Werabe University

College of Agriculture and Natural Resource

Department of Animal Science

Research proposal submission

ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS USED FOR TREATMENT OF

ANIMAL DISEASES IN SILT’E ZONE, SOUTHERN, ETHIOPIA

BY
Dr. Ufaysa Gensa (PI)
Dr. Redwan Anwar (Co In)
Mrs. Duretti E. (Co In)

November, 2021
 DECLARATION
We, the under signed WRU staffs, declared that this research proposal is our original work and it
has not been presented in our MSc/PhD thesis or for any other purpose at any university.

Name of Investigators Signature Date

1. Dr. Ufaysa Gensa _____________ __________

2. Dr. Redwan Anwar _____________ __________
3. Mrs. Dureti E. _____________ __________

This research proposal has been submitted for examination with our approval as reviewer,
college dean, and research and publications director.

Approved by

________________ _______________ ____________

Reviewer Signature Date

________________ _______________ ____________

Reviewer Signature Date

________________ _______________ ____________

Department Head Signature Date

________________ _______________ ____________

College Dean Signature Date

________________ _______________ ____________

Research and Publication director Signature Date

Table of Contents Pages
LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................... I
LIST OF ABRREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................... II
1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. General Objective ............................................................................................................................ 2
1.1.1. Specific Objective ....................................................................................................................... 2
1.2. Statement of the Problem ................................................................................................................ 2
1.3. Significance of the study .................................................................................................................. 3
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................................... 4
2.1. Definition of Ethno Botanical Plants .............................................................................................. 4
2.2. Indigenous Knowledge and Medicinal Plants ............................................................................... 4
2.3. Trends of Transferring of Indigenous Knowledge towards Medicinal Plants ........................... 5
2.3.1. Factors threatening transferring of knowledge towards medicinal plants ................................... 5
2.3.2. Conservation of indigenous knowledge toward medicinal plants ............................................... 6
2.4. Ethno veterinary Medicinal Plants ................................................................................................. 6
2.4.1. The role of traditional medicinal plants in ethno veterinary medicine........................................ 6
2.4.2. Using form of medicinal plants ................................................................................................... 7
2.4.3. Plant parts used, preparation and routes of administration ......................................................... 7
2.5. Status in Ethiopia ............................................................................................................................. 7
2.5.1. Sources of medicinal plants in Ethiopia ...................................................................................... 7
2.5.2. The role of medicinal plants in Ethiopia ..................................................................................... 8
2.5.3. Factor threatening medicinal plants in Ethiopia.......................................................................... 8
2.5.4. Ethno botanical studies of medicinal plants in Ethiopia ............................................................. 8
2.5.5. Ethno botanical studies of ethno veterinary medicinal plants in Ethiopia ................................ 10
3. MATERIALS AND METHOD............................................................................................................ 11
3.1 Description of the Study Area ........................................................................................................ 11
3.3. Data analysis ................................................................................................................................... 13
4. WORK PLAN........................................................................................................................................ 15
5. BUDGET................................................................................................................................................ 16
5.1 Transport and miscellaneous cost ................................................................................................. 16
5.2 Instrumental cost ............................................................................................................................ 16
5.3. Per Diem cost .................................................................................................................................. 16
5.4. Budget Summary .......................................................................................................................... 17
7. REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................... 18
8. ANNEX .................................................................................................................................................. 24
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Summary of some ethno botanical study performed in Ethiopia.....................................9
Table 2: The activities of the research and their corresponding calendar……………………….12
Table on budget summary that will be required for the research work………………………….14

I
LIST OF ABRREVIATIONS
CSA Central Statistical Agency

FL Fidelity Level

ICF Informant Consensus Factor

SPSS Statistical Package of Social Science

SZFED Siltie Zone Finance and Economic Developmet

WHO World Health Organization

II
1. INTRODUCTION
Medicinal plants have long played important roles in the treatment of diseases all over the world.
World Health Organization (WHO) has defined medicinal plants as plants that contain properties
or compounds that can be used for therapeutic purposes or those that synthesize metabolites to
produce useful drugs (WHO, 2008).Ethiopia is known for its high sources of biodiversity in the
world. The country endowed rich flora due to its rugged topography and climatic diversity. Recent
report shows that Ethiopian flora is estimated to consist of about 7,000 species (Girmayand
Teshome, 2017). In the country, medical plants have played a significant role in treating health
problems in both animal and human disease (Feyissa et al., 2015).

Traditional medicine includes remedial practices existed in long periods of time before the
development of modern scientific medicine and is still in use today without much documented
evidence of adverse effects (Okigbo and Mmeka, 2006). The available literature show more than
70% of human and 90% of livestock populations depend on traditional medicines derived from
medicinal plants for their primary health care in Ethiopia (Bekele, 2007). Beside to this, the greater
concentration of medicinal plants is found in the south and south western parts of the country
following the concentration of biological and cultural diversity (Edwards, 2001).

The documentation of ethnoveterinary medicine would be of great significance particularly in

country such as Ethiopia which has a rich biodiversity of natural plant resource coupled with high
prevalence of various infectious disease. Due to easy availability and low cost of ethno veterinary
medicinal plants, the livestock owners of the remote areas use them as a first aid for their animals
(Jabbar et al., 2006). Reports show that proper documentation and understanding of farmers`
knowledge, attitude and practices about the occurrence, cause, prevention and control of various
ailments is important in designing and implementing successful livestock production (Yineger et
al., 2007).

In Ethiopia, although the conventional veterinary service have been playing great role in control
and prevention of livestock disease, the complete coverage of health care practice in remote areas
of the country was pending (Sori et al., 2004).

1
Ethnoveterinary system differs greatly in Ethiopia among individuals, societies and regions under
rich cultural, ethnographic and biodiversity setting (Yigezu et al., 2014 and Feyissa et al., 2017).
The traditional knowledge on ethno veterinary practices by local healers who are knowledgeable
and experienced in traditional systems of treatment is important, but their knowledge are not
documented and is dwindling fast (Bekele, 2007). Hence, the detailed information on the medicinal
plant could only be obtained when studies are taking place in the various areas of the community
to include places where little or no botanical and ethno botanical explorations have been made
(Pankhurst, 2001). Moreover, having of the different socioeconomic, environmental and rapid
technological changes, as well as acculturations of young generation will lead the traditional
knowledge to extinct or endangered Hussain et al (2008) this may also further necessitates proper
documentation for future development. Despite the fact that wide range use of traditional medicine
to treat various ailments of animals in Silt’e zone, the detailed ethno veterinary knowledge was
unexplored. Therefore, this study will be initiated to conduct ethno botanical study of medicinal
plants used for treatment of animal diseases in Silt’e zone with the following objectives.

1.1. General Objective

 To assess ethno veterinary medicinal plants and indigenous knowledge of traditional
healers in Silt’e Zone

1.1.1. Specific Objective

 To collect, identify and document ethno veterinary medicinal plants in Silt’e zone.
 To evaluate the utilization and conservation measures of veterinary medicinal plants in the
study area.
 To know indigenous knowledge, practice and attitude of the community towards ethno
veterinary medicinal plants.

1.2. Statement of the Problem

In Ethiopia, although the conventional veterinary service have been playing great role in control
and prevention of livestock disease, the complete coverage of health care practice in remote areas
of the country was pending (Sori et al., 2004). Ethnoveterinary system differs greatly in Ethiopia
among individuals, societies and regions under rich cultural, ethnographic and biodiversity setting
(Yigezu et al., 2014 and Feyissa et al., 2017). The traditional knowledge on ethno veterinary

2
practices by local healers who are knowledgeable and experienced in traditional systems of
treatment is important, but their knowledge are not documented and is dwindling fast (Bekele,
2007). Hence, the detailed information on the medicinal plant could only be obtained when studies
are taking place in the various areas of the community to include places where little or no botanical
and ethno botanical explorations have been made (Pankhurst, 2001). Moreover, having of the
different socioeconomic, environmental and rapid technological changes, as well as acculturations
of young generation will lead the traditional knowledge to extinct or endangered Hussain et al
(2008) this may also further necessitates proper documentation for future development. Despite
the fact that wide range use of traditional medicine to treat various ailments of animals in Silt’e
zone, the detailed ethno veterinary knowledge was unexplored. Therefore, to apply proper
conservation measures to valuable medicinal plants and the associated ethno veterinary
knowledge, there is a need for identification and documentation of medicinal plants in the areas
where the study was not conducted so far.

1.3. Significance of the study

In fact this study will give baseline information to the stakeholders on different types of medicinal
plants used by Silte peoples for animal disease treatment and it will give wakeup call for
conservation measures and threats posed to medicinal plants in the study area if needed. Moreover
data about medicinal plants and its use including names of plants (local names), plant part used,
name of disease(s) treated, type of animal treated, method of crude drug preparation, habitat,
conservation practice, use of single or mixture of plants and their marketability in the Silt’e zone
will be identified, collected, organized and analyzed. A number of plant Families
name/Genera/Species of/Plant name/ and voucher number will be documented and identified.
Different medicinal plant use will be ranked based on their effectiveness/preference. The
frequently used plant species will be a source of information for researches on antimicrobial testing
of medicinal plants. In general, this study will safeguard the valuable indigenous knowledge’s of
the community on utilization of medicinal plants for animal disease treatment to the coming
generation.

3
2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Definition of Ethno Botanical Plants

Ethno botany is the study of peoples’ classification, management and use of plants available
around them (Esheteet al., 2016). The relationship between plants and human cultures is not only
limited to the use of plants for food, clothing and shelter but also includes their use for health care
(Choudharyet al., 2008). Ethno botany is aimed at gathering and documenting indigenous
botanical knowledge, cultural practice, use and management of botanical resources and discovers
benefits from plants. Ethno botanical studies are often significant in revealing locally important
plant species especially for the discovery of drugs (Abebe, 2013).

In recent years use of Ethno botanical information in medicinal plant research has gained
considerable attention in segments of the scientific community (Ahirwaret al., 2017). Ethno
medicinal survey is one of the reliable sources to natural and synthetic drug discovery (Dey et al.,
2014). Ethno botanical Plants studies are useful in documenting, analyzing, and communicating
knowledge and interaction between biodiversity and human society, how diversity in nature is used
and influenced by human activities (Eshete et al., 2016).

2.2. Indigenous Knowledge and Medicinal Plants

Indigenous knowledge refers to the accumulation of knowledge, rule, standards, skills, and mental
sets which are possessed by local people in a particular area (Quanash, 1998). Much of an
indigenous knowledge system, from the earliest times, is also found linked with the use of
traditional medicine in different countries (Lulekal et al., 2008). The indigenous knowledge on
medicinal plants appears when humans started and learned how to use the traditional knowledge
on medicinal plants (Mesfin et al., 2013). From the beginning of humanity, indigenous people
have developed their own locality specific knowledge on plant use, management, and conservation
(Eshete et al., 2016). Traditional knowledge of medicinal plants and their use by indigenous
healers and drug development in the present are not only useful for conservation of cultural
tradition and biodiversity but also for community health care and drug development in the local
people (Mesfin et al., 2013).

4
Historically all medicinal preparations were derived from plants whether in the simple form of
plant parts or in the more complex form of crude extract mixture. The primary benefits of using
plant derived medicines are relatively safer than synthetic alternatives (Ahirwar et al., 2017).
Herbal medicine is the branch of traditional medical practices that is most amenable to scientific
investigation. Moreover knowledge of medicinal plants can empower livestock owners to solve
animal health problems cost-effectively (Abebe, 2013).

2.3. Trends of Transferring of Indigenous Knowledge towards Medicinal Plants

Use of medicinal plants to treat both animal and human disease is one of indigenous knowledge
that transferred orally from generation to generation which makes the knowledge more fragile in
the transfer process (Megersa et al., 2013). Due to natural and anthropogenic causes, the medicinal
plants and their associated knowledge are disappearing from time to time (D’avigdor et al., 2014).
Much of an indigenous knowledge system, from the earliest times is also found linked with the
use of traditional medicine in different countries (Lulekal et al., 2008).

2.3.1. Factors threatening transferring of knowledge towards medicinal plants

Although, plants play vital role in treating various human and livestock ailments, they are currently
under pressure. Indigenous knowledge on usage of medicinal plants as folk remedies is getting lost
through various reasons. In some community, the decline in the knowledge and utilization of
medicinal plants is due to environmental degradation and intense deforestation (Giday, 2003). The
attitude of the society towards the traditional medicine healers was negative and this forced healers
to keep the knowledge secret (Yirga, 2010). Practices in ethno veterinary medicine solely depend
on the collective memories of just a few practitioners within communities, being it is not such a
common knowledge for everybody. However, such increase in ethno veterinary knowledge, which
has been transferred verbally from one generation to the next from immemorial time, is currently
in a danger of being lost whenever a traditional veterinary practitioner passes away without
conveying his traditional medicinal plants knowledge (Yigezu et al., 2014).

Ethno medicinal knowledge is concentrated in the elderly members of the community and this
make difficulty in its transfer from the elders to the young generation. The acculturations of the
young generation become a major threat to the continuation of traditional medicinal knowledge

5
and practice (Giday et al., 2009). The cultural systems are highly fragile and the skills are likely
to be lost in the transfer process (Getaneh and Girma, 2014). Furthermore, the local communities
encounter cultural changes due to development activities in areas where these communities reside
and both the medicinal plants and the associated indigenous knowledge could vanish forever
(Belayneh et al., 2012).

2.3.2. Conservation of indigenous knowledge toward medicinal plants

Unless the plants are conserved and the associated ethno medicinal knowledge documented, there
is a danger that both the valuable medicinal plants and the knowledge could vanish forever (Araya
et al., 2015). Awareness on the contribution of traditional medical practice towards fulfilling the
primary health care needs should be created among the youth. It was pointed out that young
generation has no interest to know about medicinal plants and efforts should be made to
incorporate traditional medicine in school curricula so that younger people appreciate its
usefulness (Giday et al., 2009).

2.4. Ethno veterinary Medicinal Plants

Ethno-veterinary medicine is a scientific term for traditional animal health care that encompasses
the knowledge, skills, methods, practices, and beliefs about animal health care found among
community members. It comprises of traditional surgical techniques, traditional immunization,
magic religious practices and the use of herbal medicines to treat livestock diseases (Oyda, 2017).
Ethno veterinary practices have achieved immense significance for the last decade owing to the
discovery of some effective ethno veterinary products (Aziz et al., 2018).

Treatment by contemporary veterinary medicine has, in these days, been out of the reach of the
ordinary farmers often due to high cost of drugs and none coverage. The farmers have subsequently
explored many ethno-botanical products in treating livestock diseases (Yigezu et al., 2014).

2.4.1. The role of traditional medicinal plants in ethno veterinary medicine

Pharmacotherapy is one of the most important means of controlling livestock diseases. However;
livestock owners cannot rely on veterinary services for control of various important livestock
diseases. A practical solution to this problem is to develop socially acceptable and effective
remedies from reasonably inexpensive sources that can complement modern medicine (Abebe,

6
2013). In comparison with modern medicine, herbal medicines cost less are more often used to
treat chronic diseases and the occurrence of undesirable side effects seems to be less frequent
(Jagessar et al., 2007).

2.4.2. Using form of medicinal plants

People use medicinal plant in different form; fresh, dried or both. Medicinal plants used in both
fresh and dry form, have high chance of using it under different seasons of the year. This also helps
traditional healers to preserve those plants that they cannot find in dry season for later use. Using
the medicinal plants under different seasons of the year is increased and traditional healers preserve
the plant that they could not find in dry season in different ways like hanging the plant Material
(Yirga, 2010).

2.4.3. Plant parts used, preparation and routes of administration

Bark, leaves, roots, fruit, seed, tuber, latex, rhizome, gum and whole part of the plant where parts
of plants used all over the world (Ahirwar et al., 2017).Different routes of administration including
oral, dermal, and nasal are used for administration of medicinal plants (Cheikhyoussef et al., 2011).
Different parts of plants are being used in Ethiopia for treatment of either human or livestock
diseases (Abebe, 2013). Traditional healers and livestock owners use roots, barks, stem, leaf and
other parts of the plant to prepare phytotherapies and in the process they have developed their own
local knowledge and administered through appropriate routes (Enyew et al., 2014; Yigezu et al.,
2014). Crushing and harmonization of the plant part with water, powdering, dropping, chewing,
smoking and brushing with each were the most common method of remedy (Assegid and Tesfaye,
2014; Birhanu and Haji, 2017). Oral application is most frequently employed (50%), followed by
dermal and nasal applications which account for 30% and 20%, respectively of reported
application methods (Assegid and Tesfaye, 2014).

2.5. Status in Ethiopia

2.5.1. Sources of medicinal plants in Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, most of medicinal plants used by the herbalists are collected from the natural
vegetation. Medicinal plants obtained from wild habitats are found in different natural ecosystems
of the forests, grasslands, woodlands, wetlands, in field margins and garden fences, as weeds and

7
in many other microhabitats from where they are harvested when the need arises
(http://www.endashaw.com). The cultivated medicinal plants are mostly produced in home
gardens either for medicinal or rather primary purposes. Medicinal plants of home garden are
known to the public as the knowledge on them is open or public (Asfaw, 2001).

2.5.2. The role of medicinal plants in Ethiopia

Since Ethiopia is home to several languages, cultures and beliefs, several traditional knowledge
and use of medicinal plant practices are highly expected (Birhanu and Haji, 2017). The livestock
production in Ethiopia has been suffered by many problems which mainly include poor nutrition,
poor management and diseases; whilst in recent times livestock diseases cause more economic
losses (Giday and Ameni, 2003). The reason for highly reliance on traditional medicine in
developing countries particularly in Ethiopia is cultural acceptability, effectiveness against certain
type of ailments, accessibility and affordability as compared to modern medicine (Yirga, 2010;
Asfaw et al., 2013). Animal health care was, provided by the owners, traditional healers and
veterinary professionals (Wirtu et al., 1997). Inadequate provision of modern medicines, have
forced the majority of livestock owners in Ethiopia to rely chiefly on traditional animal health
practices ethno veterinary medicine) to control common health problems of their livestock. Most
of the medicines used in ethno veterinary medicines is derived from plants (Tafesse and Mekonen,
2001; Yineger et al., 2007).

2.5.3. Factor threatening medicinal plants in Ethiopia

Due to natural and anthropogenic factors, the biodiversity as well as medicinal plants are being
depleted in an alarming rate (Regassa, 2013). The current loss of medicinal plants in the country
inks with the missing of valuable indigenous knowledge associated with the plants (Zenebe et al.,
2012). Knowledge on traditional medicine generally transferred from generation to generation
orally which makes the knowledge more fragile in the transfer process (Birhanu and Haji, 2017).

2.5.4. Ethno botanical studies of medicinal plants in Ethiopia

According to Blaine et al. (2012), the studies concerning medicinal plants in Ethiopia so far
concentrated in the south, southwest, central, north and western parts of the country while in the
eastern part of the country such studies are rare. The current account of medicinal plants of
Ethiopia, as documented for National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, shows that about 887

8
plant species were reported to be utilized in the traditional medicine. Among these, about 26
species are endemic and they are becoming increasingly rare and are at the verge of extinction.
Equally threatened is the knowledge base on which the traditional medicinal system is based, as
the ethno botanical information is not documented and remains in the memory of elderly
practitioners (Bekele and Reddy, 2015).

The study of Ethiopian medicinal plants has not been realized as fully as that of India or other
traditional communities elsewhere (Iwu, 1993). Nowadays, however, many researchers have given
due attention to medicinal plants, and documented the knowledge of indigenous people on them
from different parts of Ethiopia. Different studies were carried out in different parts of the country
to document the medicinal plants and associated indigenous knowledge in the areas studied (table
1). Thus there is a need to carry out similar studies in areas not previously covered in order to get
a full picture of the countries medicinal plants potential in the future.

9
Table 1: Summary of some ethno botanical study performed in Ethiopia.

No of Identified Dominant families Area of study References

families at study area
74 Asteraceae ManaAngetu District, Lulekal et al.,
Euphorbiaceae southeastern Ethiopia ( 2008)
64 Lamiaceae Gubalafto District, Chekole(2017)
Solanaceae Northern Ethiopia
27 FabaceaeEuphorbi Meinit ethnic Giday et al.,
aceae group of Ethiopia: (2009)
41 Boraginaceae Arsi Zone, Ethiopia Wondimuet al.,
Scrophulariaceae (2007).
31. Fabaceae Ghimbi District, Abera(2014)
Asteraceae Southwest Ethiopia
29 Celastraceae, Abaya District, Borana, Bekele and
Cucurbitaceae, Oromia, Ethiopia Reddy (2015)
35 MyrsinaceaeMyrta Dire Dawa city, Kebedeet al.,
ceae, eastern Ethiopia (2016)
23 Euphorbiaceous DaweKachen District Birhanu and
Asclepiadaceae of Bale Zone, Ethiopia Haji(2017)
46 Brassicaceae, SehartiSamre District, Araya et al.,
Cucurbitaceae SouthernTigray, Ethiopia (2015)

2.5.5. Ethno botanical studies of ethno veterinary medicinal plants in Ethiopia

It is estimated that up to 90% of current livestock diseases are managed through the use of
Traditional medicines in Ethiopia (Yigezu et al., 2014). Although plants have been used as source
of medicine to treat both human and livestock ailments in Ethiopia, research and documentation
on medicinal plants have been started only very recently (Abebe and Haramaya, 2013). Medicinal
plants continue to be in high demand in the health care system as compared to the modern
medicine. Therefore, depth investigation and documentation of medicinal plants and indigenous
knowledge is required in Ethiopia (Hunde et al., 2006).

10
3. MATERIALS AND METHOD

3.1 Description of the Study Area

Study will be conducted with in the periods between July, 2021 to June, 2022 in Silt’e Zone of
South Nation Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia. The administrative center of Silt’e zone was
Werabe. The area was located 172Km away from Addis Ababa (Capital of Ethiopia) in Southwest
direction. Silt’e zone has contained 3 administrative town, and 10 rural Wereda. Based on the 2007
Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia the Population of the zone in 2011 E.C were about
1,128,938 where 48.87% Male and 51.13% female regarding to the settlements 82.62% and
17.38% of the population lives in rural and urban areas respectively. 99% of the Population is
Muslim.

Siltie zone has a very diverse agro-ecological conditions ranging from hot arid and semi-arid
climate (kola and Woyna Dega type) in the southern most parts whereas (Dega and Kefil-Wurch)
type in the high lands of the North and Northwest parts. The tropical temperate type climate
prevails between these two extremes (Weyna dega type) of the zone that is moderately suitable for
settlement and crop production. Most part of the zone, about 79.5% lies under Weyna Dega type
of agro-ecology while Dega and Wurch conditions constitute 8.6% of the area. The varied agro
climatic conditions of Siltie zone endowed it with the production of different commercial and food
crops.

Temperature of the area varies from 12-26CO and the average annual rainfall ranges from 780-
1818mm. About 95.5% of the population was engaged in agriculture. The reported livestock
population of the Silte zone reveals, cattle accounted to be 1066,475 sheep, 749,864 goats, 436,453
poultry accounted to 1,739,178 and about 27,464 were equine species (SZFED, 2011). The
geographical reference indicated that the area was located at 7°51'N latitude and 38°10'E longitude
with an altitude ranging from 1500 to 3700masl (meter above sea level).

11
Figure 1: Study area map.

3.2. Study Design, Selection of Participant and Plant Identification

To identify and collect information related to medicinal plants and their traditional usage the semi
structured questionnaire based survey will be followed. For the purpose of this study the elderly
willing farmers and experienced traditional healers in the area will be selected by using snowball
sampling procedure and through recommendations from local elders and community leader
(Kebele leader).

In this study the total of 84 (informants) will be selected from the three study sites, selected
purposively based on their agro ecology including Wulbareg, Mito and Alicho districts. Moreover
the planned field visits of the area will also be conducted during the study period. About 28 key
informants having profound traditional knowledge on treatment of animal disease with ages
ranging from 32 to 65years will be selected from each district. The interview activity will be

12
through in their integrality using an open and close ended questions prepared in local language
(Silt’e) and translated into English language. Before the data collection the informants consent will
be achieved by explaining the subject of the study through brief group discussion with the healers.
This will be in order to express recognition for informant’s traditional knowledge and help them
to develop confidence on providing reliable information. Information regarding to the local name
of the plant, a kind of ailments treated, type of animal treated, mode of preparation, parts used,
conservation and cultivation practice, route of administration, dosage, habitat and information of
local marketability will be recorded. Afterwards, the plant specimens will be captured and their
leaves will be collected, pressed and dried in the open air for the purpose of taxonomic
identification. Thereafter, the identification of the plant will be performed both in Werabe
University in the department of biology by botany specialist and at the National Herbarium of
Addis Abeba University.

3.3. Data analysis

The data from semi structured questionnaires and field visits will be entered into Microsoft excel
(2010) and it will be then exported into SPSS version 20. The descriptive statistical methods
(percentage and frequency) will be used to analyze the data. The information collected from
informants will further be calculated by using Informants Consensus Factor (ICF) to determine the
level of similarity. Thus, ICF= Nur-Nt/(Nur-1), where Nur, denotes number of use reports from
informants for a specific plant use, Nt, denotes number of species(taxa) that are used for that plant
use category for all informants according to (Heinrich et al., 1998).

The percentage of informants claiming the use of certain plant species for the same role for
frequently reported ailments will also be calculated using formula of Fidelity level (FL) =
Ip/Iu×100, where Ip is the number of informants who independently indicated the use of a species
for the same major ailment and Iu is the total number of informants who mentioned the plant for
any major ailment (Friedman et al., 1986). The direct matrix ranking method will be carried out
for collected multipurpose plant specimen from each districts based on their use categories to
determine their relative importance to the local people to treat animal disease and the use values
(5 = best, 4 = very good, 3 =good, 2 = less used, 1 =least used and 0 =not used) will be assigned
according to (Martin, 1995).
6. EXPECTED OUTCOME

13
 Data about medicinal plants and its use including names of plants (local names), plant part
used, name of disease(s) treated, type of animal treated, method of crude drug preparation,
habitat, conservation practice, use of single or mixture of plants and their marketability in
the Silt’e zone will be identified, collected, organized and analyzed.
 A number of plant Families name/Genera/Species of/Plant name/ and voucher number will
be documented and identified,
 Different medicinal plant use will be ranked based on their effectiveness/preference.
 The frequently used plant species will be a source of information for researches on
antimicrobial testing of medicinal plants.
 Finally the research output will be published in reputable national and international
journals.
 Moreover this study will safeguard the valuable indigenous knowledge’s of the community
on utilization of medicinal plants for animal disease treatment to the coming generation.

14
4. WORK PLAN

The research activities will be under taken within 12 months starting from June 2021to July 2022.

Table 2: The activities of the research and their corresponding calendar.

No Activity Month of the year

Jul August Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March Apr May Jun

1 Questioner  
preparation

2 Data     
collection

3 Data analysis  
and
interpretation

4 Writing the     
research
report

5 Research 
report
submission

6 Presentation 
of the
research
report

15
5. BUDGET

5.1 Transport and miscellaneous cost

No Personnel Study site Means of Cost per trip Total Remarks

transport to and from price
1 Researchers Hulbareg, Bus 40 birr*2 1,440
Alicho and round 3
Mito times 2
person 3
Woreda
2 ‘’ ‘’ Bajaj 250*5times 6 7,500
kebele

3 ‘’ Addis ‘’ 200*2 round 800 For plant

Abeba *1 person 2 identifica
times tion

4 Mobile - - - 1000
5 Binding - - - 3000

Sub total 13,740

5.2 Instrumental cost

Item Number required Cost per unit Total birr (price) Remark

Plastic bottle 60 60 3600 For sample

collection
Glove(Sterile) 1 packet 500 500 For plant
handling
Subtotal 4,100

5.3. Per Diem cost

Personnel Number of days Cost in single Total birr (price) Remark

day
Researchers 3 person 25 339 25,425 Data collection
days

16
 Addis Ababa 1 person*5 days 724 3,620
Daily workers/ 6 DA*6 day 288 10,368 For participation
assistant during plant
collection
Subtotal 39,413

5.4. Budget Summary

Table on budget summary that will be required for the research work.

S.No Description Unit Subtotal Remarks

1 Per diem ‘’ 39413
2 Transport and ‘’ 13740
miscellaneous cost
3 Instrumental cost ‘’ 4100
4 Subtotal ‘’ 57253
5 Contingency cost 10% 5725.3
6 Grand total 57,253+5,725.3
=62,978.3

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7. REFERENCES
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8. ANNEX
Questionnaire:
Informants’ consent for the participation in the study:
I..................................................... (name of informant) hereby give my full consent and conscious
to participate in this study and declare that to the best of my knowledge the information that I have
provided are true, accurate and complete.

Date........................................ (Signature/Thumb impression of Informant)

1. Socio graphic information
Name____age____sex____educational status______kebele__________
Marital status___________________________religion___________________ethnic group____
____________
2. Information on use of plants and other features
Local name of plant (Silt’e or amh) _______________________________________

Animal Disease(s) treated (Local name) ________________________________________

Signs of Animal________________________________________________________________
____________Scientific name of disease treated_______________________________________
____________________________________

Is it used for human treatment? (yes/no) if yes, Disease treated ___________ Dose, __________

Special additives and mode of Administration ________________________________________

____________

Aim of treatment (prophylaxis or curative) or other? __________________________________

Species of animal treated (equine, bovine, ovine, caprine, feline, canine, and avian (poultry)
______________________________

Part used (leaf, root, bark, fruit, seed, sap, bulb, stem, latex, specify if any) __________________
Mode of use (fresh or dry)?____________________________________
Usage (combined or single)? And why?____________________________________

24
Preparation methods_____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
What mixed with it? (Additives) (Water, milk, Butter, honey or other specify)
____________________________________________
Mode of application (oral, topical, nasal or specify other)?_____________________________
Dose_________________________________________duration__________________________
Storage yes/no) if yes, for how long and how?_______________________________________
Habit T-(tree, Sh-shrub,H-herb ,Cl-climber)or specify other?____________________________
Advance\trend_______________________________________________________________
Abundance
Threats? (yes\no)_____if yes, what factor?___________________________________________
____________
Plant type, cultivated/wild? _______If cultivated, where? (Garden, field or other place)________
____________

Other uses of the plant? ____________________________________________

How do you get the knowledge on traditional medicine, (from parents, from nehibours)
How do you transfer it? (via orally, via written document, specify if not)
Informant Consensus Factor and Fidelity Level
Name of plants used against different disease category
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
Name of plants used against the same disease category
1:
2:
3:
4:

25
5:

The use value of multipurpose plant specimen:

0 =not used,
1 =least used,
2 = less used
3 =good
4 = very good, and
5 = best,
Collectors’ note
Morphological description________________________________________________________
____________

______________________________________________________________________________
____________

Habitat description______________________________________________________________

Scientific name of plants; family________________________________________

genus___________________________________________species________________________
____________
Altitude________________________________________coordinates______________________
Collection number ___________________Date_________________________________

26
CV

❖ Full Name: Dr. Ufaysa Gensa Geraro

❖ Qualification: Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM)

❖ Contact address Phone+251937261313/+251916114005

E-mail:-ufaysage@gmail.com or

gufaysa@yahoo.com

LinkedIn: Ufaysa Gensa

Facebook:- Ufaysa Gensa

Awarded Degree of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine from Jimma University College of Agriculture
and Veterinary Medicine with a Cumulative GPA of 3.93.
Seminar Work: Review on Cyanide Poisoning in Ruminants.
Research Work (DVM thesis): Antibacterial Activity of Echinops
kebericho against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella.
Review article publications on:
✓ Review on Actinomycosis in cattle (Journal of Agriculture, Biology and Healthcare)
✓ Review on Cyanide poisoning in Ruminants (Journal of Agriculture, Biology and Healthcare)

✓ Review on Poultry Coccidiosis

✓ Review on Bovine mastitis and Due Emphasis on managements (in process).

✓ Research article on Antibacterial activity of Echinops Kebericho (Mesfin) against

Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella (In process)

27