Page 92 Data-based question: Changing state Page 97 Activity: Units of volume and area

1. Freezing point = 0°C 1. 1003 = 1,000,000 cm3 so 1,000,000 cm3 in 1 m3

Boiling point = 70°C [Editor’s note: Allow some
2. 1002 = 10,000 cm2 so 10,000 cm2 in 1 m2
flexibility as log scale has not been correctly printed
in the first edition of MYP Physics] 3. a) 1,0003 = 1,000,000 m3 so 1,000,000 m3 in 1 km3
2. 0.6 atm b) 103 = 1,000 mm3 so 1,000 mm3 in 1 cm3
3. 4000 m c) 1,6082 = 2,585,664 m2 so 2,585,664 m2 in 1 mile2
d) (9.46 × 1015)3 = 8.47 × 1047 m3
Page 94 What is evaporation? so 8.47 × 1047 m3 in 1 ly3
1. Water molecules are moving around; molecules
with most energy at the surface are able to break Page 99 Activity: Size, mass and density
free; since molecules which break free have above Size (in ascending order): Steel ball bearing; expanded
average energy, the average energy of the polystyrene packaging; helium balloon; bucket of water;
remaining molecules is now lower; coffee has person; tree.
cooled. Mass (in ascending order): Helium balloon; expanded
2. Boiling is the change of state of all particles in a polystyrene packaging; steel ball bearing; bucket of
substance and occurs at the boiling point. water; person; tree.
Evaporation occurs at a temperature below the Density (in ascending order): Helium balloon; expanded
boiling point and only some particles acquire polystyrene packaging; tree; person; bucket of water;
enough energy to leave the surface of the liquid. steel ball bearing.
3. When sweat evaporates, thermal energy is removed
from the skin; the particles with highest energy in Page 101 Activity: Measuring density
the sweat are able to escape from the surface of the
sweat to become a gas; the average energy of the 1. m = 80 g;
V = 100 cm3;
remaining sweat decreases as particles evaporate.
80
This means that the temperature of the sweat and ρ= = 0.8 g cm–3
skin decreases as energy is removed. 100
2. m = 120 g;
Page 97 What is density? V = 48 cm3;
1. For example: Let volume of room = 100 m3; 120
ρ= = 2.5 g cm–3
m = 1.2 × 100 = 120 kg 48
2. 120 3. a) Cannot be measured as the pumice would
= 0.0152 m3 float.
7,870
1 b) Could be measured, although it is unlikely to
3. a)
V= = 4.72 × 10–5 m3 fit into the measuring cylinder.
21,186 c) Cannot be measured as it cannot be fully
submerged in 100 cm3 water (volume of
4.72 × 10–5
A= = 1.21 × 10–3 m2 inside of pipe = 157 cm3).
0.03917
d) Can be measured.
b) 0.00121
2√ = 0.0392 m e) Can be measured (volume = 2 × 2 × 3 = 8 cm3,
π therefore density = 1.35 g cm–3 which is
greater than water and so the rosewood will
sink). Of course, if you know the dimensions
and the mass, you wouldn’t need to measure
its density in this way.

© Oxford University Press 2018 1

Summative assessment
The density of the Dead Sea
1. a) 310
= 1.24 g cm–3
250
b) 0.31
= 1,240 g cm–3
250×10−6

2. To float, you must displace a volume of water equal to your mass; density of
dead sea water is greater; less volume is required to be displaced.

3. The particles in the Dead Sea have a range of velocities and therefore kinetic
energies; some particles have sufficient kinetic energy to escape from the
surface of the Dead Sea; these particles evaporate and turn into a gas.

4. 147 × 1,0003 = 1.47 × 1011 m3

5. 1.47 × 1011 × 1,240 = 1.82 × 1014 kg

6. Water requires a lot of energy for its temperature to change; when the weather
is hot, the Dead Sea absorbs a lot of heat energy and gives out energy when the
weather is cooler.

Investigating evaporation
7. a) Award marks for a sensible hypothesis that correctly links the independent
and dependant variable. For example, as the temperature of a substance
increases, the rate of evaporation increases. This is because more particles
in the substance will have sufficient kinetic energy to leave the surface of
the substance as temperature increases.
b) Three pieces of apparatus necessary for experiment. Examples:
 Thermometer
 Timer/stopwatch
 Measuring cylinder
c) Award marks for:
 temperature is varied;
 suitable range of temperatures investigated;
 temperatures measured with thermometer;
 initial / final volumes measured;
 measuring cylinder used for measuring volumes;
 difference in volume found;
 evaporation measured over a set time;
 data recorded in a table;
 graph plotted.
d) Any two from:
 Initial volume of substance
 Surface area for evaporation
 Type of substance
 Time for evaporation

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© Oxford University Press
 Dead Sea water levels
8. 330

325
depth (m)

320

315

310
1995 2000 2005 2010
year

9. –0.94 m year–1 (allow ±0.03)

10. Reliable as there is a very strong linear trend with no anomalies.

11.  The depth of the Dead Sea would change throughout the year;
 Seasonal variations;
 More evaporation in summer would reduce the depth;
 Rainfall in will increase the depth;
 The depth of the Dead Sea would not be constant across its whole area – it
would be deeper/shallower at different points.

12. In 2010, depth of Dead Sea is 312 m. Dead sea drops 0.94m per year (allow for
answer in Q9); therefore dries up in 332 years; dead sea has evaporated by
year (2010 + 332) = 2342.

13. Award one mark for each valid factor and one for a justified reason. Examples:
 As the dead sea evaporates, its surface area will change; this will affect the
rate of evaporation;
 Long term climate change could affect the rate of evaporation (or affect
rainfall patterns);
 The data in the graph only covers a relatively small period of time
(15 years); small uncertainties in the gradient will lead to larger
uncertainties in the estimated year;
 Over a long period of time, the rate of change in depth could change.

Protecting the Dead Sea

14. One mark for a valid advantage/disadvantage and one for each explanation. Examples:
Advantages
 The Dead Sea is below sea level, meaning it would be easy to pump water into it;
 The height difference could allow energy to be produced as the water flows into
the Dead Sea.
Disadvantages
 Water needs to be pumped over a large distance;
 Water is pumped across different countries requiring collaboration between nations;
 Political tensions in this area might make the project difficult;
 pumping water from the Red Sea might cause water shortages elsewhere;
 Red Sea has a different composition and density to the Dead Sea. This might affect the
local ecosystem (although the Dead Sea does not have many living organisms).

© Oxford University Press 2018

3
4
15. 2.05 × 1012
= 2 × 109 m3
1,025

16. 600 × 1,0002 = 6 × 108 m2

17. 2 × 109
= 3.33 m
6 × 108

18. Award marks for a suitable calculation leading to a conclusion.

For example:
 The gradient of the graph is –0.94 m year–1
 Pumping in water would increase the level by 3.33 m year–1
 At the current rate of change in depth, the level of the Dead Sea would
actually increase by (3.33 – 0.94) = 2.39 m year–1

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© Oxford University Press