STRUCTURE OF RESPIRATORY

SYSTEM
Dr. I Nyoman Gede Wardana, M.Biomed
mandewardana@gmail.com
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

DIVIDED INTO 2 ZONES:

 CONDUCTING ZONE

 RESPIRATORY ZONE

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 kanan 3 lobus
kiri 2 lobus

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 NOSE
 THE NOSE DIVIDED INTO 2 REGIONS:
 EXTERNAL NOSE
 INTERNAL NASAL CAVITY

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 hidung dari luar hidung disusun dari tulang dan tulang rawan

tulang

tulang rawan

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 bagian tulang rawan yang biasanya dipebaiki kalau mau diperbaiki

EXTERNAL NOSE ga usah di apal

 VARIES CONSIDERABLY IN SIZE AND SHAPE

 APEX, DORSUM OF THE NOSE, ROOT, NARES
(NOSTRIL)
 CONSISTS OF BONY AND CARTILAGINOUS PART
 BONY PART:
 NASAL BONES
 FRONTAL PROCESSES OF THE MAXILLAE
 NASAL PART OF THE FRONTAL BONE AND ITS NASAL SPINE
 BONY PART OF THE NASAL SEPTUM
 CARTILAGINOUS PART:
 LATERAL CARTILAGES, ALAR CARTILAGES, AND SEPTAL
CARTILAGE

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 NASAL CAVITY saptum nasi ada 2 karena lubang hidung ada 2

 LIES IN AND POSTERIOR TO THE EXTERNAL NOSE

 IS DIVIDED BY A MIDLINE NASAL SEPTUM
(PERPENDICULAR PLATE OF THE ETHMOID, VOMER,
SEPTAL CARTILAGE, AND NASAL CRESTS OF THE
MAXILLARY AND PALATINE BONES)
 OPENS POSTERIORLY INTO THE NASOPHARYNX VIA
CHOANAE
 THE ROOF DIVIDED INTO THREE PART (FRONTONASAL,
ETHMOID, AND SPHENOID)
 THE FLOOR IS FORMED BY THE PALATINE PROCESS OF
THE MAXILLA AND HORIZONTAL PLATE OF THE
PALATINE BONE)
 LATERAL WALL IS UNEVEN BECAUSE OF THE NASAL
CONCHAE (SUPERIOR, MIDDLE, AND INFERIOR)

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 area respirasi
area cpsotori

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 PARANASAL SINUSES
paling sering terjadi
semua sinus bermuara ke middle meatus

 MAXILLARY SINUS: MIDDLE MEATUS

 SPHENOIDAL SINUS: SPHENOETHMOIDAL RECESS
 FRONTAL SINUS: MIDDLE MEATUS
 ETHMOIDAL SINUS:
 ANTERIOR AND MIDDLE ETHMOIDAL CELL: MIDDLE
MEATUS
 POSTERIOR ETHMOIDAL CELL: SUPERIOR MEATUS

NASOLACRIMAL DUCT: INFERIOR MEATUS

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 pelajarin 5 artery
epistaksis yaitu mimisan

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 PHARYNX
 DIVIDED INTO THREE REGIONS:
 NASOPHARYNX
 OROPHARYNX
 LARYNGOPHARYNX

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 fungsi dari laring menjaga saluran nafas paten terbuka
LARYNX - sebagai polusi yang mengatur lalu lintas makanan dan udara
- rumah nya pita suara

laring tersususn dari tulang rawan

 CONTINUOUS WITH THE TRACHEA POSTERIORLY

 EXTEND FROM C3-C6
 CARTILAGES (HYALINE) OF THE LARYNX
 SHIELD-SHAPED ANTEROSUPERIOR THYROID
CARTILAGE WITH A MIDLINE LARYNGEAL
PROMINENCE (ADAM’S APPLE)
 SIGNET RING–SHAPED ANTEROINFERIOR CRICOID
CARTILAGE
 THREE PAIRS OF SMALL ARYTENOID, CUNEIFORM, AND
CORNICULATE CARTILAGES
 EPIGLOTTIS – ELASTIC CARTILAGE THAT COVERS THE
LARYNGEAL INLET DURING SWALLOWING
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 epilede terbentuknya pita suara

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 LARYNGEAL CAVITY
 EXTENDS FROM THE LARYNGEAL INLET TO THE
LEVEL OF THE INFERIOR BORDER OF THE CRICOID
CARTILAGE
 LARYNGEAL VESTIBULE: BETWEEN LARYNGEAL INLET
AND THE VESTIBULAR FOLDS
 MIDDLE PART OF LARYNGEAL CAVITY: BETWEEN
VESTIBULAR FOLDS AND VOCAL FOLDS
 LARYNGEAL VENTRICLE: RECESSES EXTENDING
LATERALLY FROM THE MIDDLE PART
 INFRAGLOTTIC CAVITY: BETWEEN VOCAL FOLDS AND
THE INFERIOR BORDER OF THE CRICOID LIGAMENT

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 MUSCLES OF THE LARYNX
 EXTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MUSCLES:
 INFRAHYOID M: DEPRESSORS OF THE HYOID AND LARYNX
 SUPRAHYOID AND STYLOPHARYNGEUS M: ELEVATORS OF
THE HYOID AND LARYNX
 INTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MUSCLES (INFERIOR LARYNGEAL
N):
 CRICOTHYROID --- EXTERNAL LARYNGEAL N (CN X)
 THYROARYTENOID
 POSTERIOR CRICOARYTENOID
 LATERAL CRICOARYTENOID
 TRANSVERSE AND OBLIQUE ARYTENOID
 VOCALIS

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 aduksio

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 inferior lamia

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 TRACHEA pipa fleksibel

 FLEXIBLE AND MOBILE TUBE EXTENDING FROM

THE LARYNX INTO THE MEDIASTINUM
dibentuk cincin trakea yg tidak penuh, seperti berbentuk huruf c

 ITS ABOUT 10-11 CM LONG

 EXTEND FROM C6-IV Disc CV TH4 dan 5 (STERNAL

ANGLE)

 THREE LAYERS

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 berfungsi untuk membuka saluran nafas fungsi dri tulang rawan

lubang kiri lebih kecil daan horizontal

lubang kanan lebih besar

dan vertikal

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 tulang rawan hilang diganti otot polos

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 CLINICAL IMPORTANT:
 FOREIGN BODIES
 BROCHIAL ASTHMA
 BRONCHOSCOPY

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 LUNGS AND PLEURA

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 GROSS ANATOMY OF THE LUNGS
 LUNGS OCCUPY ALL OF THE THORACIC CAVITY EXCEPT
THE MEDIASTINUM
 RADIX PULMONALIS – SITE OF VASCULAR AND
BRONCHIAL ATTACHMENTS, STRUCTURES THAT IN
AND OUT FROM THE LUNGS
 COSTAL SURFACE – ANTERIOR, LATERAL, AND
POSTERIOR SURFACES IN CONTACT WITH THE RIBS;
MEDIASTINAL SURFACE, DIAPHRAGMATIC SURFACE.
 ANTERIOR BORDER, POSTERIOR BORDER, INFERIOR
BORDER
 APEX – NARROW SUPERIOR TIP
 HILUS PULMONALIS – INDENTATION THAT CONTAINS
PULMONARY AND SYSTEMIC BLOOD VESSELS, AREA
WHERE ROOT IS IN AND OUT FROM THE LUNGS

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 kanan 3 lobus kiri 2 lobus

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 CLINICAL IMPORTANT
 PNEUMOTHORAX
 PLEURAL EFFUSION
 PLEURITIS/PLEURISY
 THORACOCENTESIS

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 THORACIC WALL

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 THORACIC WALL
 CONSISTS OD SKIN, FASCIA, NERVES, VESSELS,
MUSCLES, AND BONES
 PROTECTING OF THE THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL
ORGANS; RESISTING THE NEGATIVE INTERNAL
PRESSURES GENERATED BY THE ELASTIC RECOIL OF
THE LUNGS AND INSPIRATORY MOVEMENTS
 PROVIDING ATTACHMENT FOR AND SUPPORTING
THE WEIGHT OF UPPER LIMBS
 PROVIDING ATTACHMENT FOR MANY OF THE
MUSCLES OF UPPER LIMBS, NECK, ABDOMEN, AND
BACK, AND MUSCLE OF RESPIRATION

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 RIBS AND COSTAL CARTILAGES
 TRUE (VERTEBROCOSTAL) RIBS (1ST-7TH RIBS):
ATTACH DIRECTLY TO THE STERNUM THROUGH
THEIR OWN COSTAL CARTILAGES
 FALSE (VERTEBROCOSTAL) RIBS (8TH-10TH RIBS):
THEIR CONNECTION WITH THE STERNUM IS
INDIRECT
 FLOATING (FREE) RIBS (11TH-12TH RIBS):
RUDIMENTARY CARTILAGES THAT DO NOT
CONNECT EVEN INDIRECTLY WITH THE STERNUM

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 THANK YOU

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