CHAPTER 2 N 3 Revice.2

A Socio-Economic and Physiological Built Environment for Bocaue Focusing on River
Transportation System through Holistic and Integral Sustainable Design
Drexler Feliciano, Justin Flaviano, Aljay Hernandez
Chapter 2: Theoretical and

Conceptual Framework
1
I. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
 Urban built environment configuration and

psychological distress in older men
Mental health may cause of a built environment according to an increasing

evidence. It has been found between; psychological wellbeing and housing
structural attributes, observable neighborhood environmental quality,
neighborhood walkability and access to facilities and green space. The study
have used most in composite or self-report measure according to built
environment. The recent study shows a positive outcome between low
psychosocial distress and residing in neighborhoods with higher quality of
public and open space. Although, one study has been examined the relation
between objectively measured components of a built environment and mental
health in older adults, finding elevated levels of depression with higher degrees
of land-use mix and greater retail availability.
Objective assessment of built environment is a quick growing area and

spaces. Following Lynch, who conceptualized five elements used by; individuals
in the construction of cognitive maps for navigating through urban space, in the
form of nodes (strategic areas), paths, edges, districts, and landmarks, various
topological schema have been suggested. Recently, Hillier has made an effort to
quantify the connection between social processes and urban spatial
configuration. According to Hillier, urban space is made up of a number of
distinct, interconnected units (sub-spaces) that can be broadly categorized into
three types: linear space, which takes the form of street segments through which
people move, convex space, which is made up of squares and other public areas
through which people interact, and the constantly shifting visual field, through
which people perceive their surroundings. These sub-spaces' borders, physical
connectedness, and accessibility are largely what control people's thoughts,
behaviors, and social interactions.
2
Methods
Psychological distress
Psychological distress was measured using the 30-item General Health
Questionnaire (GHQ-30), a self-completion instrument widely used to rate
levels of psychological distress and psychiatric disorders.
Individual level covariates

Individual level covariates comprised age, alcohol consumption, social class
and educational attainment. The study also controlled for the existence of
chronic vascular morbidities, expressed in terms of prevalence of any one or
more of myocardial infarction, angina, high blood pressure, high cholesterol,
diabetes and stroke.
Natural environment
Natural environmental measures of slope variability and greenness were
included in the models, the former being particularly variable given the
geographical location in the Welsh Valleys. Slope raster was processed from a
5-metre resolution Blue Sky digital terrain model of the study area and the
degree of variability in slope within an individual’s home range was
operationalized as the standard deviation of slope in degrees within a 1
kilometer network buffer of an individual’s dwelling. Satellite derived
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used as an objective
measure of greenness. A 30-metre resolution Landsat 7 dataset was processed
and greenness was calculated as the mean NDVI within a 500 metre circular
buffer of an individual’s dwelling.
3
 The Influence of built environment features on crowd

sourced physiological responses of pedestrians in
neighborhoods
Various efforts have been made to explore what types of built environment
components cause physical and physiological discomfort in pedestrians in a
neighborhood as interest in walkable neighborhoods has grown. The study's
findings will improve how built environment aspects are evaluated and
encourage walkability in neighborhoods. Various efforts have been made to
explore what types of built environment components cause physical and
physiological discomfort in pedestrians in a neighborhood as interest in walkable
neighborhoods has grown. With the help of these data, we examine the
connection between physiological reactions and the elements of the built
environment that people actually experience.
With the help of these data, we examine the connection between

physiological reactions and the elements of the built environment that people
actually experience. According to our research, there is a statistically significant
correlation between physiological reaction and built environment characteristics
as well as subjective judgments.
 Holistic Design- Design That Goes Beyond The Problem
It`s become generally understood that this is the main concern of design and
that other considerations are secondary to solving problems. In this system
secondary considerations become primary considerations alongside the problem
solving aspect of design.
A holistic design approach in architecture allows architects to take all of this

into account. They look in context at what the design looks like aesthetically.
4
Then consider how the space will be used and what message the design should
convey. Sustainability is considered from a material perspective (how long the
structure lasts) and an environmental perspective (how to reduce energy
consumption). Will this building enrich the lives of those who use it or otherwise
interact with it? After all, architects who want to be "wanted" by builders want
to win awards, and a good way to do that is to build structures that are more than
just roofs over people's heads.
How to conduct Holistic Design?
 Start with questions instead of solutions. It's crucial to pose questions that
place the issue in its broader perspective rather than acting on a brief that
predetermines the responses. "How can we make this solution more long-
lasting? for instance.
 Not less, but more delivery. Improve functionality in order to achieve holistic
goals rather than reducing functionality to do so.
 Make up your own concepts. Borrow shamelessly from fields outside of
design and modify their theories to produce better designs.
 Discover something you want that is also desired by others. Change the world
and fill unfulfilled needs. Discover something you want that is also desired by
others. Change the world and fill unfulfilled needs.
 AN INTEGRAL SUSTAINABLE DESIGN APPROACH

TO HUMAN INHABITATION OF ARCHITECTURAL
SPACES
In order to extend the research of occupant behavior beyond building science,

this paper provides a holistically informed, Wilber-influenced methodology. The
main cause of the substantial discrepancy between expected and actual building
energy performance is poorly understood inhabitants. A valuable but constrained
5
objective scientific and engineering method is the main focus of current study. In
order to conduct a transdisciplinary investigation into how people interact with
and use architectural space, this research project proposes an integrative
methodology. Two study topics, one from architectural design, one from
building science, one from cultural theory, one from place phenomenology, and
one from social psychology are assigned to each of the four key perspectives.
We believe that spatial-temporal patterns can act as a unifying framework for
various viewpoints. In our conclusion, we offer conceptual frameworks for
further investigation into architectural habitation based on sixteen hypotheses
produced by four levels of complexity in each of the four main perspectives.
 Driving Municipalities into Economic Development
With the cultural shift to a "work from anywhere" mentality, as well as the
recent passage of the Infrastructure Bill, municipal governments have many
reasons to be optimistic about local economic development and civil society
adaptation. Americans are migrating from large, expensive cities to smaller
secondary cities and suburban neighborhoods, which means that municipalities
of all sizes should brace themselves for an increase in new business registration,
new zoning, and the need for more advanced digital and physical infrastructure
to accommodate population growth. Here's a primer on why government-led
local economic development is important and how your municipality can assist
businesses in thriving in your community.
Successful businesses registering in your community means more tax revenue

for your municipality and a bigger budget to implement ambitious initiatives.
Your local government must prioritize economic growth to create jobs, keep up
with rising costs and maintain a competitive advantage over other municipalities
or regions that potential constituents might be considering
6
Local Economic Development (LED) is the process of encouraging business

development in order to boost the local economy, create new job opportunities,
and improve the overall quality of life. Municipalities are frequently judged on
the local development of their community's economy, as local governments have
the power to encourage business registration and job growth within their
community.
 BENEFITS OF LOCAL ECONOMIC

DEVELOPMENTS FOR MUNICIPALITIES
1. Happier Constituents (and Re-Election!)

There's no denying that financial independence alleviates stress. Poverty can be
reduced by bringing relevant jobs to your community and supporting self-
employed entrepreneurs. What better way to relieve stress in the community?
Residents who are pleased with their elected officials will almost certainly vote
to keep them in office, and an increase in job opportunities will encourage more
people to relocate to your area.
2. More Construction Development

There will be a significant opportunity to increase the number of commercial,
residential, and public buildings in your community with infrastructure bill funds
and economic development in your area.
An increase in construction within your county will further advance economic

development.
7
3. More Tax Income & Application Fees

There will be a significant opportunity to increase the number of commercial,
residential, and public buildings in your community with infrastructure bill funds
and economic development in your area.
An increase in construction within your county will further advance economic

development.
 Economic & Environmental Impact of Waterway Travel
While it may not be readily evident, waterway transportation is the most

efficient mode of transport for moving goods. Water transportation is an
economically and environmentally sound choice because it can haul at a higher
capacity.
According to the EPA, transportation-related activity accounts for one-third

of our country's annual CO2 emissions. According to a recent study, transporting
goods by truck emits 371% more CO2 than transporting goods by barge. The
waterway transport industry has seen an increase in economic output as more
businesses strive to reduce their carbon footprint.
Facts on the waterway industry from the American Waterways Operators:
 The tugboat, towboat, and barge industry employs more than 33,000
American mariners aboard its vessels, making it the largest segment of the
domestic maritime industry in the United States.
 The domestic maritime industry in the United States is an economic engine

and job creator, supporting 500,000 jobs and generating $100 billion in
economic output.
8
 Moving goods by water is the most efficient mode of transportation. A typical

inland barge has a capacity 15 times that of a rail car and 60 times that of a
semi-trailer truck, and a 15 barge-tow can transport 216 rail cars or 1,050
semi-trailer trucks.
 Water transportation is critical to the nation's trade, transporting 60 percent of

U.S. grain for export.
 Petroleum is the single most important commodity transported on US

waterways, moving 244 million tons per year.
 Water transports 20% of all coal in the United States.
 River as useful transportation in 21st century
We will look at potential opportunities for rivers to be used as transportation

routes, as well as some potential issues. As our population grows, so does the
demand for affordable housing, transportation infrastructure, and job
opportunities in urban areas. As landscape architects, we have the opportunity to
participate in discussions about how to deal with this demand and solve some of
these issues. We will concentrate on transportation issues, where we will have
the opportunity to design and implement new ways to get around cities. Rivers
are one exciting mode of transportation that has the potential to be used.
9
 Importance of Water
Most major cities in the world are built around a body of water. Because of
the importance of water as a means of transporting goods and people, cities have
been built around rivers, lakes, and oceans. Water was the only way to connect
important destinations and commerce centers prior to the construction of the
ground-based infrastructure we rely on today.
 Why Rivers?
Rivers are one of the most influential factors in determining where major
cities are located today. They can provide transportation and recreation in
addition to the movement of goods. Many cities are built on the banks of two or
more rivers because it is the most efficient way to provide access to multiple
locations. Today, we have the option of using rivers as a mode of transportation
because it makes sense.
We can use rivers to transport people and reduce traffic congestion. People
who live in or near cities rely on public transportation to get to and from work
and to get around. Trains and buses are the most popular modes of ground
transportation, but they necessitate extensive infrastructure. Taking public
transportation by river or boat can provide commuters with fresh air and a new
perspective of the city on their way to work. It has the potential to reduce road
congestion by utilizing a natural resource to provide a unique alternative for
commuters to get around.
10
 Types of Transport
Rivers near cities can be used in a variety of ways. Ferries are one of the most
popular options, but they only transport people between two locations, which are
not ideal for mass public transportation. A water bus or water taxi is the most
practical form of river transportation for public transportation. They can have
multiple stops along the river and are ideal for commuters who need to cross the
river or move up and down the river depending on their needs. A loop route can
connect you to several popular destinations.
 How Can We Adapt?
Rivers can be extremely beneficial to cities and commuters, but changing our
current mindset and opening up to the idea will take time. We can see a few
cities experimenting with the concept, but they are mostly small-scale operations
run by private companies. Is this something that could be done on a larger scale?
Simply take advantage of a river's natural resource by purchasing boats and
developing terminals and stops. It is certainly possible; we simply need to bring
this topic up in the context of city planning and new development. Would you
travel by river on a daily basis?
11
II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
BOCAUE RIVER TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT
SOCIO- ECONOMICS HOLLISTIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL BUILT

ASPECTS INTEGRAL SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT ASPECTS
DESIGN ASPECTS
Social Opportunities and Human Interdependence Physical and Physiological

Economic Growth and Natural Sytems Comfort In Town
Development
Lack of Low Ineffective Lack of Absence of Difficulties in

Quality Economic ways of Implementing Astounding Providing
transport Activities Achieving Strategies Physiological Spatial
system because of Sustainable data from Interactions
Traffic Development Community
Congestion
The development of
transportation systems is
embedded within the scale and
context in which they take
place, from the local to the
global and from environmental,
historical, technological, and
economic perspectives.
Neglected Economic Justice Poor Urban Inconvinient Environment

Conditioon
Development
12
MAIN PROBLEM:
How can the key areas of Bocaue be transformed into a setting that can satisfy river transportation
needs, encourage the increase of the scale and scope of commercial activity, and take into account
any vestiges of culture, history, and comfort that may be present?
SUB PROBLEM 1 SUB PROBLEM 2 SUB PROBLEM 3

How to identify the areas where to How to develop those locations What to take into account human
conduct redevelopment to along the river of Bocaue that wants and serve people by paying
accommodate the need of river would encourage the town people attention to their social and
transport system to the town of to associate with the transport functional demands while taking
Bocaue system and ensure a seamless into account the legacies of culture,
transition from land to water history, and comfort in the design
transportation? of the river transport therminals?
SUB PROBLEM 1 SUB PROBLEM 2 SUB PROBLEM 3

How to identify the areas where to How to develop those locations What to take into account human
conduct redevelopment to along the river of Bocaue that wants and serve people by paying
accommodate the need of river would encourage the town people attention to their social and
transport system to the town of to associate with the transport functional demands while taking
Bocaue system and ensure a seamless into account the legacies of culture,
transition from land to water history, and comfort in the design
transportation? of the river transport therminals?
GOAL:
To enhance a smooth merge between land activities and water-bound activities. As it relates to achieving spatia
utilization coupled with flexibility of activities and optimal circulation.
OBJECTIVE 01: OBJECTIVE 02: OBJECTIVE 03:

To promote proper vehicular and To utilize architecture in fostering To promote Architectural
pedestrian flow in Bocaue. socio-economic sector and as well determinants for building forms and
as further broaden the tourism articulating spatial characteristics of
potential of Bocaue. various units for the design of a
Boat Terminal complex.
THEORY 01: THEORY 02: THEORY 03:

The role of socio-economic factors THE URBAN HUMANISM Influencing factors of urban
in planning and managing urban MANIFESTO: PUTTING innovation and development
ecosystem COMMUNITIES FIRST
Research and
Development
Development along the Bocaue River towards a Socio-Economic and Built Environment mode
of Transportation
13
Chapter 3: Methodology of
Research
14
SYSTEM OF INQUIRY
To achieve the data needed in this subject we will be conduct and use different method
approach. By the integration of qualitative and quantitative techniques the researchers
will be able to gather the information needed that will be used in the study. This is one of
the most important things to do in order to recognize the needs and solutions to the study
problem. By conducting interviews with the planning Department of the Municipality and
other resource persons and surveys of the general public to gauge public interest in the
issues that the proponents are addressing. The necessitates the collection of significant
data in order to examine the problem and gain a more complete understanding and
interpretation of the problem, allowing for the foundation of a position for successful
research in the study through surveys, archives, or internet sources, and it can also be
done through actual observation.
RESEARCH DESIGN
The research designs in this research are the combinations of descriptive
research, exploratory research, qualitative, and quantitative. The primary goal of
the study is to develop a specific area along the Bocaue River, Mainly to locations
along the river where there is heavy traffic during rush hours. The customary
design of the water transport terminal that would result in a typical transition from
land transportation to water transportation will be the subject of descriptive
research. We'll carry out exploratory research to find out more about congested
locations and highways, especially those near the Bocaue River, in order to
determine where water transportation is most needed, and to identify the causes of
the jams as well as how to develop that particular area so we can plan a strategy to
merge from the roadway to water transport and the location of the terminal.
Quantitative research will be conducted to reveal the amount of vehicles that
passes thru the congested roads, mainly the amount of commuters and secondary
the private vehicles that would also may consider to use the water transportation.
This would uncover the amount of possible users of the designed water
transportation. Qualitative research will be use to determine the proponents
perceptions to have a water transportation terminal.
15
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH DESIGNS
The research designs in this research are the combinations of

descriptive research, exploratory research, qualitative, and
quantitative. The primary goal of the study is to develop a specific
area along the Bocaue River, Mainly to locations along the river
where there is heavy traffic during rush hours. The customary design
of the water transport terminal that would result in a typical transition
from land transportation to water transportation will be the subject of
descriptive research. The researcher’s will carry out exploratory
research to find out more about congested locations and highways,
especially those near the Bocaue River, in order to determine where
water transportation is most needed, and to identify the causes of the
jams as well as how to develop that particular area so we can plan a
strategy to merge from the roadway to water transport and the
location of the therminal. Quantitative research will be conducted to
reveal the amount of vehicles that passes thru the conjested roads,
mainly the amount of commuters and secondary the private vehicles
that would also may concider to use the water transportation. This
would uncover the amount of possible users of the designed water
transportation. Qualitative research will be use to determine the
proponents perceptions to have a water transportation therminal.
METHOD OF COLLECTING DATA
The research is divided into three parts which subsequently serves as a

guideline in conducting the thesis research. The research strategy
includes gathering and collecting strategies, tactics, and techniques
such as literature review of secondary data, key informant and focus
group interviews, and site visit and assessment. To enable the study
to collect those data, instruments such as interview and survey
questionnaires, as well as assessment criteria, must be made
available.
16
• Literature review of secondary data to investigate critical gaps in

existing research
• Key‐informant interviews to investigate views, opinions and
experiences for the case study analysis
• Site visits for contextual information
The three parts are explained:
a) Preliminary or investigation Phase: This phase focuses on theories and

concepts related to the town of Bocaue's current scenarios. This phase also
includes data collection and documentation of the town's nature. This phase
investigates the following theories:
b) Analysis and Interpretation Phase: The focus of this phase will be on the
factors that influence the current scenarios of the Bocaue. This section also
focuses on case studies that can assist researchers in better understanding
the topic in problems.
c) Synthesis and Recommendations Phase: This is the final stage of the

research in which the proponents can summarize every detail that will be
useful in developing the project proposal. This section rewards the best
solution to the architectural problem concerned.
17
OBJECTIVE STRATIGIES TACTICS EXPECTED TIME TOOLS EXPECTED

RESPONDEN FRA OUTPUT
TS ME
Observe and SITE

analyse vehicle (BOCAUE-
and Pedestrian MADRE Camera,
BRIDGE, 2 Phone,
flow in Bocaue
To identify
OBSERVATION LOLOMBOY, week Pen,
GOV s Pencil,
how FORTUNAT Paper
effectively O HALILI
intigrate a AVE.)
water
transportatio Obtain data from Phone,
n system that Traffic Traffic Pen,
can Management DATA 1-2
Management Pencil,
potentially Office of Bocaue
GATHERING
Office days Paper,
help ease the USB
traffic
congestion of Evaluate obtained
inland of programs and
Bocaue. plans from Traffic Phone,
Traffic Pen,
Management DATA 1-2
GATHERING
Management Pencil,
Office concerned
Office days Paper,
in improving the USB
flow of vehicle and
pedestrian flow
Conduct an ocular
visit on existing Camera,
structures around 2 Phone,
To identify SITE
the design
the area that is OBSERVATION
(BOCAUE) week Pen,
chosen and other s Pencil,
form of the Paper
government
facility with
facilities present.
respect to
culture and
Obtain datas from
historical
the municipal of Phone,
background
Bocaue concerning Pen,
of Bocaue. CITY 1-2
to the towns short INTERVIEW Pencil,
ENGINEER days
term and long term Paper,
future plans. USB
To promote Conduct an ocular OBSERVATION SITE 2 Phone,

Architectural visit on existing week Pen,
determinants water terninals and (----) Pencil,
s Paper,
for building evaluate how it
USB
forms and runs.
articulating
18
To use existing
research and
studies about water
Compute
terminals and its DATA 1-2
spatial applicability in a GATHERING _ r, Phone,
days Internet
characteristic redevelopment
s of various design.
units for the
design of a
Boat To gather insights Phone,
Terminal and data with the Pen,
complex. water WATER
Pencil,
DATA TRANSPORT
transportation 1-2 Paper,
GATHERING/ ATION
authorities with the INTERVIEW AUTHORITI days survey
applicability for question
ES
the redevelopment. aire,
USB
Conduct physical
assessment of the SITE
town and evaluate (BOCAUE- Phone,
how the circulation MADRE Pen,
BRIDGE, 2 Pencil,
of the vehicle and OBSERVATION/
pedestrian were SURVEY
LOLOMBOY, week Paper,
GOV s survey
planned to FORTUNAT question
articulate peoples O HALILI aire
experience. AVE.)
To utilize
architecture
in fostering Utilize existing
socio- studies about
economic experience design
sector and as and its Compute
well as DATA 1-2
applicability in _ r, Phone,
further Urban plan and
GATHERING days Internet
broaden the design
tourism Development.
potential of
Bocaue.
Assess insights on Head of
urban plan, about City
the need for the Planning Phone,
development of and Pen,
Urban Design in 1-2
INTERVIEW Developme Pencil,
Bocaue. days Paper,
nt
USB
office(CPD
O) or City
Mayor
19
PROGRAMME WORK
WORK T.F. DATE DATE MEMO
CONDUCTED FINISH
20

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A Socio-Economic and Physiological Built Environment for Bocaue Focusing on River

Transportation System through Holistic and Integral Sustainable Design

Drexler Feliciano, Justin Flaviano, Aljay Hernandez

Chapter 2: Theoretical and

Drexler Feliciano, Justin Flaviano, Aljay Hernandez

I. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

 Urban built environment configuration and

Mental health may cause of a built environment according to an increasing

Objective assessment of built environment is a quick growing area and

Drexler Feliciano, Justin Flaviano, Aljay Hernandez

Individual level covariates

Drexler Feliciano, Justin Flaviano, Aljay Hernandez

 The Influence of built environment features on crowd

With the help of these data, we examine the connection between

 Holistic Design- Design That Goes Beyond The Problem

A holistic design approach in architecture allows architects to take all of this

Drexler Feliciano, Justin Flaviano, Aljay Hernandez

How to conduct Holistic Design?

 AN INTEGRAL SUSTAINABLE DESIGN APPROACH

In order to extend the research of occupant behavior beyond building science,

Drexler Feliciano, Justin Flaviano, Aljay Hernandez

 Driving Municipalities into Economic Development

Successful businesses registering in your community means more tax revenue

Drexler Feliciano, Justin Flaviano, Aljay Hernandez

Local Economic Development (LED) is the process of encouraging business

 BENEFITS OF LOCAL ECONOMIC

1. Happier Constituents (and Re-Election!)

2. More Construction Development

An increase in construction within your county will further advance economic

Drexler Feliciano, Justin Flaviano, Aljay Hernandez

3. More Tax Income & Application Fees

An increase in construction within your county will further advance economic

 Economic & Environmental Impact of Waterway Travel

While it may not be readily evident, waterway transportation is the most

According to the EPA, transportation-related activity accounts for one-third

Facts on the waterway industry from the American Waterways Operators:

 The domestic maritime industry in the United States is an economic engine

Drexler Feliciano, Justin Flaviano, Aljay Hernandez

 Moving goods by water is the most efficient mode of transportation. A typical

 Water transportation is critical to the nation's trade, transporting 60 percent of

 Petroleum is the single most important commodity transported on US

 Water transports 20% of all coal in the United States.

 River as useful transportation in 21st century

We will look at potential opportunities for rivers to be used as transportation

Drexler Feliciano, Justin Flaviano, Aljay Hernandez

Drexler Feliciano, Justin Flaviano, Aljay Hernandez

 How Can We Adapt?

Drexler Feliciano, Justin Flaviano, Aljay Hernandez

II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

BOCAUE RIVER TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT

SOCIO- ECONOMICS HOLLISTIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL BUILT

Social Opportunities and Human Interdependence Physical and Physiological

Lack of Low Ineffective Lack of Absence of Difficulties in

Neglected Economic Justice Poor Urban Inconvinient Environment

Drexler Feliciano, Justin Flaviano, Aljay Hernandez

SUB PROBLEM 1 SUB PROBLEM 2 SUB PROBLEM 3

SUB PROBLEM 1 SUB PROBLEM 2 SUB PROBLEM 3

OBJECTIVE 01: OBJECTIVE 02: OBJECTIVE 03:

THEORY 01: THEORY 02: THEORY 03:

Drexler Feliciano, Justin Flaviano, Aljay Hernandez

Drexler Feliciano, Justin Flaviano, Aljay Hernandez

Drexler Feliciano, Justin Flaviano, Aljay Hernandez

The research designs in this research are the combinations of