Mitigating the Deleterious Effect of Aerotropolis to Taliptip Mangrove Eco- Park through Sustainable Preservation

BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND FINE ART S

City of Malolos, Bulacan
Mitigating the Deleterious Effect of Aerotropolis to Taliptip

Mangrove Eco- Park through Sustainable Preservation
In partial fulfillment of the requirements in AR 551/554D: Architectural Design IX
For the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Architecture
Presented by:
Galman, Joemer SF.

Nicolas, Jefferson R.
Salvador, Genesis F.
Arch. Dennis L. Estacio

Thesis Class Adviser, BSAR 5B S.Y. 2021-2022
Mitigating the Deleterious Effect of Aerotropolis to Taliptip Mangrove Eco- Park through Sustainable
Preservation
Galman, Joemer SF. | Nicolas, Jefferson R. | Salvador, Genesis F.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: RATIONALE……………………………………………..1
I. Introduction and Background of the Study………………………….2

II. Statement of the Problem……………………………………………7
III. Project Goal…………………………………………………………..8
Objectives
Strategies
IV. Significance of the Project…………………………………………..10
V. Scope and Limitations………………………………………………..12
Scope of the Study
Limitations of the Study
VI. Operational Definition of Terms…………………………………….13
VII. Review of Related Literature………………………………………15
A. Aerotropolis Development……………………………………………..15
a. Importance of Aerotropolis Development
b. The Logic of the Aerotropolis
c. Characteristics of an Aerotropolis
d. Criticisms of the Aerotropolis
B. Aerotropolis in Developing Countries………………………………...21
a. Delineation of Urban-Rural Boundary
b. Taliptip Bulakan and the Impact of the Proposed Aerotropolis
C. Resiliency of Biodiversity of Taliptip…………………………………..24
a. Impact of Airport Development to Biodiversity
b. Resiliency of Biodiversity to due Urbanization
c. Adaptive Urbanization Approach
d. Mangrove Ecotourism Development
e. In-situ Conservation Strategy
Summary……………………………………………………………..28
Conclusion…………………………………………………………...29
VIII. Theoretical Framework and Conceptual Framework……….….30

CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY……………………….32
I. Introduction…………………………………………………………….33
II. Data Gathering Procedures…………………………………………33
III. Ethical Considerations………………………………………………34
IV. Research Work Plan……………………………….………………..35
CHAPTER 3: PRESENTATION OF DATA……………………………37
I. Introduction……………………………………………………………..38
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a. Economic dynamism
b. Government efficiency
c. Infrastructure
d. Resilience
e. Livelihood
II. Bulakan mangrove eco-park………………………………………..51
a. Migratory birds found in bulakan coastal area
b Mangrove species found in bulakan coastal area
III. Effect of the proposed aerotropolis………………………………..58
IV. Data gathered from survey form and interviews…………………59
b. Result of the survey forms
CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION…………………...….65
a. Analysis from the Findings

b. Discussion from the Findings
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION…………
Conclusion
Recommendation
CHAPTER 6: ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN TRANSLATION……….
A. Site Program
B. Building Program
C. Architectural Design Concept and Parameters
D. Architectural Design Proposal
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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

CHAPTER 1
Figure.1.1. Site of the New Manila International Airport in Bulacan,Philippines. (Map

courtesy of Oceana Philippines)
Table 1.1. Airport Facilities
Figure.1.2. Theoretical Framework and Conceptual Framework
CHAPTER 2
Table.2.1. Research work plan
CHAPTER 3
Table.3.1. Population Data in Bulakan, Bulacan
Table.3.2. Barangay Taliptip Summary Data
Table.3.3. Barangay Taliptip Population Growth rate
Figure.3.1. Exterior Perspective of Bulacan Municipal Hall
Figure.3.2. Economic Dynamism Data Web
Figure.3.3. Economic Dynamism Graph
Figure.3.4. Government Efficiency Data Web
Figure.3.5. Government Efficiency Graph
Figure.3.6. Infrastructure Data Web
Figure.3.7. Infrastructure Graph
Figure.3.8. Resiliency Data Web
Figure.3.9. Resiliency Graph
Figure.3.10 Livelihood
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Figure.3.11 Barangay Taliptip Logo

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Figure.3.12 Taliptip Growth Rate Graph

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Figure.3.13 Taliptip, Bulakan’s Mangrove Eco- Park

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Figure.3.14 Black-faced Spoonbills/Platalea minor (source: Google Image)

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Figure.3.15 Black-crowned Night-Heron/Nycticorax nycticorax (source:

. http://www.birdwatch.ph/)
Figure.3.16 Little Egret/Egretta Garzetta (source: http://www.birdwatch.ph/)

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Figure.3.17 Avicennia marina (source: https://www.zsl.org/)

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Figure.3.18 Sonneratia (source: https://www.zsl.org/)

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Figure.3.19 Rhizophora (source: https://www.zsl.org/)

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Figure.3.20 Integrated master plan of the Aerotropolis

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Figure.3.21 Project Location

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Figure.3.22 Respondents familiarity to eco-park

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Figure.3.23 Respondents been through an ecopark

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Figure.3.24 Respondents familiarity to Bulakan Mangrove Eco-park

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Figure.3.25 Respondents awareness to the benefits of mangroves to coastal areas

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Figure.3.26 Respondents perspective to the importance of mangrove to biodiversity

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Figure.3.27 Respondents perspective to the economic contribution of eco-park

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Figure.3.28 Respondents perspective to the economic contribution of eco-park

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CHAPTER 4
Figure.4.1.
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Figure.4.1.
Figure.4.1.
Figure.4.1.
Figure.4.1.
Figure.4.1.
Figure.4.1.
Figure.4.1.
Figure.4.1.
Figure.4.1.
Figure.4.1.
Figure.4.1.
CHAPTER 5
Table 5.1 Space Programming – ADMINISTRATION BUILDING
Table 5.2 Space Programming – FLOATING RESTAURANT
Table 5.3 Space Programming – CLINIC
Table 5.4 Space Programming – BOATER LOUNGE
Table 5.5 Space Programming – BOAT DOCK
Table 5.6 Space Programming – NURSING AND LABORATORY FACILITY

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Bulacan State University

College of Architecture and Fine Arts
Malolos City, Bulacan
APPROVAL SHEET
This research entitled
“Mitigating the Deleterious Effect of Aerotropolis to Taliptip

Mangrove Eco- Park through Sustainable Preservation”
Prepared and submitted by: (1.) Galman, Joemer S.F. (2.)Nicolas, Jefferson R.
(3.)Salvador, Genesis F. has been approved and accepted as partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Architecture.
PANEL OF MEMBERS
Approved by the Panel of Members on Oral Examination with a grade of PASSED on

June 26-27, 2022.
Sgd. ARCH. GERONIMO LAJOM

Member
Sgd. ARCH. JOSE DE LEON Sgd. ARCH. DANILO

FAUSTINO
Member Member
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June 21, 2022

Date
THESIS ADVISOR'S CERTIFICATE
As per thorough assessment of the undersigned, this is to submit the

recommendation for the BS Architecture proposed thesis entitled:
of proponent/s
Galman, Joemer S.F.

Nicolas, Jefferson R.
Salvador, Genesis F.
Please put a check ( / ) on the box corresponding to the recommendation.

Recommended for final presentation and defense this Second Semester
✔ AY 2021-2022 on May 23-25, 2022.
Defer final presentation and defense to complete the design translation
drawings.
Signature over printed name of the Thesis Adviser

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study will not be possible without the help and support of a few
individuals and groups. We would like to acknowledge and give our warmest
thanks to our class adviser Ar. Dennis Estacio for guiding us through our
thesis journey. We would also like to extend our appreciation to our thesis
adviser Ar. Teresa Gopez for being our guidance to make our study clear and
effective.
In addition, we would also like to give our thanks to AGHAM Advocates
of Science and Technology for the data they share for us with regards to our
study, especially Sir John Warner and Sir Jerwin Baure by letting us conduct
an interview with them and share their knowledge about the study. We also
like to give our appreciation to the local government of Bulakan, Bulacan
specially the MENRO (Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Officer)
sector and the staff in Barangay Taliptip, Bulakan, Bulacan in guiding us
regarding our site which was the Taliptip, Mangrove Eco-park.

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CERTIFICATE OF ENGLISH EDITING

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ABSTRACT
Mangrove Eco-parks play an important role in sustaining biodiversity
and marine species in a coastal community, one of the best examples is the
Bulakan Mangrove Eco-park located in Taliptip, Bulakan, Bulacan. The
Bulacan Mangrove Eco park is an important protected area in the province of
Bulacan as it covers more than half the population of mangrove forest in the
province of Bulacan and for the fact that it provides a wide range of
ecosystem and economic services particularly its rich mangrove biodiversity
that helps regulate floods, saltwater intrusions, and serves as a storm surge
barrier for the coastal communities in Bulakan. Furthermore, the Bulakan
Mangrove Ecopark also has its aesthetic services including tourism, education
and knowledge about Mangrove importance and awareness, and cultural
traditions.
But despite the minor degradation of the environment of Taliptip,
Taliptip Mangrove Eco- Park is in a peaceful state, but in 2018, the
government proposed an Aerotropolis or the New Manila International Airport
(NMIA) funded by San Miguel Corporation, a multi-million Airport complex that
will be held place in Taliptip, Bulakan, Bulacan approximately 200 kilometers
away from the Mangrove Eco- Park. Despite the fact that the said reclamation
project will not include the eco-park in their master plan, it will still have an
indirect impact on the ecosystem and physical condition of the eco-park.

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Based on the study of AGHAM (Advocates of Science and Technology for the
People, Center for Environmental Concerns) and Hazard Assessment of the
National Institute of Geological Science, the impact of Aerotropolis was
guaranteed to sprawl and degrade the physical environmental condition of the
Eco-park and adjacent environs. The reclamation project will add to the
ongoing environmental damage of the area, and cause a chain reaction that
will damage the physical and environmental condition of the Eco-park and the
marine life roaming around the area especially, the migratory birds that
consisted of endangered species which needed to be protected. The aim of
the study is to understand the deleterious effects of the upcoming Aerotropolis
and propose possible solutions that can help mitigate the upcoming change in
the environment by preservation and resiliency. To pursue the aim of the
study, the researchers first analyze the existing condition of the Bulakan
Mangrove Eco-park and evaluate the possible solutions and
recommendations for the site through S.W.O.T analysis. In order to convey
solutions that can lessen the negative impact of the upcoming Aerotropolis,
the analysis of the deleterious effects were first conducted by conducting
interviews from conservation advocates, caretaker of the eco-park, and
connected local government units. Findings from secondary sources were
also included such as hazard assessments from environmentalists and
advocates. After the assessment of the gathered information, it leads to the
fact that the Bulakan Mangrove Eco-park is really at risk and unprepared for
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the upcoming development in the eco-parks adjacent area. With the
information gathered, the researcher formulates solutions that can help
mitigate the deleterious effect of the aerotropolis to the Bulakan Mangrove
Eco-park using architectural solutions.

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CHAPTER 1
RATIONALE
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I. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
A. INTRODUCTION
Bulakan Mangrove Ecological park plays a crucial role within the
biodiversity and ecotourism of a community. It is the primary barrier of
protection when it comes to storm surges, rogue waves, tidal currents and
typhoons in the coastal areas and communities in its surroundings. in
addition, it serves several aesthetic and cultural services that mangroves
provide, including those associated with tourism, education, and local
indigenous knowledge and traditions.
However, despite the smooth operation of the eco-park, it is now facing
a threat which can damaged not only the ecotourism of the said community
but also its surrounding biodiversity which is the upcoming project of the
government which was funded by the San Miguel Corporation (SMC), the
Bulakan Aerotropolis, a multi-million Airport complex that will be held place in
Taliptip, Bulakan, Bulacan which will also accommodates public and private
offices, shipping and storing facilities, and other business establishments that
will also help the congestion problem of the Ninoy Aquino International Airport
and boost the urban economic growth of the province. according to the
Hazard Assessment the National Institute of Geological Science and AGHAM,
even though the reclamation project will not include the Bulakan Mangrove
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Eco-park in the plan, it will still had an indirect impact not only to the eco-park
but also to the adjacent environment and marine species around it that can
caused an environmental degradation chain reaction.
B. Background of the Study
There is a total of 38.89 hectares of mangrove forests in Bulakan
mostly located at Barangay Taliptip which represents more than half (52.63%)
of the whole mangrove forest within the entire province of Bulacan. Large
portion of this mangrove forest can be found within the Bulakan Mangrove
Eco- Park which measures 24.5 hectares of mangrove forest. The local
government declared it a protection zone in 2002 with the goal of conserving
and replanting mangroves for marine ecosystems in the area to restore
biodiversity and was materialized in 2004 as a result of collaboration between

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the local tourism agency and the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (Espiritu, 2020). The park has about 1800m of eco-trail where you
may enjoy a nature stroll among mangrove trees, ideal for a nature-tripping
date for couples. Headed by Jimmy San Jose,which had been working as a
caretaker of the Bulakan Mangrove Eco- Park, said that the local government
units (LGUs) and the Department of the Environment and Natural Resources
(DENR) are both keen to beautify and enhance the area by continuing to
monitor and provide operational expenses. But due to the construction of the
proposed aerotropolis it is now vulnerable to the threat of being damaged.
The New Manila International Airport, shortly known as Bulakan
Aerotropolis is a P735.6 - billion project proposed by the San Miguel
Corporation (SMC) that was led by Ramon Ang, whose vision was to ease the
air and land traffic congestion in Pasay City where the Ninoy Aquino
Internatioal Airport is located. The Aerotropolis was prospected to be
constructed in a 2,500-hectare coastal fishpond in Bulakan, Bulacan, which
will stretch from Taliptip River Stream in Barangay Taliptip, Bulakan, to Sitio
Baluarte in Obando, Bulakan. The master plan of the project will include a
modern passenger terminal building with airside and landside facilities,
together with airport toll road and railway.
Despite the very fact that was stated by the representatives of
Philkairos Inc., SMC’s environmental consultant firm, that the 24.5 hectare
Bulakan Mangrove Eco-park will be left undisturbed and would be protected,

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the Mangrove Eco-park remains in danger and unprepared by the reclamation
project’s development in the area. According to the article made by Miranda
Autor, the Eco-Park was not fully prepared in accordance with the aerotropolis
development. According to the interview made by Author to the caretaker of
the Eco-park which was Jimmy San Jose, when he first heard of SMC’s plans
to build an international airport near the park, the news came as a surprise to
him as none of the residents had been consulted before any decisions were
made. As construction of the NMIA continues, the lot designated for the
airport slowly creeped into the Bulakan Mangrove Eco-Park. in addition, the
possible presence of birds at the NMIA could potentially endanger the safety
of planes taking off in the vicinity of the airport. Mangroves will continue to
attract disruptive fauna as long as they exist because they provide a suitable
environment and because the eco-mangroves park's serve such an important
role in reducing the intensity of typhoons and floods, destroying them might
have a significant impact on the area's ecology and ecosystem, posing a
threat to coastal towns in Bulacan.
II. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Despite the resiliency of the Bulacan Mangrove Eco-park with regards
to its present problems including the recovery from the damages from
Typhoon Haiyan (Super Typhoon Yolanda) , it is now facing another threat
which is the impact of the reclamation project proposed by San Miguel

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Corporation (SMC) which is the Aerotropolis, a 2,500-hectare airport complex.
Even though the said reclamation project will not harm the 24.5 hectares of
mangrove Eco-park where the Mangrove Forest blooms the most and attracts
tourists, it will still have repercussions to the Eco-park’s disturbance of it’s
condition, tourism, biodiversity and natural resources around the area.
A. SUB-PROBLEMS
1. Based on the present condition of the Bulakan Mangrove Eco-park,
what are the deleterious effects that might occur to the Eco-park once
the construction and operation of the Aerotropolis occur?
2. Since the reclamation project is inevitable, what would be the possible
solutions to help mitigate the impact of the Bulacan Aerotropolis to the
Bulakan Mangrove Ecopark?
3. What are the possible solutions to help preserve the mangroves in the
Ecopark and save its ecotourism at the same time?
III. RESEARCH GOAL
The study’s goal is to mitigate the deleterious effects of the proposed
Bulakan Aerotropolis to the Bulakan Mangrove Ecopark by preserving the
existing biodiversity in Bulakan Mangrove Ecopark and develop the

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ecotourism at the same time through sustainable architecture and
development.
OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES
Objective 1:
To know the deleterious effect of the proposed Aerotropolis to the
existing Mangrove Eco-park.
Strategies
1. Evaluate the existing condition of the eco-park and formulate
solutions.
2. Gather data from the local community of Taliptip, Bulakan
about the emerging and future issues of the biodiversity of the
Ecopark
3. Assess insights from professional environmentalists that have
specialty in preservation and rehabilitation of Mangrove Eco
Parks.
Objective 2:
To develop the ecotourism of the area by promoting new trends
and architectural innovations that can maximize the ecotourism
development while having a lesser environmental impact at the same
time.
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Strategies:
1. Identify the strong points and weaknesses of the Bulakan
Mangrove Ecopark with regards to its ecotourism.
2. Develop architectural approaches that can lessen the
development of environmental impact at the same time.
3. Find innovations and trends that can make the mangrove
ecopark sustainable.
Objective 3:
To protect and expand the existing mangrove forest in Bulakan
Mangrove Ecopark, especially the rehabilitation and nurturement of
the mangroves in the area.
IV. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The results of the study will benefit the following factors:
Tourism of Taliptip, Bulakan, Bulacan. The study will help further the
development growth of Tourism in Bulakan, especially the growth in Bulakan
Mangrove Eco- Park by analyzing problems that will be caused by the
proposed Aerotropolis and provide solutions that can cater both the
adaptation and preservation of the said eco-park.

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Biodiversity of Taliptip, Bulakan, Bulacan. The study will convey solutions
to help safeguard and preserve Taliptip’s biodiversity due to the existing and
upcoming impact of the NMIA’s development which can also help Taliptip,
Bulakan’s environmental and coastal degradation.
Local community in Taliptip, Bulakan, Bulacan. The study will help
increase the economic growth of the community of Taliptip through livelihood
opportunities that will be generated by the promotion of the eco-park’s
ecotourism. Furthermore, the successful preservation of the biodiversity of
Bulakan Mangrove Eco-park will lessen the impact of floods, storms, and
other natural hazards to the coastal community of Taliptip, Bulakan.
ASSUMPTIONS
The researchers believe that the study will become a key factor that
can help the resiliency and preservation of Bulakan Mangrove Eco- Park to
the deleterious effect of aerotropolis development to the existing eco-park. In
addition, it will act as a guideline for biodiversity preservation and adaptive
development in Eco-parks with the same situation and condition. Local and
national governments could use the study to identify prospective actions to
reduce environmental dangers in economic zones that can also be used for
infrastructure resilience, as well as development through adaptive

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urbanization. The research also assumed that various government agencies
would use the findings as a guideline for future planning and design initiatives.
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)
The researchers also assume that the study will be a great asset to
further strengthen the study of DENR about preserving biodiversity despite
rapid urbanization. The DENR's purpose is to be a driving force behind
people's efforts to preserve, conserve, and restore the environment.
Environment development and management via strategic alliances and
partnerships, participatory processes, to achieve sustainable development,
applicable policies, and programs, as well as adequate information
technology, are required.
Local Government of Bulakan, Bulacan
The researchers assume that the local government of Bulakan,
Bulacan to utilize the research for future development of the community
specially, the coastal community and its biodiversity.

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V. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study will focus on the preservation and resiliency of the existing
Bulakan Mangrove Eco-park in Taliptip, Bulakan, Bulacan, and the mitigation
of the negative effects of the Aerotropolis. Conveying new strategies and
programs based on the needs of the Eco-park, and collecting possible
solutions and interventions will be the key focus of the study. In addition, the
study will also be concentrating on formulating new architectural interventions
and sustainability that can help to improve the ecotourism and mangrove
rehabilitation in the mangrove eco-park.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The study will not interfere with the current development of the New
Manila International Airport. Thus, the study will only focus on Bulakan
Mangrove Eco-park. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, researchers may have
limited access to first-hand data that may result in online surveys and
interviews. Conducting online surveys and interviews will rely on participants'
engagement to provide more factual, reliable, and relevant data for the study.
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The study is additionally constrained by existing design methodologies due to
the amount of time and data collected.
VI. DEFINITION OF TERMS
Aquatic Resources — it includes fish, all aquatic flora and fauna, and other
living resources living in the aquatic environment, also including, but not
limited to, salt and corals.
Aerotropolis — a city or urban area developed around an airport.
Coastal Community - people living on the thin strip of land or on the water
along the fluctuating line where the sea meets the land.
Fisherfolk — those who are physically involved in taking, growing, and/or
processing aquatic and/or aquatic resources.
Fisheries — refers to all actions taken in connection with the act or business
of fishing, as well as the right to fish or take aquatic resources, as well as the
act of creating, conserving, processing, selling, and marketing aquatic
resources.
Land reclamation — the process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds,
or lake beds by dumping large amounts of soil on the water
Mangroves — a community of intertidal plants including all species of trees,
shrubs, vines, and herbs found on coasts, swamps, or borders of swamps.

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Migratory Birds - birds that travel from one place to another at regular times
often over long distances Geohazard - results of natural, active geologic
processes.
Mitigation - the process of lessening something's severity, seriousness, or
suffering.
Sustainable development — refers to a form of development that provides
for the needs of the present without compromising the ability of nature to
provide the needs of the future generations
VII. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Taliptip Bulakan and the Impact of the Proposed Aerotropolis
It is a fact that the proposed Aerotropolis in Bulakan will have a great
impact on the commercialization, tourism, and economy of the region. But
despite the concrete plan of the SMC with regards to the Aerotropolis, there
are still factors that are not taken into consideration regarding the environment
impact, livelihood and the coastal communities near the area. According to
the ongoing research of AGHAM – Advocates of Science and Technology for
the People, Center for Environmental Concerns – Philippines, and
KALIKASAN People’s Network for the Environment, "should the Aerotropolis
continue with this misdemeanor in implementation, the mangrove forests

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along Taliptip and its adjacent environs that serve as the habitat of various
valuable marine life would be decimated. Migratory birds which depend upon
the habitat and subsistence from the mangrove forests would also be driven
away from the destruction and disruption associated with the project. Poor
fisherfolk who also depend upon the mangroves and the open coasts for their
livelihood will also be deprived of their source of income." (“SMC Aerotropolis,
other reclamation projects threaten Manila Bay with ecological collapse”,
2018, June 11)
Resiliency of Biodiversity of Taliptip
Impact of Airport Development to Biodiversity
Airports are essential nodes in the transportation system, and they can
play a critical role in assisting city-regions socio-economic development. On
the other hand, The most noticeable environmental consequence of aviation
is noise from planes and traffic traveling to and from airports. industry. This is
due to the fact that it is readily interpreted as obnoxious. where this happens
on a regular basis. Aircraft noise is produced by both the engines and the
propellers. It is most noticeable during landing and take-off when the engine
and the airframe are in contact. and along well-traveled aircraft paths, Other
noise sources include noise created by taxiing airplanes, reverse-thrust

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application (an optional landing brake aid), engine checks, and on-site
vehicular inspection traffic. Furthermore, noise consequences were felt by
both automobile and train traffic in and around the area. Noise from the airport
and development Noise has an impact on the breeding process as well. and
avian feeding habits, as well as encouraging wasteful consumption.
animals/birds expended energy as they went towards or away from the sound
source, exposing them to predators.
Wildlife's sensitivity to aircraft noise and airport ground operation noise
and airport access routes differed from species to species. Some creatures,
including a variety of grasslands, were harmed as a result of the noise. as well
as woodland birds - to stay away from the area. As a result, the density of the
populations of these animals is lowered. (Kaseloo and Tyson, 2004).
Also, Longcore and Rich (2004) defined artificial light as "light that
disrupts ecosystems' natural light and dark rhythms." "ecological light
pollution". Many other environmental effects were caused by light pollution.
The animal kingdom, as well as the plant kingdom, and mankind were all
affected negatively. While light pollution is particularly hazardous to nocturnal
and migratory species, as well as animals in flight, it also has negative
consequences for vegetation.

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Resiliency of Biodiversity to due Urbanization
Extinction of species and deterioration of other aspects of biodiversity
in many parts of the world have resulted in adopting systematic conservation
planning as a result of these efforts, different software tools for conservation
planning have been developed over the last two decades (Sarkar et al. 2006).
The possible deleterious effect of the upcoming New Manila International
Airport on the environment of its nearby coastal area and its biodiversity
raises the need for a resiliency plan for conservation amid the threat of
urbanization.
Habitat loss and fragmentation, changes in resource availability, the
introduction of exotic species, alteration of local climates via the urban heat
island, modification of natural disturbance regimes, and increased levels of
chemical, light, and noise pollution are all impacts of urbanization on
biodiversity (Grimm et al. 2008). According to McKinney (2006), These effects
are long-term and difficult to reverse, making urbanization one of the most
significant drivers of biodiversity loss. To attain resiliency of biodiversity in the
coastal area of Taliptip Bulakan Bulacan by prioritizing development in low
ecological value locations, new developments can be planned to prevent
habitat loss (Bekessy et al. 2012). This will help lessen if not prevent the
effect on biodiversity.
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Adaptive Urbanization Approach
The majority of people nowadays live in cities, and urbanization is a
global megatrend as this is inevitable for the socio-economic growth
development of the country, the rural areas of Bulakan are one of the next
spots for emerging urban sprawls. Adaptive urbanism is a framework that
adapts its structure, behavior, or resources in response to changing
circumstances in accordance with the built environment's response to the
urban context. According to Ahern, (2014), Adaptive design is a strategy and
process by which selected urban plans and projects investigate new practices
and methodologies using ecological knowledge and research design.
Ahern(2014) also stated that, In urban planning and design, adaptive
design experiments employing a civic science approach are desperately
needed, and we need strong workable examples that may be considered
"best practices."
Mangrove Ecotourism Development
Ecotourism has grown in popularity, and it has the potential to attract
more people to be involved in sustainability, economic contributions to
communities along with environmental reservations (Rahman et al, 2021). In

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their study, Mondino and Beery (2019) stated Ecotourism as a type of tourism
that promotes learning opportunities and environmental evaluation. Numerous
development activities have turned to ecotourism as a platform. According to
Wondirad A.et al (2020) Ecotourism is educational and nature-based tourism
with the goal of being socially, commercially, and environmentally sustainable,
and members of the local community are regarded as protectors in
community-based ecotourism. That will result in awareness being raised with
the help of ecotourism. As a result, residents and visitors must get a better
grasp of environmental issues in order to make informed decisions regarding
environmental sustainability.
Friess D. (2017) indicated in his study that Ecotourism is one tool, and
various local case studies show that tourist activities can improve mangrove
education, preservation, and conservation in a variety of ways. These
destinations are important for environmental sustainability in lessening the
effect of pollution. Ecotourism entails visiting relatively untouched natural
places to study, appreciate, and enjoy the beauty as well as the flora and
fauna. Bulakan Mangrove Ecopark is one of these potential destinations.
Walking, hiking, bird watching, swimming, and other such activities can be
possible in the area.

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Sustainable Mangrove Rehabilitation
Mangroves provide a wide range of ecosystem services and products
including providing timber, fuel wood, medicines, and foods for marine
biodiversity. In addition, mangrove trees help in regulating floods, erosion and
saltwater intrusions, and protection for coastal communities against the
impacts of storms and tsunamis. Furthermore, mangroves also provide
cultural services including those related in tourism, education, and local
community knowledge and traditions that can benefit and promote one’s local
community.
In-situ Conservation Strategy
Biodiversity is rapidly and steadily deteriorating as the human
population grows, so does the demand for natural resource exploitation,
agricultural and animal production, urban expansion, industrial operations,
and worldwide trade. (Mestanza-Ramón C. et al, 2020). In a study by Floris
M. (2020), In order to adapt the best conservation methods, it is necessary to
describe and understand the processes involved in biodiversity conservation.
One conservation strategy is in-situ or on-site, a strategy that consists of
techniques in which the natural habitat is protected, managed, and
monitored.
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According to Rosa IMD.(2020), In-situ and/or ex-situ techniques are
used to conserve biodiversity, depending on environmental factors such as
the characteristics and intensity of threats, levels of endemism, and the
category of endangered species. So it also stated in the study of Mestanza
(2020) that Protected areas are the most effective solution for in-situ
conservation. Bulakan Mangrove Ecopark was declared initially as a
protective zone in 2002.
Summary
The Aerotropolis is a major part of global economic life especially in
developing countries for socio-economic activity is growing by leaps and
bounds. It can have a significant impact on urban economic development not
only through direct and indirect employment and income effects. The Impact
of urban-rural boundary, which separates urban and rural areas, is critical for
addressing urban issues. Urbanization construction is primarily driven by
capital, resulting in the disorderly expansion of cities.
Cities' constant consumption of rural land resources is a direct
manifestation of disorderly expansion. Rapid urbanization contributes to the
rapid development of a regional economy and the rapid expansion of urban
areas into rural areas. It has also created urban-rural environmental problems,
such as low land-use efficiency and pollution. To alleviate the pressure

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caused by rapid urban development, one method is to make intensive use of
urban resources.
Conclusion
Therefore, according to the gathered studies, the researchers conclude
that aerotropolis plays a big role in the urban economic development of a
country including the passive and active employment and tourism of the
region. But despite the said urban economic development, there are still
several factors including the biodiversity, livelihood, and preservation of the
area that can cause a major negative impact for the nearby communities in
the developing area especially in the case of the coastal community of
Taliptip, Bulakan, where the livelihood of the fisherfolks and the condition of
the biodiversity will be at risk if not fully considered in the urban development
of an area. After gathering data that can help us further the cause of our
study, we can now generate a feasible plan that can help both sustain the
coastal community and biodiversity of Taliptip, Bulakan, Bulacan and also the
mission of the SMC to promote the economic growth of the region of Bulacan
by adapting the rural coastal community to the inevitable urbanization of
Bulacan.
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VIII. THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Figure 1.2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

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SUMMARY OF FRAMEWORK
This study mainly focuses on the vulnerability faced by the Mangrove
Eco-park in Bulakan, Bulacan due to the upcoming Bulakan Aerotropolis.
From this situation, issues were identified arising from aggravating
geohazards. Furthermore, due to the degradation of the area, it can become a
major factor for the decline of the tourism rate of the Mangrove Eco-park.
Meanwhile, it also endangered biodiversity and adjacent environmental issues
including the mangrove deforestation in the area that will result in the loss of
rich biodiversity of endemic species of marine and migratory birds .
To mitigate the deleterious effects of the said development to the
existing condition of the Bulakan Mangrove Eco park, the study will help to
formulate solutions to help save, preserve, and expand the mangrove forest in
the eco park while promoting it's ecotourism at the same time which can help
the local community of the Taliptip, Bulakan in terms of economic growth and
livelihood opportunities. In line with this are theories and studies to further
support the goal and approaches which can prove and strengthen the
solutions that can help to further and make the study feasible.
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CHAPTER 2
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
I. INTRODUCTION
To achieve the research's goals and objectives, it is critical to
understand the methods and strategies to be used for data collection. The
methodology that will be used in the study is covered in this chapter. This is
one of the most important things to do in order to recognize the needs and
solutions to the study problem. By conducting interviews with officials and
surveys of the general public to gauge public interest in the issues that the
proponents are addressing. The research methodology necessitates the
collection of significant data in order to examine the problem and gain a more
complete understanding and interpretation of the problem, allowing for the
foundation of a position for successful research in the study.
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURES
Conducting research will necessitate the use of well-organized
tactics and procedures in order to obtain and acquire specific data that
will be required and involved in the study. The situation or phenomenon
of the community environment is included in the study. It focuses on
providing answers to the how, what, and why questions. Descriptive
Strategy conducts research that includes secondary data from books,
magazines, newspapers, and internet research. Researchers will focus

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on how, what, and why the Mangrove Eco- Park should lead to
sustainable preservation. This is to comprehend the problems and
situations that have arisen as a result of the proposed aerotropolis in
the vulnerability of Bulakan's mangrove eco-park. Researchers may
also conduct surveys in coastal communities to gain a better
understanding. This is also to comprehend and evaluate things in the
aforementioned locations in order to promote future designs and
developments.
III. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
The use of planned techniques and processes to get and
acquire specific data that will be necessary and involved in the
research will be required when conducting research. The situation or
phenomena of the communal environment is included in the research.
It concentrates on providing answers to the how, what, and why
questions. Descriptive Strategy performs research using secondary
data from books, periodicals, newspapers, and the internet. In the
interview researchers will make sure that they interacted with the
respondents in a personal manner, did not invade their privacy without

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their consent, did not harm their feelings, and acknowledged and
appropriately portrayed the information acquired from them.
Various variables must be identified and understood in terms of
their nature and function in the study. Understanding, comparing, and
connecting differences and connections is made easier by correlating
variables and data. This is to help with data collection in order to
determine the research's effect and key consequences. Although this is
not an experimental study, it does rely on secondary data to
comprehend and analyze the statistical connection. This can be done
through surveys, archives, or internet sources, and it can also be done
through natural observation.
IV. RESEARCH WORK PLAN
OBJECTIVES TACTICS INSTRUME PERSON TARGET TIME

NT INVOLVED DATA FRAME
To protect and 1. Evaluate the Interview Local Existing and

expand the existing condition of Questionnai Government proposed
existing the eco-park and re officials programs or
biodiversity in formulate solutions. plans for the
Bulakan Mangrove Laptop Environmental mangrove
Ecopark, 2. Gather data from Recorder experts eco-park and
especially the the local community nearby
rehabilitation and of Taliptip, Bulakan Internet Eco-park communities. 7 days
nurturement of the about the emerging Data officers
mangroves in the and future issues of Connection Interview
area. the biodiversity of Camera or report and
Locals on the
the Ecopark. Phone article analysis
community
nearby on the report
3. Assess insights
eco-park
from professional
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environmentalists
that have specialty Fisherfolks
in preservation and
rehabilitation of Environmental
Mangrove Eco Advocates
Parks.
To promote the 1. Identify the Laptop for Local Interview

ecotourism of the strong points and Photo Government reports
area by promoting weaknesses of the Documentat officials
new trends and Bulakan Mangrove ion Research
architectural Ecopark with Internet Environmental report
innovations that regards to its Connection experts
can maximize the ecotourism. Blogs Analysis report
ecotourism
development and 2. Develop 7 days
Tourism data
having a lesser architectural Websites Eco-park of the Eco-park
environmental approaches that Published officers
impact at the can lessen the literature, Eco-tourism
same time. development of reports, or experts
environmental documents Locals on the
impact at the same community
time. nearby on the
eco-park
3. Find innovations
and trends that can
make the mangrove
ecopark
sustainable.
To help the Evaluate the Interview Local Statistical data

economic growth existing livelihood Questionnai Government of the
of the community practices of the re officials conducted on
by giving livelihood local community of the survey
opportunities to Taliptip, Bulakan Laptop Environmental
the local the generate experts Interview
community. livelihood Recorder reports 7 days
opportunities that Eco-park
can both become officers Research
Internet
profitable to the report
Connection
Bulakan Mangrove
Locals on the
Ecopark and the
Camera or community Analysis report
local community of
Phone nearby on the
Taliptip, Bulakan
eco-park
Fisherfolks
Table 2.1. Research work plan
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CHAPTER 3
PRESENTATION OF DATA
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A. Findings from Documentary
I.INTRODUCTION
In order to identify the different precautions and interventions needed
to fulfill the goals and objective of the study, it is important for the researchers
to know the different characteristics of the area including physical and
environmental characteristics of the Eco-park and its adjacent environs,
development status, and the need and recommendations of the people
involved in the said development. These factors are essential for the
improvement of the researcher's strategies to be able to fulfill the study that
can cater the resiliency, adaptation and preservation of the Bulakan Mangrove
Eco-Park to help mitigate the deleterious effect of the proposed Aerotropolis
in the area.
MUNICIPALITY OF BULAKAN
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Figure 3.1.: Exterior Perspective of Bulacan Municipal Hall
(Source: Google Images)
According to the municipality’s current Comprehensive Land
Use Plan, Bulakan is one of the 24 towns of the province of Bulacan. It
was roughly 35 kilometers away from Manila. It was the capital of the
Province of Bulacan until Malolos took its place immediately after the
American conquest. Bulakan is a coastal municipality, when the
Spaniards came, they found an abundant source of cotton growing all
around Luzon, particularly in Bulakan. The municipality name was
derived from the Tagalog word “bulak” which means cotton in the
english language. The Augustinians founded most of the towns in the
province of Bulacan, including Bulakan, which was founded in 1572
and is one of the 385 towns founded by the Augustinians throughout
the Philippines, from the original prosperous native settlements or
villages called "barangays." Another narrative of Bulakan's
establishment credits Father Agustin de Alburquerque, O.S.A. as the
town's first minister and founder. Bulacan, as the province's initial
capital, was the center of commercial activity, and its residents had
good commerce with Manila, owing to its proximity to the city and
accessibility via its large and navigable river.

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The municipality covers 72.90 square kilometers (28.15 square
miles), or 2.62 percent of the total land area of Bulacan. According to
the 2020 Census, its population was 81,232, accounting for 2.19
percent of Bulacan province's total population. According to these
estimates, the population density is 1,114 people per square kilometer
or 2,886 people per square mile. The town of Obando borders the
municipality of Bulakan on the south, Manila Bay on the west, the City
of Malolos on the north, and the town of Guiguinto on the northeast. It
is the tenth largest municipality in the province, with an area of 72.90
square kilometers, or 2.7284 percent of the province's total land area.
The municipality of Bulakan comprises 14 barangays namely:
Bagumbayan, Balubad, Bambang, Matungao, Maysantol, Perez,
Pitpitan, San Francisco (formerly Tabang), San Jose, San Nicolas, Sta.
Ana (formerly Daddaya), Sta. Ines (former Pariahan), Taliptip, and
Tibig. Bulakan is still predominantly rural, however, with Barangay San
Jose, Bagumbayan, Matungao and Bambang classified by
Sangguniang Bayan and NSO as urban barangays with the following
population of 3,570,4297, 12950, and 14,257 respectively.
The town's topography is mostly flat, with a coastline that
stretches all the way to Manila Bay. It is crossed by various tributaries
of Manila Bay that act as rainwater exits. These outlets are frequently
clogged, resulting in flooding in the area.

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Barangay Population Population Population Change Annual
percentage (2020) (2015) (2015-2020) Population
(2020) Growth Rate
(2015-2020)
Bambang 17.55% 14,257 13,604 4.80% 0.99%
Matungao 15.94% 12,950 11,646 11.20% 2.26%
Santa Ana 9.85% 7,998 8,122 -1.53% -0.32%
San 9.22% 7,486 6,145 21.82% 4.24%
Francisco
San Nicolas 7.73% 6,279 5,804 8.18% 1.67%
Taliptip 6.16% 5,005 5,490 -8.83% -1.93%
Pitpitan 6.25% 5,077 4,516 12.42% 2.50%
Bagumbayan 5.29% 4,297 3,701 16.10% 3.19%
San Jose 4.39% 3,570 3,372 5.87% 1.21%
Balubad 4.60% 3,738 3,357 11.35% 2.29%
Tibig 3.91% 3,174 3,151 0.73% 0.15%
Maysantol 3.64% 2,955 2,768 6.76% 1.39%

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Santa Ines 2.95% 2,399 2,508 -4.35% -0.93%
Perez 2.52% 2,047 2,381 -14.03% -3.13%
Bulakan Total 81,232 76,565 6.10% 1.25%
Table.3.1.: Population Data Source: PhilAtlas 2022
ECONOMIC DYNAMISM
The following data consist of the economic dynamism of the
municipality of Bulakan. It refers to Bulakan’s economy rate and direction of
change. It used to include the rate at which new businesses are formed, the
frequency with which labor markets change, and the geographic mobility of
the workforce.
Figure 3.2.: Economic Dynamism Data Web

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Figure 3.3.: Economic Dynamism Graph
GOVERNMENT EFFICIENCY
Below are Bulakan municipalities ratings based on Department of
Trade and Industries 2020 data. It shows the result of the overall efficiency of
the government agencies in the Municipality of Bulakan, Bulacan.

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Figure 3.4:Government Efficiency Data Web
Figure 3.5: Government Efficiency Graph
INFRASTRUCTURE
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Figure 3.6.: Infrastructure Data Web
Figure 3.7.: Infrastructure Graph

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RESILIENCE
Below is the data for Bulakan’s resilience data with regards to the
municipality’s ability to absorb, recover, and prepare for future
shocks.(economic, environmental, social & institutional)
Figure 3.8.: Resiliency Data Web

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Figure 3.9.: Resiliency Graph Source: cmci.dti.gov.ph
LIVELIHOOD
Figure 3.10.: Livelihood

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Due to Bulakan’s excellent geographic location abutting west of Manila Bay,
fishing is the municipality's principal industry. Bulakan is the province's largest
inland fishing area (both brackish and freshwater). The town has a total of
4,297.20 hectares of built and productive privately owned fishponds, as well
as 600 hectares of municipally held fishponds. Pres. Obama purchased 600
hectares of fishpond under LOI 1313. Executive Order 288, signed by
President Ferdinand E. Marcos, and Ferdinand E. Marcos, Jr. Under the
Republic Act, Fidel V. Ramos. 4701, for the Municipal Government of
Bulakan's exclusive use and disposal.

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BARANGAY TALIPTIP
Barangay Taliptip is one of the barangays of the municipality of
Bulakan, formerly known as Sitio Parihan. It is a rural coastal area consisting
of an area of 26.8027 square kilometers. As of the population data of the 2020
Census, Barangay Taliptip has a population of 5,005 which represents 6.16%
of the total population of Bulakan.
The logo of the barangay shows a boat, shrimp, and fish which
symbolize the primary livelihood in the barangay. There are nine coastal sitios
in the barangay. Sitio Capiz, Sitio Baluarte, Sitio Pariahan, Sitio Kinse, Sitio
Camansi, Sitio Bunutan, Sitio Capol, Sitio Pinagkahipunan, and Sitio Dapdap
are the places where these sitios are located. The sitios are separated from
one another and from Taliptip's main area. The only way to get to the sitios is
to take a boat from the boat terminal on the side of the provincial road bridge.
Some sitios (e.g., Sitio Dapdap, Sitio Capiz, and portions of Sitio Kinse) are
elevated on lands, while others (e.g., Sitio Dapdap, Sitio Capiz, and portions
of Sitio Kinse) are not (e.g., Sitio Pariahan) are built directly on the water's
edge and are only raised by stilts.

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SUMMARY DATA
Type Barangay
Island Group Luzon
Region Central Luzon (Region III)
Province Bulacan
Municipality Bulakan
Postal Code 3017
Population (2020) 5,005
Coordinates 14.7654, 120.8976 (14° 46' North, 120°
54' East)
Estimated Elevation above Sea 6.8 meters (22.3 feet)
Level
Table 3.2.: Taliptip Summary Data
HISTORICAL POPULATION
Taliptip's population increased by 487 individuals from 4,518 in 1990 to
five,005 in 2020, a 30-year increase of 487 people. From the previous

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population of 5,490 in 2015, the latest census ends up in 2020 show a
negative rate of growth of 1.93 percent, or a discount of 485 individuals.
Table 3.3.: Taliptip Growth Rate
Figure 3.12.: Taliptip Growth Rate Graph Source: PhilAtlas 2022

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II. BULAKAN MANGROVE ECO-PARK
Figure 3.13.: Taliptip, Bulakan’s Mangrove Eco- Park Source: Cumaps.net
The local government established a protective zone in 2002 with the
goal of conserving and replanting mangroves for marine habitats in the area
to restore biodiversity. Bulakan Mangrove Eco- Park was established in 2004
as a result of collaboration between the local tourism agency and the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
Jimmy San Jose is in-charge of the aforementioned park before the
proposal of the Aerotropolis. They began converting it to an eco-tourism
destination by constructing an eco-trail of about 1800 meters along which you
can enjoy a nature walk among mangrove trees, ideal for a couple on a
nature-tripping date. The Park is stunning, with a bird-watching tower for

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those interested in birds and nature photography. It's also ideal for travelers
who want to relax in a truly tranquil setting.
According to San Jose, the local government unit (LGU) and the Department
of Natural Resources (DENR) are both eager to beautify and strengthen the
area by continuing to monitor and provide operational expenses. The
eco-park provides a source of income for some fishermen in Barangay
Bambang by planting mangrove seedlings and providing boat rides in the
area. By this date, the eco-park will be able to provide guests with a boat trip
through mangroves, seafood eating and catching, and, of course, the
relaxation of sunset and sunrise viewing.
Source: Espiritu, R. E. (2020, January 13). Bulakan eco-park offers something
new – Daily Tribune. Daily Tribune. Retrieved January 5, 2022, from
https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2020/01/13/bulakan-eco-park-offers-somethin
g-new/
MIGRATORY BIRDS FOUND IN BULAKAN COASTAL AREA
The coastal area of Taliptip is home to rich biodiversity like marine life and
since of those, migratory bird species were also sighted soaring everywhere
the coastal area, particularly over the waters of fish pens. The presence of
birds indicates an abundance of fish supply sufficient to function a feeding
location for several varieties of birds.

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During the annual Asian Waterbird Census (AWC) in Bulakan, Bulacan's
Barangay Taliptip, one in every of the globally endangered migratory birds
Platalea minor also called the Black-faced Spoonbills were spotted in January
of 2020. The multi-site AWC was organized in partnership with the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Biodiversity Management
Bureau, Wetlands International Philippines, and therefore the Wild Bird Club
of the Philippines (WBCP).
Figure 3.14: Black-faced Spoonbills/Platalea minor (source: Google Image)
The only spoonbill listed as endangered by the International Union for
Conservation of Nature is that the Black-faced Spoonbill. it's extremely reliant
on undisturbed coastal wetlands with tidal flats.

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Figure 3.15.: Black-crowned Night-Heron/Nycticorax nycticorax (source: http://www.birdwatch.ph/)
Figure 3.16.: Little Egret/Egretta Garzetta (source: http://www.birdwatch.ph/)
Around 200,000 waterbirds spend the winter months along Manila
Bay's coastline, in keeping with Arne Jensen, Wetlands International
Associate Expert and WBCP records committee chair. Ten locations around
river deltas and mudflats are identified as needing preservation and
restoration so as for two-thirds of the population to survive. However, barely
1% of naval battle, or 200 hectares, is protected, and reclamation threatens to
destroy severely sensitive wetlands.

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MANGROVE SPECIES FOUND IN BULAKAN COASTAL AREA
Bulacan is home to 22 mangrove species, including piapi (Avicennia marina),
a sturdy tree that is both a natural wave barrier and a shelter for fish.
Destroying and exploiting it'll expose the event to a minimum of 20 typhoons
each year. it'll also end in the loss of natural biodiversity.
These are the species which will be found abundant within the area of
Bulakan Mangrove Eco- Park in step with the conducted online interview of
the researchers to AGHAM Advocate and environmentalist.
Avicennia marina local name apiapi
Figure 3.17.: Avicennia marina (source: https://www.zsl.org/)

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Sonneratia local name Pagatpat
Figure 3.18.: Sonneratia (source: https://www.zsl.org/)
Rhizophora local name bakhawan
Figure 3.19.: Rhizophora (source: https://www.zsl.org/)

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Based on the gathered data, the researchers find that beside the
continuing environmental and physical problem of the Taliptip, Mangrove
Eco-park, the proposed aerotropolis will stimulate a more aggravating
problem with regards to the environmental and wholeness of the realm. the
subsequent are the factors which may be considered so as to mitigate the
degradation of Taliptip Mangrove Eco-park:
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
Based on their study of the National Institute of Geological Science and
along with AGHAM (Advocates of Science and Technology for the People)
and AKAP KA Manila Bay - Alyansa para sa Pagtatanggol ng Kabuhayan,
Paninirahan at Kalikasan sa Manila Bay about the geological hazard which
may occur once the proposed Aerotropolis functions, a range of geohazards
were identified and assessed in seven sitios of Brgy. Taliptip, Bulakan,
Bulacan. Locals were asked to recount their experiences on earthquake,
storm surge, fluvial and tidal flooding, and land subsidence events. Majority of
the interviewees repeatedly experienced fluvial and tidal flooding, and storm
surges, characteristic of communities situated in coastal areas. Occasionally,
the results of earthquakes were also felt. Subsidence wasn't reported,
probably due to more visible and abrupt effects of tides and storm surges
ashore elevation.
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ALTERATION OF THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
Construction of the Bulacan Aerotropolis will bring both permanent and
temporary changes to the immediate vicinity and nearby areas. Thus, it's
important to think about potential effects altogether stages of development
(i.e., construction and operational stage) to the social, physical, and
environmental resources of the realm (Entec, 2005).
One of the immediate and obvious effects would be the alteration of the
physical environment. Loss and reclamation of land, changes in river and
drainage pathways, and removal of natural flora and fauna, consequently,
influence the sediment and water transport pathways (Douglas and Lawson,
2003; Entec, 2005). If the danger is unmitigated, these may lead to flooding
and siltation in nearby areas.
SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
There is a big impact on the social and physical environment of
individuals living near the airport, when of these changes are taken into
consideration. the development of the aerotropolis greatly affects their
livelihood which is extremely addicted to the rich aquatic resources of Manila
Bay. It could also aggravate existing hazards or usher in new hazards to their
communities.
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RAPID SUBSIDENCE RATE
Rapid subsidence rates are an issue in manila bay a minimum of since
the 1980s, especially along the areas of KAMANAVA (Rodolfo et al., 2003,
Siringan and Rodolfo, 2003, Soria et al., 2005). Construction of huge
infrastructures like airports will further aggravate the matter thanks to
increased loading. this can be the case for airports on deltas (e.g., Vancouver
International Airport; Nice Côte d’Azur International Airport) or reclaimed
islands (Kansai International Airport; Chep Lap Kok International Airport)
(Cavalié et al., 2015, Mesri and Funk, 2015, Mazotti et al., 2009, Douglas and
Lawson, 2003).
BIRD STRIKE
Typically, airports initiate programs to manage bird populations, thanks
to the potential hazard of a bird strike on aircraft especially within the case of
Taliptip where mangrove forest blooms which attracts migratory birds to dwell
annually which makes it dangerous for both the migratory birds and airplanes
a threat for every other, to not mention the flock of species within the side of
the migratory birds. as an example, Eastern Air Lines Flight 735 crashed
shortly after takeoff from Logan International Airport, Boston in 1960, killing 62
of 72 passengers (Civil Aeronautics Board, 1962). US Airway Flight 1549,
after takeoff from LaGuardia Airport, new york City lost engine power because
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of ingestion of geese (National Transportation Safety Board, 2010).
Fortunately, the US Airways aircraft made a successful emergency water
landing on the river, with all 155 onboard alive.
SAN MIGUEL CORPORATION PROPOSED AEROTROPOLIS
Figure 3.20.: Integrated master plan of the Aerotropolis
The Bulacan Aerotropolis is a proposed airport funded by the San Miguel
Corporation. It is said that it would relieve and decongest the users of Ninoy
Aquino International Airport (NAIA) in Manila. The Bulacan Aerotropolis, also
known as New Manila International Airport (NMIA) is 35 kilometers north of
Bulakan's city center, on the coast of Bulakan, Bulacan. Though it will be

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Manila's main airport, it is also known as Bulacan International Airport. The
airport would be built on a 2,500-hectare plot of land, with four runways
planned. The surrounding area would be transformed into a new residential
neighborhood as well as an industrial zone with a port.
In addition, the New Manila International Airport, according to the
integrated master plan, will house not only an airport with four parallel
runways, but also a residential zone, an institutional zone, and a government
center. There will be a seaport and an industrial zone, as well as ferry
connections to Manila and Bataan. The Airport Expressway will connect the
airport to the North Luzon Expressway, McArthur Highway, and Radial Road 9
Extension. There will also be a Shoreline Expressway connecting Malabon
and Bataan that will pass through the airport.

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III. EFFECT OF THE PROPOSED AEROTROPOLIS
Mapping of the Area
Zoning Map - Municipality of Bulakan
Figure 3.21.: Project Location
According to San Gabriel (2nd People’s Summit on the Impacts of
Reclamation, March 26, 2019, Bay leaf Hotel Intramuros), the coastal area of
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Taliptip is home to a rich biodiversity. There is an abundance of crabs,
shrimps, fish, and seashells. Bulakan alone has been contributing 41 million
tons of fish produce. In addition, at least 4 species of birds were abundantly
observed flying all over the coastal area. These birds signify that there is an
abundant supply of fish supply enough to be able to cater different types of
birds around the area.
IV. DATA GATHERED FROM SURVEY FORM AND INTERVIEWS
Since the study is being conducted during the Covid-19 pandemic, the
researcher's option is to gather secondary data from people who has been to
the Bulakan Mangrove Eco- Park or any Eco- Park at all in order to know the
condition of the Eco- Park environmentally and physically and also to know
the awareness of the community about the existence of the Bulakan
Mangrove Eco- Park. In addition, the researchers also reached professionals
who have expertise with regards to the said study by interviewing them
through google meet and other online communication systems.
B. FINDINGS FROM INTERVIEWS
I. INTRODUCTION
In order to formulate solutions to help the mitigation of the negative
effects of the Aerotropolis, the researchers must find credible source of

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information regarding the condition of Taliptip, Bulakan together with the
possible condition of the Mangrove Eco-park. In this way, we can create
possible interventions based on the perspectives of professionals and people
that are directly connected and knowledgeable with regards to the deleterious
effect of the Aerotropolis and the condition of the Eco-park, before and once
the said project started to operate.
II. INTERVIEWS
INTERVIEW WITH SIR JERWIN BAURE - U.P MARINE SCIENCE INSTITUTE &
AGHAM -ADVOCATES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Our team had a chance to take an interview with Sir Jerwin Baure, one
of the representatives of AGHAM-Advocate of Science Institute and UP
Marine Science Institute. Sir Jerwin Baures shares his findings and
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knowledge about the negative effects of the proposed aerotropolis to the
environment of Taliptip, Bulakan, Bulacan.
According to Sir Jerwin, it is true that the NMIA will somewhat help the
decongestion of NAIA and it will also contribute to the economic growth of the
community. But despite the positive impacts, it has a heavier negative impact
in its physical and environmental aspects. One of the best examples is the
disruption of the mangrove forest in Taliptip. Sir Jerwin shares the different
functions of the mangrove to the ecosystem and the community where it
blooms. Furthermore, sir Jerwin also includes that despite the compensation
of the SMC corporation by planting additional mangroves, Sir Jerwin and his
team found out that the mangrove species that the SMC planted are not
appropriate and different from the blooming mangroves in the area. Also, he
also includes that it takes another decade to make the mangroves they
planted mature to be able to contribute to the ongoing climate change and
other natural and geohazards in the community.

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INTERVIEW WITH SIR “WILBERT” - CARETAKER OF THE BULAKAN MANGROVE

ECO-PARK
During our site visit to the Bulakan Mangrove Eco-park, we had a
chance to have a talk with the caretaker of the Bulakan Mangrove Eco-park
who wants to be anonymously known due to some personal reasons, so we
call him by the name of SIr Wilbert. Sir WIlbert was once a employee of
DENR and acted as a River Patroller for 3 years by roaming around coastal
areas and maintaining it;s cleanliness before he became a substitute
caretaker of the Eco-park after Jimmy San Jose, which was now a member of
the environmental development of SMC. Based on Sir Wilbert’s experience,
the Eco-park was once a tourist attraction for local tourists who wanted to
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relax and experience nature through ecotourism during the time the eco-park
was operating. Until now, the Eco-park is still not operational due to the
pandemic and the fact that the DENR is also studying the possible effect of
the nearby reclamation project (Aerotropolis) to the plan of the LGU and
DENR to protect and develop the Eco-park.
In addition, the SIr WIlbert also added that there really is a presence of
mangrove deforestation in the area to make way for the Aerotropolis, while
some of the mangroves that had been removed to the site of aerotropolis
have been tried to replant to the Eco-park, for him it is still a question where
the rest of the deforested mangroves have been moved. Due to the case of
deforestation, the SMC are making compensation by planting mangroves to
the Eco-park for up to 6000-7000 mangrove seedlings but according to the
Eco-park’s caretaker, it is still not enough especially to the current condition of
the Eco-park which was currently degraded due to the effect of the late
Typhoon Haiyan or most commonly known as Typhoon Yolanda in the
Philippines, in addition, most coastal garbages have been washed out inside
the Eco-park because of poor maintenance and garbage breaching due to
lack of material maintenance and manpower. Due to this condition, some of
the premature mangroves have been hardly thriving due to degradation inside
and outside the eco-park.

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C. FINDINGS FROM SITE VISIT
V. DATA GATHERED FROM SURVEY FORM AND INTERVIEWS
The following data are results of the survey form gathered from 58
respondents around Bulacan. It was conducted using google forms as an
instrument to measure the awareness of the community to the existing
condition of the Bulakan Mangrove Eco- Park. Below are the questions and
data gathered from the respondents.
Based on the conducted online survey, more than half or 53.4% of the
respondents are not so familiar with what an Eco-park is, and 39.7% are very
familiar with what an Eco-park is to offer.
Figure 3.22: Respondents familiarity to eco-park
This graph shows that 51.7% of the respondents had been to an
Eco-park and 48.3% never experienced being in an eco-park.

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Figure 3.23: Respondents been through an ecopark
Based on this graph it shows the respondents who have somewhat
known and familiar with Bulakan Mangrove Eco-park that only has around
37.9% of the total respondents and shows that 50% of the respondents did
not know or not familiar with the Eco-park, meanwhile 12.1% is very familiar.
Figure 3.24: Respondents familiarity to Bulakan Mangrove Eco-park

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However, here in this graph shows the respondents' awareness of the
benefits of mangroves on coastal areas with 84.5% answered yes and only
15.5% of the respondents saying no.
Figure 3.25: Respondents awareness to the benefits of mangroves to coastal
areas
This graph shows that 74.1% of the respondents strongly agree that
mangroves are an important asset in coastal areas and also 22.4% agree
and only 3.5% with a neutral response on that matter.

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Figure 3.26: Respondents perspective to the importance of mangrove to
biodiversity
Here shows that 62.1% strongly agree that Bulakan Mangrove
Eco-park as a tourist would greatly contribute to the economic growth of the
place and 34.5% also agree with a 3.4% neutral response.
Figure 3.27: Respondents perspective to the economic contribution of
eco-park
This graph shows only 27.6% of the respondents are reached by an
advertisement or promotion regarding the existence of the mangrove eco-park
and a huge 72.4% answered they did not.

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Figure 3.28: Respondents awareness on Eco-park promotions
The result of the online survey shows that most of the respondents are
familiar with what is an eco-park and what mangroves benefit to the
environment, especially in coastal areas. However only half of them had been
to an eco-park and had experience. It also shows that Bulakan Mangrove
eco-park is barely known to the respondents because of lack of advertisement
and promotion that 72.4% says they do not find any.
On the other hand, Jimmy San Jose, said that the Local government
units (LGUs) and the Department of the Environment and Natural Resources
(DENR) are both keen to beautify and enhance the area by continuing to
monitor and provide operational expenses to contribute to the tourism sector
of Bulakan. The park has about 1800m of eco-trail where you may enjoy a
nature stroll among mangrove trees, ideal for a nature-tripping date for
couples. It shows that Bulakan mangrove eco-park has a potential to develop

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as a tourist spot to cater birdwatchers looking for migratory birds stopping by
in the area, environmentalists and scientists studying mangrove ecosystems.
However the insufficient advertisement and promotion within the community
causes the lack of visitor problem to be more challenging. Aligned with this,
the eco-park needs facility developments and improvements. Although it also
has a positive effect on the preservation of the eco-park to keep it as it is now.
V. THE SITE (must be exclusive sa eco-park)
MACRO ANALYSIS
A. LOCATION
Bulakan is surrounded by a number of neighboring municipalities. It is
bounded on the north by the Municipality of Malolos, on the south by the
Municipality of Obando, on the west by Manila Bay, and on the northeast by
the town of Guiguinto. It is around 35 kilometers from the city of Manila. It
covers 72.90 square kilometers, or 2.7284 percent of the total land area of the
province of Bulacan, which is 2,672.03 square kilometers. It is the tenth (10th)
most populous municipality in the province of Bulacan in terms of land area.
B. TOPOGRAPHY
The town's terrain is primarily flat, with a shoreline that approaches Manila
Bay in places. It is crossed by various tributaries of Manila Bay, which serve

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as rainwater exits. These outputs are frequently badly silted, resulting in
flooding in the municipality.
C. SOIL MAP
Bulakan soils range from hydro soil in swamp areas to clay loam in the middle
lowlands and quiqua silt loam in the northern part of the municipality.
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D. CLIMATE
Bulakan, like the rest of
the province of Bulacan,
has two (2) distinct
seasons, the wet season
and the dry season. The
former begins in May and
finishes in November,
while the latter occurs
throughout the rest of the
year. Bulakan receives an average of 189.76 mm of rainfall each year. In
December, the annual temperature in the municipality is 7.5 degrees Celsius.
January is the coldest month, with temperatures reaching 25 degrees Celsius.
MICRO ANALYSIS
The Bulakan Mangrove Eco-park is located at the coastal area of
Barangay Taliptip, Bulakan, Bulacan with an area of 24.5 . The site is
surrounded by big bodies of saltwater and is only accessible by a 30 to 45
minute boat ride. It is approximately 200 km near the proposed Aerotropolis.
As of the present day, the Mangrove Eco-park is still closed due to the
pandemic season and the fact that the Mangrove Eco-park is on hold for the
further study of the DENR to accumulate the possible effect of the nearby
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Aerotropolis construction and operation for the future development and
protection of the Eco-park.
SUN AND WIND PATH
Figure 00 - Site Wind and Sunpath
Since the Mangrove Eco-park is located in a coastal area, it has a very
intricate wind path. The mangrove Eco-park is almost open in every part of
the area especially in the northwest hemisphere to capture the air breeze
coming from the part of Manila Bay. In addition, with regards to the site’s sun
path, the site was almost exposed to the sun all day long but despite this, the
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area has a great view of the Manila Bay especially during the setting of the
sun.
VI. S.W.O.T. ANALYSIS
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
-located near the Manila Bay - accessible only through

Bulacan Mangrove boat
Eco-park -has been a protected area
since 2002 - exposed to the future
urbanization
-accessible through different
routes - the site is located near the
aerotropolis
OPPORTUNITIES STRENGTH-OPPORTUNITY WEAKNESS-OPPORTUNITY
- has a lot of potential for - development of ecotourism of -generate programs with lesser
future development the eco-park environmental impact
-potential economic -taking advantage of the -proposed development with

contribution through eco location and proper utilization to lesser building/carbon footprint
generate attraction of tourist
tourism
-can attract local and foreign

tourists
- can generate new job for

the local community though
eco-tourism development
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THREATS STRENGTH - THREAT WEAKNESS - THREAT
-nearest to the deleterious - development of sustainable - development of

effect of the Aerotropolis architecture sustainable architecture
development -alternative supply of
-exposed to rapid urban - improvement of the non-renewable energy
development around the eco-park’s resiliency towards
area inevitable negative effects of -promotion of awareness
-water and electricity the nearby urban towards the importance of
supply development mangrove rehabilitation and
-waste disposal development
management
- mangrove degradation -promotion of awareness
towards the importance of
mangrove rehabilitation and
development
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CHAPTER 4
` ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
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I. Introduction
This chapter will discuss and present how the gathered data from the
previous chapters was analyzed and how it will interpret the processed data
that will evaluate the relevant and important findings which may serve as a
basis for the most suitable solutions and proposals as a response to the
needs of Taliptip Mangrove Eco- Park in terms of Environmental preservation,
community awareness and facility improvement. This will provide sets of
conceptual solutions based on the identified needs that may develop possible
recommendations in order to provide feasible and appropriate design
proposals for the preservation of the Eco- Park.
II. Restatement of the Problem
As the study progresses, ideas and data presented in the previous
chapters were able to strengthen the ideas behind the problem. Despite the
resiliency of the Bulacan Mangrove Eco-park with regards to its present
problems including the recovery from the damages from Typhoon Haiyan
(Super Typhoon Yolanda) , it is now facing another threat which is the impact
of the reclamation project proposed by San Miguel Corporation (SMC) which
is the Aerotropolis, a 2,500-hectare airport complex. Even though the said
reclamation project will not harm the 24.5 hectares of mangrove Eco-park
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where the Mangrove Forest blooms the most and attracts tourists, it will still
have repercussions to the Eco-park’s disturbance of it’s condition, tourism,
biodiversity and natural resources around the area.
SUB-PROBLEMS
1. Based on the present condition of the Bulakan Mangrove
Eco-park, what are the deleterious effects that might occur to
the Eco-park once the construction and operation of the
Aerotropolis occur?
2. Since the reclamation project is inevitable, what would be the
possible solutions to help mitigate the impact of the Bulacan
Aerotropolis to the Bulakan Mangrove Ecopark?
3. What are the possible solutions to help preserve the mangroves
in the Ecopark and save its ecotourism at the same time?
III. Summary and Discussion of Findings
While the Philippine needs to decongest the Ninoy Aquino International
Airport led to the construction of a 2,500-hectare airport complex in Bulakan
and Bulakan Mangrove Ecopark facing the inevitable changes in the Physical
and Environmental aspect, problems arise in mitigating its deleterious effects
and boost the preservation and adaptability of the Ecopark. These analyses
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show the conditions and problems that are needed to be solved in connection
with preservation and adaptation of the Taliptip Mangrove Eco-park.
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Possible harm in the As the construction of a 2,500-hectare airport complex in

mangroves result in Bulakan and Bulakan Mangrove Ecopark faces problems
environmental with its furtherance. Preservation of the existing
degradation mangrove forest may be somewhat overlooked resulting
in Alteration of the physical environment, Rapid
subsidence rate.
Appreciation
The need to create a newer setup to cater the needs and

The mangrove eco-park requirements of the millennials poses a threat in the
tends to get conservation and protection of the natural built
overshadowed by other environment. The becoming more and more adventurous
tourist spots. millennials, tend to pick more photographic places. With
respect to the needs and demands of today’s generation,
Mangrove Eco-park is being overlooked and given lesser
appreciation.
Promotion
Opportunities in The tourist entertainment is based on environmental

developing the activities where the tourist can actively or passively
conservation of the participate. Most tourists from urban areas are looking for
mangrove forest in an escape to the pollution and hustle life in the city to get
Bulakan using back to nature.
eco-tourism.
TOURISM DATA?
Table 4.1: Summary of findings for the aspect of Preservation, Promotion and Appreciation.
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V. Identification of Needs
Identified Needs
Preservation Appreciation Promotion
A need to develop The need to revitalize the A need to promote the

environmental responsive Eco-park environment to importance of
design strategy of doing address the lack of environment conservation
more with less. engagement within the aspect in the community
visitors and the community,
that results in the lack of
exposure with the tourism
industry.
A need to establish a
learning/training facility that The need to address the The need to address the
would give importance importance of mangrove lack of exposure of the
awareness and develop the forestry as natural primary Bulakan Mangrove
preservation and barriers especially in coastal eco-park to the
conservation of mangrove communities. community.
forest.
The need to consider The need of development

alternative sites of The need to adapt the of research activities for
development and Eco-park setup and facilities study purposes that
strategies that will improve with the millennial demands. promotes research and
the preservation of the science professionals visit
mangrove forest. the eco-park.
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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
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I. INTRODUCTION
This chapter will show how the collected data from the previous
chapter was analyzed and interpreted, as well as how the processed data was
evaluated to determine the most appropriate solutions and proposals in
response to the needs of the Bulakan Mangrove Ecopark in terms of
preservation and conservation of the protected area and tourism. This will
produce a collection of conceptual solutions based on the specified needs,
which may lead to the development of viable recommendations for a feasible
and appropriate design proposal.
Mitigating the Deleterious Effect of Aerotropolis to Taliptip Mangrove Eco- Park

through Sustainable Preservation
Findings Needs Recommendation Proposal
Vulnerability of the The need for Provide an

Eco-park to the efficient planning alternative way to
upcoming supported by promote ecotourism
development environmentalists while conserving
and experts with and/or preserving the
regards to the eco-park to the
impact and proper upcoming
precautions. reclamation project.
The Bulakan The ecopark must Introduce Application of

Mangrove be conserved architectural Ecotourism solution
Eco-park is while catering solutions that can using the 7 principles
declared as a tourism at the cater both tourism, of Ecotourism (1)
protective zone same time. sustainability, and travel to natural
and must be conservation of the destinations; 2)
conserved ecopark. minimize impact; 3)
build environmental
awareness; 4)
provide direct
financial benefits for
conservation; 5)
provide financial
benefits and power
for local people; 6)
respect local culture;
and 7) support
human rights and
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democratic
movements
Degradation of Established ways for Provide an area

mangrove forestry the mangroves can where people/tourists
around the be treated and used can enjoy and
Ecopark due to the as a medium for the appreciate the
effects of the ecotourism of the importance of
reclamation project eco-park. mangrove forest.
and natural
disasters.
infrastructure To be able to Incorporate an Facilities and

development and conserve the architectural solution pathways can be
building footprint virgin condition of that consists of provided using
must be lessened the ecopark while sustainable floating architecture
while developing developing the development of the to lessen the impact
the ecopark. surroundings for protected area. to the environment
the betterment of and lessen the
the ecopark with building/carbon
regards to footprint around the
ecotourism. area.
Fisherfolk Provide an Provide proper and An area where

livelihood tends to alternate appropriate sheds fisherfolks with boats
be degraded due livelihood solution for boats that can can cater the tourist
the relocation and for the deprived help tourists to travel thru boat service.
effect of the fisherfolks. to the ecopark.
reclamation to the
fishing spot around
the area.
The community To be able to Establish Provide an area

lacks awareness make the accessibility guides accessible to the
about the eco-park known about the eco-park. community where
existence of the to the community, they can easily
eco-park. the local access the eco-park
government and thru boat ports.
local people need
to promote the
Bulakan
Mangrove
Ecopark.
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CHAPTER 6
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN TRANSLATION
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I. INTRODUCTION
To be able to fully understand and construct the sustainable
conservation of Bulacan Mangrove Ecopark, it is only essential to understand
the different activities of local people, tourist, facilitators, and other people
involved to be able to acknowledge the different aspects that will affect the
said ecopark. Furthermore, analyzing the interactions and relationships
between users, locations, and activities can provide a solid foundation for
developing coherent solutions.
II. BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS
A. IDENTIFICATION OF USERS
The development process relies heavily on identifying and analyzing
the diverse actions of various end users. This aided the study in classifying
spaces and developing ideas on how to organize them so that their users may
operate successfully and efficiently.
Identification of Users : Administrator Office
USER ACTIVITY
Visitors/Tourist Visit, relax, and tour around the

facility.
Administrative Manager Assigned for the overall

management of the facility
Administrative Staff Responsible for administrative tasks
Maintenance Head Responsible for the upkeep of the

equipment and machineries.
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Trainer Assigned to train and guide

facilitators/future facilitators.
Custodians Manage utility works such as

maintenance and cleaning.
Security Personnel Supervise the security of the facility,

monitoring surveillance cameras to
ensure that no disturbance occurs.
Identification of Users : Floating Restaurant
USER ACTIVITY
Manager Overall in-charge in managing the

vicinity.
Head Chef Head facilitator of food preparation

in the restaurant
Cook Prepares food and services for the

customers
Cashier Overall in charge of handling

payments/receipts.
Customers/Tourist Dines and consumes services

around the vicinity.


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Identification of Users : Boater’s Lounge
USER ACTIVITY
Boatmans Take rest while waiting for

visitors/tourists for their services.

Identification of Users : Boat Dock
USER ACTIVITY
Boatmans Provides transportation for

visitors/tourists to arrive at the
ecopark.
Visitors/Tourist Waiting their turn to ride a boat to

get to the ecopark.


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Identification of Users : Mangrove Nursery Facility
USER ACTIVITY

Maintenance Head Responsible for the maintenance of

the equipment and machineries.


Vendors Sells souvenirs/ seedlings to the

visitors/tourists.
Identification of Users : Birdwatching Tower
USER ACTIVITY
Tourists/Visitors Enjoys the view by watching

migratory/endemic birds around the
vicinity.
Safety Facilitators Assuring the safety of the users by

making sure the safety parameters
are being followed

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Identification of Users : Fishing Area
USER ACTIVITY
Tourists/Visitors Enjoys the fishing activities in the

vicinity
Head Facilitator Facilitates the area and makes sure

the guidelines are being followed.
Staff Provides help/services for the

tourists/visitors participating in the
fishing activities.

Identification of Users : Mangrove Planting Area
USER ACTIVITY
Tourists/Visitors Enjoys the fishing activities in the

vicinity



visitors/tourists.

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Identification of Users : Souvenir Shop
USER ACTIVITY

visitors/tourists.
Tourists/Visitors Shops for souvenirs/seedlings
Identification of Users : Interactive Learning Facility
USER ACTIVITY
Tourists/Visitors Enjoys and learn the benefits of

mangroves


B. Activity Flow Diagram
These charts show how each user's actions change depending on the
time of day. The data acquired in the previous chapters were used to identify
each user's potential behavior in their physical and social environment. This
will enable identifying factors such as adjacent areas and users who are
sharing the same space at the same timeframe.
1. Administrator Office
Based on the analysis of the administrator office regarding their user
identification, it is determined that the majority of its users are employees

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engaging in administrative work. Therefore, the facility must mitigate
disturbance to be able for them to work efficiently. In addition, security staff
have two shifts, which are day and night to be able to maintain the security
and order of the facility all day. Cleanliness shall also be observed in addition
to the maintenance team’s services provided. Strategically placed number of
entrances and exits must also be considered to provide a user-friendly vicinity.
Activity Flow per Division : Administrator Office
Administrator Office
Area User Function Activity Space Need
Administrative - - Overall - Administrative - Cubicles
Administrati administrati activities - Working
ve Officers on of the - Office works area
facility - Rest during - Rest Room
breaktime - Lounge
- Pantry
Security - Security - Overall - Roaming and - Security
Personnel security monitoring Office
monitoring around the - Guard Post
in the facility
facility - Resting
- Maintain
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order in the
facility
Maintenance & - - - Repair and - Utility room

Utility Maintenanc Maintaining maintenance - Mechanical
e officers cleanliness - Cleaning room
- in the - Electrical
Custodians facility room
- - Storage
Maintenanc
e of
machinery
and utilities
Activity Flow Diagram : Administrator Office

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2. Floating Restaurant
The floating restaurant will cater different delicacies especially seafoods that
can be found in the coast of Bulakan, Bulacan. Fisherfolk in Taliptip, Bulakan
will be able to sell their catch everyday to serve freshly to the local and foreign
tourist. The floating restaurant will be open during daytime from 7am - 6pm.
Activity Flow per Division : Floating Restaurant
Floating Restaurant
Commercial -Local and -Serves -Sunset dining -Lounging
foreign freshly -Floating dining area
tourist caught and -Dining in -Dining area
-Cook cooked -Kitchen
-Waiter fishes and -Rest room
-Fishermen other sea
foods
-Showcase
caught
fishes and
processed
fish
products
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-Space to
enjoy the
sunset
-Space to
enjoy
mangrove
scenery
Administrative -Manager -Manages -Managerial - Cubicles
-Employees the activities - Working
operation -Office works area
of the - Rest Room
restaurant - Pantry
Maintenance - -Storage -Cleansing -Utility room

and Utility Custodians for utility -Storing supplies -Mechanical
supplies -Checking of room
-Area equipment -Electrical
where the -Repairing room
equipment -Storage
and
machines
are located
for
maintenanc
e
Preservation
Activity Flow Diagram : Floating Restaurant
3. Boaters Lounge
Boater’s lounge serves as the resting area for boatmen in the facility. It is
exclusively used for the boatmen only.
Activity Flow per Division : Boaters Lounge
Boaters Lounge
Area User Function Activity Space

Need
Commercial -Vendor -Has space -Lounging -Resting
-Boatmen for the -Resting area
boatmen to -Lounging
sit and area

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relax -Cafeteria
-Restroom
Maintenance - -Area -Storing supplies -Utility room

and Utility Maintenanc where the -Checking of -Electrical
e officers equipment equipment room
- and -Storage
Custodians machines
are located
for
maintenan
ce
Activity Flow Diagram : Boater’s Lounge
4. Boat Dock
Since the eco park is located on an island, the boat dock will serve as the
guiding facility to enter the ecopark. The boat dock will be also adjacent to a
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proposed parking area allotted to visitors to safely park their private vehicles
while enjoying the tour in the mangrove eco park.
Activity Flow per Division : Boat Dock
BOAT DOCK

Need
Administrative -Consignee
-Boatmen
Commercial -Vendor -serves as -Waiting -Waiting
-Boatmen waiting area -Renting of area
for spaces -Lounging
boatmens area
and -Rentable
passengers Stalls
-Offers food -Food stalls
and snacks -Restroom
Maintenance - Maintenance -Area -Storing -Utility room

and Utility officers where the supplies -Electrical
- Custodians equipment -Checking room
and of -Storage
machines equipment
are located
for
maintenanc
e
Preservation
Activity Flow Diagram : Boater’s Dock
5. Mangrove Nursery Facility
The mangrove nursery facility is a place where the mangroves are
propagated and grown to a desired size. The facility will be a place for raising
and tending seedlings until they are ready for permanent planting to the
coastal area of Taliptip, Bulakan and other adjacent areas that can help
mitigate the natural and manmade destruction of the nearby ecosystem. The
mangrove nursery will also become an interactive learning area for local and
foreign tourists especially in knowing the different benefits and importance of
mangrove conservation especially in coastal areas. The tourists can also buy
and plant their own mangrove seedlings.

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Activity Flow per Division : Mangrove Nursery Facility
MANGROVE NURSERY FACILITY

Need
Administrative -Environmenta -Manages -Managerial - Cubicles
list the activities - Working
-Staff operation of -Office area
the facility works - Rest
Room
- Pantry
Utility -Custodians -Area -Cleansing -Utility room
where the -Storing -Storage
tools and supplies
equipment -Repairing
are
located for
Taking care
of the
saplings
Recreational -Visitors/ -Area -Socialize -Nursery
Tourist where the -Watering area

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- Staff seedling -Planting -Sitting area
and sapling -Relaxing -Event area
are taking
care to
grow
Activity Flow Diagram : Boater’s Dock
6. Souvenir & Seedlings Shop
The souvenir and seedlings shop will cater different types of merchandise and
seedlings connected to the culture of the Mangrove Ecopark. The shops will
be able to cater different types of rentable spaces for local vendors to be able
to endorse their products.

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Activity Flow per Division : Souvenir & Seedlings Shop
SOUVENIR & SEEDLINGS SHOP
Commercial -Residents of -Place -Trading -Rentable
Bulakan providing -Buying and Stalls for
-Local and new job selling of stores
foreign opportunities products
Visitors/touris -Offers -Renting of
t souvenir and spaces
-Retailers/Te local
nants products
Maintenance -Custodians -Storage for -Storing -Utility room
and Utility utility supplies -Electrical
supplies room
7. Recreational Spaces
The recreational spaces consist of different outdoor activities that can
be enjoyed by the local and foreign tourists, it consists of activities like kayak
rentals, fishing activities, camping sites, and floating cottages for the guests to
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enjoy. These spaces are only in a remote area in the ecopark to be able to
ensure the safety and damage control of the eco-park.
Activity Flow per Division : Recreational Spaces
RECREATIONAL SPACES
Fish Pond - Fishing - Fishing - Fish pond
activities - Resting -Cottages/shelters
- Local/foreign - Site seeing - Comfort rooms
Tourist
Camping - Camping - Resting - Tents/shelters
Sites area area - Outdoor chairs
day/night and tables
tour tourist - Comfort rooms
- Bonfire
Kayak - Kayak - Kayak - Kayak station
Rentals - Local/foreign renting area Paddling - Maintenance
Tourist around the Area
are
Floating - A shelter for - Resting - Floating Cottages
Cottages tourist to take area - Common comfort
a rest and - Relaxing rooms

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relax area
Maintenance -Custodians -Storage for -Storing -Utility room
and Utility utility supplies supplies -Electrical room
-Storage
C. Environment Behavior Study
To be able to develop an efficient and strategic plan, it is only essential
to know the different behavioral patterns that occur in the proposed area on a
daily basis. The environmental behavior study below is the data of the existing
site of Taliptip Mangrove Ecopark’s visitors/tourists during its time when it was
still operating.
Environment Behavior Study: Taliptip Mangrove Ecopark
TALIPTIP MANGROVE ECOPARK
Area Recurring Implications Ideal Behavior Recommendation

Behavior s
Boat Dock
Convenient
Store
Cottages
Watch Tower
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III. INTERRELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS
A. ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE
Bubble Diagram : Administrative Office - Ground Floor

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Bubble Diagram : Administrative Office - Second Floor
B. FLOATING RESTAURANT
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Bubble Diagram : Floating Restaurant
C. BOATER’S LOUNGE
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Bubble Diagram : Boater’s Lounge
D. BOAT DOCK
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Bubble Diagram : Boat Dock
E. MANGROVE NURSERY FACILITY

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Bubble Diagram : Mangrove Nursery Facility - Ground Floor
Bubble Diagram : Mangrove Nursery Facility - Second Floor

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IV. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
Table 5.1. Space Programming – ADMINISTRATION BUILDING

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Table 5.2. Space Programming – FLOATING RESTAURANT
Table 5.3. Space Programming – CLINIC

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Table 5.4. Space Programming – BOATER LOUNGE
Table 5.5. Space Programming – BOAT DOCK
Table 5.6. Space Programming – NURSING AND LABORATORY FACILITY

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V. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN CONCEPT AND DESIGN PARAMETERS
A. INTRODUCTION
B. DESIGN PROBLEM
The Bulakan Mangrove Eco-park which is now threatened by the
proposed New Manila Airport (Aerotropolis) development. Although the
Bulakan Mangrove Eco-park, which is a protective zone, is not part of the
master plan of the Aerotropolis development and will be left untouched,
studies show that impact of the Aerotropolis deleterious effect as early as
now.
Since the Bulakan Mangrove Eco-park is unprepared for the upcoming
development, it is on the verge of degradation physically and environmentally.
The fact that the Bulakan Mangrove Eco-park is an important part of the
coastal community of Bulakan, it is only essential to mitigate the negative
effects and proposed alternative solutions to help further the resiliency of the
Eco-park to the upcoming development through the help of architectural
approaches and strategies.

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C. DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
“Less is more”
-Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
Even though the design philosophy is simple. It is the most fitted
philosophy that the design proposal truly needed. Since the Bulakan
Mangrove eco-park is a protective zone and in a need of adaptation and
preservation, it is essential to formulate an architectural solution that has a
minimum physical and environmental footprint but has a maximum essence
and functionality
D. DESIGN GOAL
The design aims to develop and preserve the Bulakan Mangrove
Eco-park to a more adaptive and resilient facility that can adapt to the
upcoming Aerotropolis development and rapid environmental changes
through sustainable development with the use of applicable design
innovations and architectural interventions, that will act as a tool to help the
preservation and adaptation of the Eco-park towards a more sustainable and
resilient Eco-park.
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E. DESIGN OBJECTIVES
In order to attain the sustainable preservation of the eco-park, the
designers come up with the following:
Sustainable Adaptation
● To develop facilities and infrastructure with minimum
negative environmental impact while maximizing its
efficiency
● To establish a more sustainable Eco-park that provides
low-cost energy consumption and sustainability by using
alternative sustainable energy resources.
Resiliency
● To build infrastructures that could sustain resiliency
against the inevitable geohazard effects and could adapt
with the rapid changes in the environment.
Awareness
● To design facilities that can help further the awareness of
both local and foreign tourist about the benefits and
importance of Mangrove Forest

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F. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Adaptability to Environmental Changes
Infrastructures' ability to adapt to the sudden changes in environment
especially to the changes in the Aerotropolis development might change
(rapid subsidence, storm surge, geohazards,etc.) which can also adapt to the
rightful functions intended for each and every infrastructure.
Resiliency
The facilities and the infrastructure's ability to withstand the current and
future changes in the surrounding environment, especially the development of
reclamation projects in its adjacent area’s deleterious effect. The design shall
incorporate flood proof design, storm surge resiliency, rapid land subsidence,
and other negative effects brought by the reclamation project. In order to
make this even more possible, the expansion of mangrove forest might be
taken into consideration in order to accumulate solutions to the majority of the
problem.
Eco-Responsiveness
Responsiveness to the environment is a must in order to achieve a
more eco-friendly environment by managing the strategy of doing more with
less. The concept of creating more goods and services while using fewer
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resources and creating less waste and pollution will further the cause of the
study. This can be possible by using low-cost vernacular materials with lesser
maintenance such as nipa palm roofs, bamboo floors and walls. In addition,
the incorporation of natural lighting and ventilation, and reduction of carbon
footprint must also be considered. Furthermore, features such as solar energy
panels and utilization of rainwater and greywater systems can be a good
source of self-sustaining developments to allow the facilities to rely more on
alternative renewable energy.
G. DESIGN PARAMETERS
Incorporated with the design considerations are sets of parameters
needed for the design to align to the findings of the conducted study. Since
the Bulakan Mangrove Eco-park is a protected area that need to be preserved
and to have development that has a mitigation effect, the following
parameters and interventions is needed:
Buildings
a. Elevation of the structure from the sea level must be considered
b. Maximize the use of spaces providing well planned and adequate
areas for different activities and function with a lesser environmental
and physical impact to the area by incorporating floating

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architecture.The needs for space of a particular activity shall be
considered.
c. Connectivity and Access
d. Legible Signages, area classifications, and directions shall be
incorporated within the development for an easier wayfinding.
e. Building facades must look organic and blended in harmony with the
built environment around it by using organic architecture. With this,
endemic species around the area such as migratory birds will not find
the new development structures as an “alien” form of development.
f. Busy spaces such as the floating restaurant shall be placed on
strategic places with the awareness of environmental disturbance. In
that way, the allocation of spaces will not be scattered and the
congestion will be concentrated in minimal parts of the development.
g. In order for the buildings to fulfill its sustainability, the use of low-cost
vernacular materials shall be considered with a lesser environmental
degradation impact and maximum efficiency at the same time.
h. Natural lighting and ventilation - since the Eco-park is located in a
remote area secluded from the source of electricity and water supply, it
is only essential to design a natural way to passively incorporate
lighting and ventilation that is less reliant to electricity supply.
i. Entrance and exits shall be easily identified and accessible

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j. Facilities and operations that cause emission of dust, dirt, fly ash,
smoke or any other air polluting material that will add up to the
deleterious effects on health or cause the impairment of visibility are
not permitted.
DESIGN CONCEPT
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figure 00 - Brgy. Taliptip Logo, A fisherman tending to his nets in Taliptip. Photo
and caption by Leon Dulce/Kalikasan PNE (google.com)
The Bulakan Mangrove Eco-park is located in Taliptip, Bulakan where
the primary livelihood is through fishing and salt making. In addition, boats are
significantly essential to the coastal local community of Taliptip. Since boats
are significantly important for the coastal area of Taliptip where the Bulakan
Mangrove Eco-park is located, the designers used the bangka with
incorporation of bamboo architecture as a design concept to represent and
reflect the culture and traditions of the community of Taliptip.
The most common type of boat used by the local community of Taliptip
is small boats or commonly known as “bangka”. The “Bangka” is one of the
various native watercraft of the Philippines. It originally referred to small
double-outrigger dugout canoes used in rivers and shallow coastal waters.

Preservation
figure 00 - Magda Boat Sketch tao Philippines by Andrew Brodie
(pinterest.com)
The bangka reflects the cultural tradition and livelihood of the local
community of Taliptip. Like the bangka, which also has major components in
order to retain its function, it can also reflect in the concept of the design of
the infrastructures that the study is going to propose.
Buoyancy
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figure 00 -Buoyancy (google.com)
One of the traits of boats is their ability to float, which is buoyancy.
Buoyancy is an upward force that can prevent the boat from sinking. We can
reflect this in our design by the use of floating architecture as a design
concept. In addition, the idea of buoyancy can be reflected in the ability of the
Eco-park to prevent it from sinking despite deleterious effects around it.
Fish net
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As fishing is one of the primary livelihoods of the local community of Taliptip,
the incorporation of architectural fishnet patterns can be a great
representation for the fisherfolks of Taliptip, Bulakan.
Kasko
figure 00 - Boatsmart - Boat Hull Types -Planing Hull
Boatsmartexam.com
The “Kasko” or boat hull serves as the watertight body of a boat. It's
fitted in order that no water enters or passes through. In addition, another
purpose of the hull is to either displace water, or ride on top of it, which is
called planing. Hull displacement works by diverting water out of the way
around the bow when moving through or sitting on the water. Like the purpose
of the boat hull, we can incorporate its idea in our design concept which is to
mitigate the deleterious effect of the aerotropolis so that no degrading effect
enters or passes through and letting the eco-park move through the changes
in environment without worrying about the future.

Preservation
H. ARCHITECTURAL INTERVENTIONS
In order to achieve the main objective of the study which is to mitigate
the deleterious effect of the Aerotropolis. It is only necessary to put in
consideration the possible negative effects of the reclamation project and
apply feasible solutions in architectural ways.
Provision for Noise Barriers
The fact that noise barriers are essential in airport developments, it is a
precautionary measure to provide an extra layer of barrier to the Bulakan
Mangrove Eco-park since it is only 200 km away from the said Aerotropolis. In
order to achieve the goal of sustainability and eco- responsiveness, the noise
barriers will be built in low-cost materials such as bamboo incorporated with
vines acting as noise mitigators and will be incorporated with solar panels and
rainwater catchment for sustainable irrigation of the vines.
Built Areas as Habitats for Birds
Endemic birds around the area have a possibility of disturbance during
the construction and operation of the Aerotropolis. The Bulakan Mangrove
Eco-park is home for different species of birds including the migratory birds
that travel from one nation to another. In order to mitigate the disturbance of
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the birds around the eco-park especially for the proposed development, it is
only essential for the architectural developments to reflect the built
environment of the Bulakan Mangrove Eco-park thru organic architecture.
Organic architecture is a type of architectural design wherein buildings are
inspired by, built around, and blend in with their natural surroundings, thus
making the design reflect to the environment by using vernacular materials
and design that imitates the familiar habitat of the endemic birds.
Rapid Land Subsidence
Rapid subsidence rates have been a problem in Manila Bay at least
since the 1980s, especially along the areas of KAMANAVA (Rodolfo et al.,
2003, Siringan and Rodolfo, 2003, Soria et al., 2005). Construction of large
infrastructures such as airports will further aggravate the problem due to
increased loading. Buildings on stilts will help mitigate the problem to the
facilities in the Mangrove Eco-park. The most common reason for using stilts
is typically to raise the building above the floodplain, but it can also be useful
for working in environmentally sensitive areas especially the Mangrove
Eco-park which is a protective area where the impact to the land is greatly
minimized due to smaller foundations.

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Mitigating the Deleterious Effect of Aerotropolis to Taliptip Mangrove Eco- Park through Sustainable Preservation

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Mitigating the Deleterious Effect of Aerotropolis to Taliptip Mangrove Eco- Park through Sustainable Preservation

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BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND FINE ART S

Mitigating the Deleterious Effect of Aerotropolis to Taliptip

In partial fulfillment of the requirements in AR 551/554D: Architectural Design IX

For the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Architecture

Galman, Joemer SF.

Arch. Dennis L. Estacio

Galman, Joemer SF. | Nicolas, Jefferson R. | Salvador, Genesis F.

I. Introduction and Background of the Study………………………….2

CHAPTER 3: PRESENTATION OF DATA……………………………37

Galman, Joemer SF. | Nicolas, Jefferson R. | Salvador, Genesis F.

CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION…………………...….65

a. Analysis from the Findings

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION…………

CHAPTER 6: ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN TRANSLATION……….

Galman, Joemer SF. | Nicolas, Jefferson R. | Salvador, Genesis F.

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure.1.1. Site of the New Manila International Airport in Bulacan,Philippines. (Map

Table 1.1. Airport Facilities

Figure.1.2. Theoretical Framework and Conceptual Framework

Table.2.1. Research work plan

Table.3.1. Population Data in Bulakan, Bulacan

Table.3.2. Barangay Taliptip Summary Data

Table.3.3. Barangay Taliptip Population Growth rate

Figure.3.1. Exterior Perspective of Bulacan Municipal Hall

Figure.3.2. Economic Dynamism Data Web

Figure.3.3. Economic Dynamism Graph

Figure.3.4. Government Efficiency Data Web

Figure.3.5. Government Efficiency Graph

Figure.3.6. Infrastructure Data Web

Figure.3.7. Infrastructure Graph

Figure.3.8. Resiliency Data Web

Figure.3.9. Resiliency Graph

Figure.3.11 Barangay Taliptip Logo

Figure.3.12 Taliptip Growth Rate Graph

Galman, Joemer SF. | Nicolas, Jefferson R. | Salvador, Genesis F.

Figure.3.13 Taliptip, Bulakan’s Mangrove Eco- Park

Figure.3.14 Black-faced Spoonbills/Platalea minor (source: Google Image)

Figure.3.15 Black-crowned Night-Heron/Nycticorax nycticorax (source:

Figure.3.16 Little Egret/Egretta Garzetta (source: http://www.birdwatch.ph/)

Figure.3.17 Avicennia marina (source: https://www.zsl.org/)

Figure.3.18 Sonneratia (source: https://www.zsl.org/)

Figure.3.19 Rhizophora (source: https://www.zsl.org/)

Figure.3.20 Integrated master plan of the Aerotropolis

Figure.3.21 Project Location

Figure.3.22 Respondents familiarity to eco-park

Figure.3.23 Respondents been through an ecopark

Figure.3.24 Respondents familiarity to Bulakan Mangrove Eco-park

Figure.3.25 Respondents awareness to the benefits of mangroves to coastal areas

Figure.3.26 Respondents perspective to the importance of mangrove to biodiversity

Figure.3.27 Respondents perspective to the economic contribution of eco-park

Figure.3.28 Respondents perspective to the economic contribution of eco-park

Galman, Joemer SF. | Nicolas, Jefferson R. | Salvador, Genesis F.

Table 5.1 Space Programming – ADMINISTRATION BUILDING

Table 5.2 Space Programming – FLOATING RESTAURANT

Table 5.3 Space Programming – CLINIC

Table 5.4 Space Programming – BOATER LOUNGE

Table 5.5 Space Programming – BOAT DOCK

Table 5.6 Space Programming – NURSING AND LABORATORY FACILITY

Galman, Joemer SF. | Nicolas, Jefferson R. | Salvador, Genesis F.

Bulacan State University

This research entitled

“Mitigating the Deleterious Effect of Aerotropolis to Taliptip