INTRODUCTION TO

COMPUTING
 MODULE 2

INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTER
• Discuss the Evolution of Computer System (Timeline)
• Define different computer terminologies.
• Describe the elements of computer system.
• Explain why computer literacy is vital to the success in
today’s world.
• Explain the value of data and information.
• Differentiate how home users, small office/home office
users, mobile users, power users, and enterprise users
• Discuss how society uses computers in education,
finance, government, health care, science, publishing,
travel, and manufacturing
Computers are everywhere
A computer is an electronic device, operating under the
control of instructions stored in its own memory

Produces
Collects data
Processing information
(input)
(output)
Information Processing Cycle
 Mobile
Personal
computers and Game consoles
computers
mobile devices

Servers Mainframes Supercomputers

Embedded
computers
A personal computer can perform all of its input,
processing, output, and storage activities by itself
Two popular architectures are the PC and the Apple
• Desktop computer
 Mobile Mobile
Computer Personal Device Computing
computer you device small
can carry from enough to hold
place to place in your hand

Examples include Examples include smart

notebook computers,
laptop computers,
netbooks, ultra-thins,
and Tablet PCs
phones and PDAs, e-
book readers, handheld
computers, portable
media players, and
digital cameras
 Notebook computer

Tablet PC

Smart phones and PDAs

E-book reader
Handheld computer

Portable media player

Digital camera
A game console is a mobile computing device designed
for single-player or multiplayer video games
A server controls access to
the hardware, software, and
other resources on a
network
• Provides a centralized storage
area for programs, data, and
information
A mainframe is a large,
expensive, powerful
computer that can handle
hundreds or thousands of
connected users
simultaneously
A supercomputer is the
fastest, most powerful
computer
• Fastest
supercomputers are
capable of
processing more than
one quadrillion
instructions in a
single second
An embedded computer is a
special-purpose computer that
functions as a component in a
larger product
Process Computer
Consumer Home Automation
Automobiles Controllers and Devices and
Electronics Devices
Robotics Office Machines
• Mobile and • Thermostats • Antilock • Remote • Keyboards
digital
telephones • Sprinkling brakes monitoring • Printers
• Digital systems • Engine systems • Faxes
televisions • Security control • Power • Copiers
• Cameras modules monitors
• Video recorders
monitoring
• DVD players systems • Airbag • Machine
and recorders • Appliances controller controllers
• Answering • Lights • Cruise • Medical
machines control devices
The Abacus, beads on rods to count and calculate
still widely used in Asia!
Slide Rule (1630)
• based on Napier’s rules for logarithms
• used until 1970s
Jacquard Loom (1804)
Joseph Marie Jacquard
The Jacquard machine is
a device fitted to a power
loom that simplifies the
process of manufacturing
textiles with such complex
patterns as brocade,
damask and matelassé.
The Analytical Engine was a
proposed mechanical general-
purpose computer designed by
English mathematician and
computer pioneer Charles
Babbage. It was first described in
1837 as the successor to
Babbage's Difference Engine, a
design for a simpler mechanical
computer.
What was the biggest advancements that led to
modern computers?
• Electricity
• Transistor
• Microchip
• Data storage
• First Generation (1940-1956)
of Electronic Computers
used Vacuum Tubes
• Vacuum tubes are glass
tubes with circuits inside.
• Vacuum tubes have no air
inside of them, which
protects the circuitry.
The UNIVAC (Universal Automatic
Computer) is an electrical computer
containing thousands of vacuum
tubes that utilizes punch cards and
switches for inputting data and punch
cards for outputting and storing data.
Released in 1951 and 1952 when
first developed by J. Presper
Eckert and John Mauchly.
Grace Hopper

Programmed UNIVAC
Recipient of Computer
Science’s first “Man of the Year
Award”
The first computer “bug”
Relay switches part of
computers
Grace Hopper found a moth
stuck in a relay responsible
for a malfunction
Called it “debugging” a
computer
Second Generation (1956-1963) of computers used
transistors instead of vacuum tubes.

Transistors were widely used in computers from 1956 to

1963. Transistors were smaller than vacuum tubes and
allowed computers to be smaller in size, faster in speed, and
cheaper to build.
Developed by John Bardeen, Walter
Brattain, and William Shockley at
the Bell Laboratories on December
23, 1947. made up of semi-
conductors.
Used to control the amount
of current or voltage or used for
amplification/modulation or
switching of an electronic signal.
The third generation (1964-
1971) of computers introduced the
use of IC (integrated circuits) in
computers.
Using IC's in computers helped
reduce the size of computers even
more compared to second-
generation computers, as well as
make them faster.
The fourth generation (1972-2010)
of computers took advantage of
the invention of the
microprocessor, more commonly
known as a CPU.
Microprocessors, along with
integrated circuits, helped make it
possible for computers to fit easily
on a desk and for the introduction
of the laptop.
IBM 5100

Altair 8800
The fifth generation (2010-present) of
computers is beginning to
use AI (artificial intelligence), an
exciting technology that has many
potential applications around the world.
Leaps have been made in AI technology
and computers, but there is still much
room for improvement.
 Advantages of Disadvantages of
Using Computers Using Computers
Speed Health Risks

Reliability Violation of Privacy

Consistency Public Safety

Storage Impact on Labor Force

Communications Impact on Environment

Green computing involves reducing the electricity
consumed and environmental waste generated when
using a computer
Strategies include:
• Recycling
• Regulating manufacturing processes
• Extending the life of computers
• Immediately donating or properly disposing of replaced
computers
Hardware Software Data

People Procedures
A computer contains many electric, electronic, and
mechanical components known as hardware
Input Device • Allows you to enter data and instructions into a computer

• Hardware component that conveys information to one or

Output Device more people

• Case that contains the electronic components of the computer

System Unit that are used to process data

• Records (writes) and/or retrieves (reads) items to and from

Storage Device storage media

Communications • Enables a computer to send and receive data, instructions, and

Device information to and from one or more computers or mobile devices
Software, also called a program, tells the computer what
tasks to perform and how to perform them
System Software
• Operating system
• Utility program

Application Software
Installing is the process
of setting up software to
work with the computer,
printer, and other
hardware
A programmer develops software or writes the
instructions that direct the computer to process data
into information
Computer transform data into information.
Data is the raw material.
Information is processes data.
Data is the input to be processed; information is the
output.
You may be surprised to learn that people are part of
the computing process. Some computers, such as
the computer chip that controls an automobile
engine, function without human intervention. But
even these computer were designed by people and
occasionally require maintenance by people. Most
computer require people, who are called users (or
sometimes end users.)
Procedures are the steps that you must follow to
accomplish a specific computer-related task. Part of
a user’s computer literacy is knowing common
procedures.
In general, data is any set of characters that is gathered and
translated for some purpose. It can be any character,
including text and numbers, pictures, sound, or video.

Within a computer's storage, data is a collection of numbers

represented as bytes that are in turn composed of bits (binary
digits) that can have the value one or zero. Data is processed
by the CPU.
Information is a term used to describe text that is
informative to the individual reading it or the
computer processing it.
Data
• Raw, unprocessed
• Meaningless

Information
• Processed data
• Meaningful and can be used in many significant ways
Home User Small Mobile User
Office/Home • Connect to other
• Personal financial
management
Office User computers on a
network or the
• Web access • Look up information Internet
• Communications • Send and receive e- • Transfer information
mail messages
• Entertainment • Play video games
• Make telephone calls
• Listen to music
• Watch movies
Power User Enterprise User
• Work with • Communicate
multimedia among employees
• Use industry- • Process high
specific software volumes of
transactions
• Blog
Education
Finance
Government
Health Care
Science
Publishing
Travel
Manufacturing
• Docter, Q., Dulaney, E., & Skandier, T. (2016). CompTIA
+ Complete Study Guide (3rd Edition)
• Meyers, M. (2016). All In One CompTIA A+ Certification.
Mc Graw Hill.
• Pearson. (2016). Introduction to Computers and
Information Technology. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Pearson.
• Tavani, H. T. (2016). Ethics and Technology. Wiley.
• White, R. (2015). How Computer Work: The Evolution of
Technology. IN: Que.