Branches of Philosophy are:

1. Axiology: Study of the nature of value and valuation

2. Metaphysics: Study of the fundamental nature of reality
3. Epistemology: Study of the nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge
4. Ethics Philosophy: Study of what is right and wrong in human behaviour
5. Aesthetics: Study of beauty and taste
6. Logic Philosophy: Study of the nature and types of logic
7. Political Philosophy: Study of government, addressing questions about the nature, scope, and
legitimacy of public agents and institutions

Oriental Philosophy

The East (Orient) is the home of some of the world’s famous religious and philosophical beliefs as well as
great philosophers and sages. This section takes a closer look at these ideologies.

Hinduism is the predominant religion of the peoples of India. This religion has a triad of chief god’s
known as Trimurti composed of Brahma -the Supreme Spirit, Vishnu

This belief is also known as the law of Karma – process or series of birth and rebirth until one attains
perfection and eventually reaches nirvana, which is the place of unending happiness and bliss. The Veda
is the most sacred of all the Hindu scriptures composed of four main collections: Rig Veda – humns and
praises; Yahur Veda – prayers and sacrificial formulas; Sama Veda – tunes and chants; and Atharva Veda
– magical formulas.

Main Points

 The teacher shows the way and imparts knowledge by his own example, responsible for the
students' spiritual welfare.
 The students aim to remember everything by heart and gain mastery of every subject learned.
 Teaching methods are oral and memory intensive, dis cussion and debates

Buddhism

The Buddhist educational aims were comprehensive based on knowledge, social development, vocational
development, religious development, and character development aims.

Confucianism

Confucius believed in the equality and educability of all people. He viewed education as a means of
transformation, the discovery of human nature, and the cultivation of character. Through education,
virtues are developed and integrated .

The core of Confucian educational philosophy is how we learn to be human. Human beings are the
ends not the means

Daoism/Taoism

One of the main features of Daoism is polymorphism,

i. e. being made of many elements, fundamentals. Daoism is also attributed folk superstitions, ancient
religious practices, various esoteric practices, psychophysical training practices, and the idea of the
comprehensive and connecting Oneness.

Islam

The word Islam is defined by the Quran

Submission to the Supreme Being Quran means Reading or Recitation.

5 Pillars of Islam

1. Shahada (Faith)

2. Salah (Prayer)

3. Zakat (Almsgiving)

4. Sawm (Fasting)
 5. Hajj (Pilgrimage)

WESTERN PHILOSOPHY

1. Major Philosophical Thought

 Idealism - The metaphysical view that associates reality to ideas in the mind rather than to
material objects

 Realism- This philosophy emphasizes that “reality, knowledge, and value exist independent of
the human mind” (Johnson, 2011, p. 89). Stresses that the world is made up of real, substantial
and material entities - Knowledge is derived from sense experience.

 Pragmatism - Pragmatism is “a process philosophy that stresses evolving and change rather
than being” (Johnson et. al., 2011, p. 91) Pragmatism is an educational philosophy that say that
education should be about life and growth. Aim: To teach students how to think so that he can
adjust to the demands of an ever changing world PRACTICAL. LEARNING BY DOING

2. Modern

 Perrenialism- Truth is universal and does not change. Perennial means “everlasting” or
something that “returns year after year.”The primary goal of education within is to search for and
disseminate truth. In addition, this philosophy of education advocates for the cultivation of
human intellect.

 Essentialism- A theory that states that children should learn the traditional basic subjects and
that these should be learned thoroughly and rigorously

 Existentialism- Focuses on the importance of the individual rather than on external standards.

 Progressivism- BELIEVES THAT INDIVIDUALITY, PROGRESS AND CHANGE ARE FUNDAMENTAL

TO ONE’S EDUCATION. Believing that people learn best from what they consider most
relevant to their lives, progressivists center their curricula on the needs, experiences,
interests, and abilities of students.

 Social Reconstruction- Social Reconstructivists firmly believe in the power of democracy to

change society for the better.
Anthropological- psychological Foundations

Elements of Profession

Initial Professional Education Professionals generally begin their professional lives by completing
a university program in their chosen fields – law school, medical school, engineering school, and
so on.

Accreditation University programs are accredited by oversight bodies that determine whether the
programs provide adequate education. Accreditation assures that graduates from accredited
programs start their professional lives with the knowledge they need to perform effectivel

SkillsDevelopment   For most professions, education alone is not sufficient to 
develop full professional capabilities.

Certification After completion of education and skills development, a professional is 
required to pass one or more exams that assure the person has attained a 
minimum level of knowledge.

Licensing   is similar to certification except that it is 
mandatory instead of voluntary and is administered by a  governmental authority.

Professionaldevelopment      Is learning to earn or maintain professional credentials 
such as academic degrees to formal coursework, conferences 
and informal learning opportunities situated in practice.

Professional Societies (also called a professional body, professional

organization, or professionalsociety) is usually a 
nonprofit organization seeking to further a particular 
profession, the interests of individuals engaged in that  profession and the public interest.

Code of Ethics The Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional 

Conduct ("Code and Standards")

Personal Qualities of a Good Teacher

1. Expert communication skills

2. Superior listening skills
3. Deep knowledge and passion for their subject matter
4. The ability to build caring relationships with students
5. Friendliness and approachability
6. Excellent preparation and organization skills
7. Strong work ethic
8. Community-building skills
9. High expectations for all

Effective teacher is described as a teacher who is the most successful in helping students learn.

According to Walker (2008), characteristic is identified as personal qualities that enable teachers
to be successful. Studying the pre-service teachers' experiences with their previous teachers

he most effective teachers have optimistic attitude and come to class each day ready to teach.
According to Walker (2008) teachers that make the most significant impact on learners' lives are
said to be effective. There are characteristics that describe a particular teacher's special personal
qualities that the learners feel and enable the teacher to achieve success (Walker, 2008)

According to Walker (2008) teachers that make the most significant impact on learners' lives are
said to be effective. There are characteristics that describe a particular teacher's special personal
qualities that the learners feel and enable the teacher to achieve success (Walker, 2008). Most
memorable characteristics of an effective teacher are; he or she comes to class prepared,
maintained positive attitude about teaching and about students, has high expectations for all
students, shows creativity in teaching the class and treat and grade learners fairly. ..

An effective teacher respect learners and do not deliberately embarrass them, forgive and do not
hold grudges and admitted his or her mistakes (Walker, 2008). 
 . Likewise, Walker (2008) in his study, notes that being creative in delivering the lesson, being
fair in grading of the students, possessing a friendly personality and giving respect to students
are listed as characteristics of an effective teacher.

Teaching Quality-Planning, instructional delivery, classroom management, interaction with

students.
Quality Teaching-Educational, certification credentials, teacher test scores and experience.

5 PILLARS OF EDUCATION

1.LEARNING TO KNOW

2.LEARNING TO LIVE TOGETHER

3. LEARNING TO BE

4. LEARNING TO DO

5. LEARNING TO TRANSFORM ONESELF AND SOCIETY

GLOBAL EDUCATION AND GLOBAL TEACHER

EDUCATION FOR ALL 2015

Philippine Education for All (EFA) 2015  is a vision and holistic program of reforms
that aim to improve access and quality of basic education for every Filipino by 2015.
Providing education to all Filipinos opened alternative learning system to complement
formal schooling to reach and better serve those in difficult circumstances.

OBJECTIVES OF EFA:

 ll youth and adults functionally literate

 Children 3-5 year-olds ready to participate in schools to eliminate dropout
and repetition in Grades 1 to 3
 All pupils and students complete basic education with satisfactory
achievement level
 Education be made a societal responsibility
Cognitive psychology is the area of psychology that focuses on internal mental processes. Such
processes include thinking, decision-making, problem-solving, language, attention, and memory. This
field is often considered part of the larger field of cognitive science.

As you might imagine, studying what’s happening in a person thoughts is not always the easiest thing to
do.

 INFORMATION PROCESSING

In this approach, the mind is thought of much like a computer. Thoughts and memories are broken down
into smaller units of knowledge. As information enters the mind through the senses, it is then
manipulated by the brain which then determines what to do with the information. Some information
triggers an immediate response

 UNITS OF KNOWLEDGE
Cognitive psychologists often break down the units of knowledge into three different types:
concepts, prototypes, and schemas.

 A concept is basically a larger category of knowledge. A broad category exists inside

your mind for these concepts where similar items are grouped together. You have
concepts for things that are concrete such as a dog or cat, as well as concepts for
abstract ideas such as beauty, gravity, and love.
 A prototype refers to the most recognizable example of a particular concept. For example,
what comes to mind when you think of a chair. If a large, comfy recliner immediately springs
to mind, that is your prototype for the concept of a chair. If a bench, office chair, or bar stool
pops into your mind, then that would be your prototype for that concept.
 A schema is a mental framework that you utilize to make sense of the world around you.
Concepts are essentially the building blocks that are used to construct schemas, which are
mental models for what you expect from the world around you. You have schemas for a wide
variety of objects, ideas, people, and situations.
Attention

Attention is another major topic studied by the field of cognitive psychology. Attention is a state of
focused awareness on some aspect of the environment. This ability to focus your attention allows you to
take in knowledge about relevant stimuli in the world around you while at the same time filtering out
things that are not particularly important.

Memory

How people form, recall, and retain memories is another important focus in the study of cognitive
psychology. The two major types of memory that researchers tend to look at are known as short-term
memory and long-term memory. Short-term memories are all the things that you are actively thinking
about and aware of at any given moment.

Human Intelligence

Human intelligence is also a major topic of interest within cognitive psychology, but it is also one of the
most hotly debated and sometimes controversial. Not only has there been considerable questioning over
how intelligence is measured (or if it even can be measured), but experts also disagree on exactly how to
define intelligence itself. 

Key Points to Remember About Cognitive Psychology:

 Cognitive psychology emerged during the 1960s and 70s and has become a major force
in the field of psychology.
 Cognitive psychologists are interested in mental processes including how people take in,
store, and utilize information.
 Cognitive psychology often relies on an information processing model that likens the
human mind to a computer.
 Findings from the field of cognitive psychology apply in many areas including to our
understanding of learning, memory, moral development, attention, decision-making,
problem-solving, perceptions, and therapy approaches including cognitive-behavior
therapy and rational emotive behavior therapy.
SOCIOLOGICAL- PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS

SOCIAL

SOCETY

SOCIALIZATION

SOCIAL INSTITUTION

 Max Weber has defined the social institution as “the social relations in a whole network
of social actions.”
 According to RT. Schaefer “Social institutions are organized patterns of beliefs and
behavior centered on basic social needs.”
 According to Harton and Hunt, “An institution is an organized system of social
relationships which embodies certain common values and procedures and meets certain
needs of the society”.
 According to Bogardus, “A social institution is a structure that is organized to meet the
need of people chiefly through well-established procedures.”
Social Institutions Examples
 Family – provides security, economic stability, and emotional connection among its
members, usually joined by blood, marriage, or adoption.
 Government – responsible to maintain order, provide security and general welfare for
its citizens.
 Religion – a system of belief and practices designed to fil the human need for meaning
and purpose.
 Law – a system that maintains and practices order, rules, and norms.
 Economy – organizes the production, distribution, and consumption of a society’s goods
and services.
 Education – provides its members with knowledge, jobs, skills, cultural norms and
values.
 Media – distributes information, educates its citizens, and influences behaviour and social values.
 Science – involves individual scientists working in groups within social institutions, exercising
social values, innovation, and activities that meet the needs of society.
 Medicine – seeks to prevent, diagnose, and treat illnesses and to promote health.
 Military – provides security, protects, and unify a nation.
 Social norms, the informal rules that govern behavior in groups and societies, have been
extensively studied in the social sciences.

 Social mobility, movement of individuals, families, or groups through a system of

social hierarchy or stratification. If such mobility involves a change in position, especially in
occupation, but no change in social class, it is called “horizontal mobility.”

 Social Stratification Sociologists use the term social stratification to describe the system of
social standing. Social stratification refers to a society’s categorization of its people into
rankings based on factors like wealth, income, education, family background, and power.

 SOCIAL INEQUALITY  occurs when resources in a given society are distributed unevenly,
typically through norms of allocation, that engender specific patterns along lines of socially
defined categories of persons. It is the differentiation preference of access of social goods in the
society brought about by power, religion, kinship, prestige, race, ethnicity, gender, age, sexual
orientation, and class.

CULTURE

Culture is the essence of intellectual or artistic achievements to a certain group of people. These
achievements make up the different elements of culture. Cultures vary between different locales.
The elements of culture definition explains culture from the standpoint of what's common across all
cultures. For example, all cultures sing and dance.
Nonmaterial culture is the manifestation of culture in the realm of the intellectual, such as through
singing,
 Material culture is manifested through the production of art such as architecture or clothing.

 Elements of culture begin with a group's values and beliefs. Elements of culture

examples include cultural values, which are the consistent, unwavering beliefs of a society over
 time. These beliefs shape how the culture views the world, creating an ideal for the citizens of
the culture to live up to. Values are the culturally-defined standards for what is desirable.

 A formal norm is something that is specifically taught, whereas an informal norm is observed
and then mimicked. An example of a formal norm may include how most Americans eat with
silverware because that is how they were taught as children. However, if one were to eat at a
restaurant with their hands instead of silverware, this would be considered a folkway. A folkway
is an action disapproved of by society that is not punished.

 Symbols are components of culture that are non-material. Symbols are significant because of

their meanings. The flag is a good example of symbolism in culture, with the American flag's red,
white, and blue representing freedom and democracy, while the crown and tiara on other flags
are symbols of royalty in many cultures. Other examples include:
 Police Uniforms - The police badge indicates one's ability to enforce the law on citizens, as
do the flashing lights above the police car.

 Language forms the way that humans express themselves and come to view the world, with
multiple languages allowing a culture to have multiple viewpoints from any one perspective.
Forms of language are body language, spoken words, and symbols.
 Rituals Different cultures also have different rituals, or established procedures and ceremonies
that often mark transitions in the life course.
 Values are another important element of culture and involve judgments of what is good or bad
and desirable or undesirable.