, in regard to x, as for x,
absorption. Considering this result, it is reasonable to concerning x, the fact that x, on the subject of x
conclude that …

Similarity It was not possible to establish a correlation between these similarly, in the same way, by the same token, in
variables. Similarly, the connection between x and y remains like manner, equally, likewise
unclear …

Clarificatio The patient suffered several side effects, namely increased that is (to say), namely, specifically, more precisely
n appetite, decreased libido, and disordered sleep. in other words

Adversative transition words

Adversative transition words always signal a contrast of some kind. They can be used to
introduce information that disagrees or contrasts with the preceding text.

Function Example sentence Transition words and phrases

Conflict The novel does deal with the theme of but, however, although, though, equally, by way of contrast,
family. However, its central theme is more broadly while, on the other hand, (and) yet, whereas, in contrast,
political … (when) in fact, conversely, whereas

Concession Jones (2011) argues that the novel reflects Russian even so, nonetheless, nevertheless, even though, on the other
politics of the time. Although this is correct, other hand, admittedly, despite x, notwithstanding x, (and) still,
aspects of the text must also be considered. although, in spite of x, regardless (of x), (and) yet, though,
granted x

Dismissal It remains unclear which of these hypotheses is regardless, either way, whatever the case, in any/either event,
correct. In any case, it can be inferred that … in any/either case, at any rate, all the same

Emphasis The chemical is generally thought to have corrosive above all, indeed, more/most importantly
Function Example sentence Transition words and phrases

properties. Indeed, several studies have supported

this hypothesis.

Replacemen The character of Godfrey is often viewed as (or) at least, (or) rather, instead, or (perhaps) even, if not
t selfish, or at least self-absorbed.

Causal transition words

Causal transition words are used to describe cause and effect. They can be used to express
purpose, consequence, and condition.

Function Example sentence Transition words and phrases

Consequenc Because Hitler failed to respond to the British therefore, because (of x), as a result (of x), for this reason, in view
e ultimatum, France and the UK declared war of x, as, owing to x, due to (the fact that), since, consequently, in
on Germany. consequence, as a consequence, hence, thus, so (that), accordingly,
so much (so) that, under the/such circumstances, if so

Condition We qualified survey responses as (even/only) if/when, on (the) condition that, in the case that, granted
positive only if the participant selected (that), provided/providing that, in case, in the event that, as/so long
“agree” or “strongly agree.” Otherwise, as, unless, given that, being that, inasmuch/insofar as, in that case,
results were recorded as negative. in (all) other cases, if so/not, otherwise

Purpose We used accurate recording equipment so to, in order to/that, for the purpose of, in the hope that, so that, to th
that our results would be as precise as end that, lest, with this in mind, so as to, so that, to ensure (that)
possible.

Sequential transition words

Sequential transition words indicate a sequence, whether it’s the order in which events occurred
chronologically or the order you’re presenting them in your text. They can be used for
signposting in academic texts.

Function Example sentence Transition words and phrases

Enumeratio This has historically had several consequences: First, first, second, third…
n the conflict is not given the weight of other conflicts in
historical narratives. Second, its causes are inadequately
Function Example sentence Transition words and phrases

understood. Third, …

Initiation To begin with, I want to consider the role played by in the first place, initially, first of all, to begin with, at firs
women in this period.

Continuatio Subsequently, I discuss the way in which the country’s subsequently, previously, eventually, next, before x,
n various ethnic minorities were affected by the conflict. afterwards, after x, then

Conclusion Finally, I consider these two themes in combination. to conclude (with), as a final point, eventually, at last, las
but not least, finally, lastly

Resumption To return to my main argument, it is clear that … to return/returning to x, to resume, at any rate

Summation Patel (2015) comes to a similar conclusion. In as previously stated/mentioned, in summary, as I have
summary, the four studies considered here suggest a argued, overall, as has been mentioned, to summarize,
consensus that the solution is effective. briefly, given these points, in view of x, as has been noted
in conclusion, in sum, altogether, in short

These lists of transitions are adapted from those created by Prof. Campbell, Prof. Buckhoff, and Prof. Dowell at Michigan State
University under a Creative Commons license.
What can proofreading do for your paper?
Scribbr editors not only correct grammar and spelling mistakes, but also strengthen your writing
by making sure your paper is free of vague language, redundant words and awkward phrasing.
 See editing example

Common mistakes with transition words

Transition words are often used incorrectly. Make sure you understand the proper usage of
transition words and phrases, and remember that words with similar meanings don’t necessarily
work the same way grammatically.

Misused transition words can make your writing unclear or illogical. Your audience will be
easily lost if you misrepresent the connections between your sentences and ideas.

Confused use of therefore

“Therefore” and similar cause-and-effect words are used to state that something is the result of,
or follows logically from, the previous. Make sure not to use these words in a way that implies
illogical connections.

 We asked participants to rate their satisfaction with their work from 1 to 10. Therefore,
the average satisfaction among participants was 7.5.

The use of “therefore” in this example is illogical: it suggests that the result of 7.5 follows
logically from the question being asked, when in fact many other results were possible. To fix
this, we simply remove the word “therefore.”

 We asked participants to rate their satisfaction with their work from 1 to 10. The average
satisfaction among participants was 7.5.

Starting a sentence with also, and, or so

While the words “also,” “and,” and “so” are used in academic writing, they are considered too
informal when used at the start of a sentence.
  Also, a second round of testing was carried out.

To fix this issue, we can either move the transition word to a different point in the sentence or
use a more formal alternative.

 A second round of testing was also carried out.

 Additionally, a second round of testing was carried out.

Transition words creating sentence fragments

Words like “although” and “because” are called subordinating conjunctions. This means that
they introduce clauses which cannot stand on their own. A clause introduced by one of these
words should always follow or be followed by another clause in the same sentence.

The second sentence in this example is a fragment, because it consists only of the “although”
clause.

 Smith (2015) argues that the period should be reassessed. Although other researchers

disagree.

We can fix this in two different ways. One option is to combine the two sentences into one using
a comma. The other option is to use a different transition word that does not create this problem,
like “however.”

 Smith (2015) argues that the period should be reassessed, although other researchers
disagree.
 Smith (2015) argues that the period should be reassessed. However, other researchers
disagree.

And vs. as well as
Students often use the phrase “as well as” in place of “and,” but its usage is slightly different.
Using “and” suggests that the things you’re listing are of equal importance, while “as well as”
introduces additional information that is less important.

 Chapter 1 discusses some background information on Woolf, as well as presenting my

analysis of To the Lighthouse.

In this example, the analysis is more important than the background information. To fix this
mistake, we can use “and,” or we can change the order of the sentence so that the most important
information comes first.

 Chapter 1 discusses some background information on Woolf and presents my analysis

of To the Lighthouse.
 Chapter 1 presents my analysis of  To the Lighthouse, as well as discussing some
background information on Woolf.
Note that in fixed phrases like “both x and y,” you must use “and,” not “as well as.”

 Both my results as well as my interpretations are presented below.

 Both my results and my interpretations are presented below.

Use of and/or
The combination of transition words “and/or” should generally be avoided in academic writing.
It makes your text look messy and is usually unnecessary to your meaning.

First consider whether you really do mean “and/or” and not just “and” or “or.” If you are certain
that you need both, it’s best to separate them to make your meaning as clear as possible.

 Participants were asked whether they used the bus and/or the train.

 Participants were asked whether they used the bus, the train, or both.

Archaic transition words

Words like “hereby,” “therewith,” and most others formed by the combination of “here,” “there,”
or “where” with a preposition are typically avoided in modern academic writing. Using them
makes your writing feel old-fashioned and strained and can sometimes obscure your meaning.

 Poverty is best understood as a disease. Hereby, we not only see that it is hereditary, but
acknowledge its devastating effects on a person’s health.

These words should usually be replaced with a more explicit phrasing expressing how the current
statement relates to the preceding one.

 Poverty is best understood as a disease. Understanding it as such, we not only see that it

is hereditary, but also acknowledge its devastating effects on a person’s health.