CENTRAL DOGMA OF

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

ANTEGRA, KRISTINE JOY

LORILLA, HEART YEIZHA
QUINZON, ANNA BEA
WHY IS IT CALLED CENTRAL DOGMA?

Coined by Francis Crick. And in his own

words, "I called this idea the central dogma,
for two reasons, I suspect. I had already
used the obvious word hypothesis in the
sequence hypothesis, and in addition I
wanted to suggest that this new
assumption was more central and more
powerful."
 CENTRAL DOGMA OF

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
The central dogma of molecular biology explains
the flow of genetic information, from DNA to RNA,
to make a functional product, a protein.

DNA REPLICATION TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION

 WHAT IS DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a polymer

composed of two polynucleotide

It is made up of
chains that coil around each other to
nucleotides namely: form a double helix carrying genetic

instructions for the development,

• Adenine (A) functioning, growth and reproduction

•Thymine (T) of all known organisms and many

•Guanine (G) viruses.

•Cytosine (C)
 WHEN AND WHERE DOES

DNA REPLICATION HAPPEN

23
PAIRS OF
the DNA is copied and
CHROMOSOMES replicated from the nucleus
during the S phase in the

46
interphase that is responsible
for the synthesis or replication
of DNA of both Mitosis and
meiosis
TOTAL
 4 MAIN ENZYMES IN DNA
REPLICATION

HELICASE POLYMERASE PRIMASE LIGASE

STEP 1
SIX STEPS IN

The OPENING OF THE DOUBLE

HELIX and SEPERATION OF DNA
DNA

STRANDS During separation, the REPLICATION

two strands of the DNA double

helix uncoil at a specific location
PROCESS:
called the ORIGIN, at the origin
HELICASE comes in and unwinds
the DNA And after unzipping it
forms what we called as
REPLICATION FORK.
STEP 1
SIX STEPS IN

the OPENING OF THE DOUBLE HELIX

and SEPERATION OF DNA STRANDS

DNA

During separation, the two

REPLICATION

strands of the DNA double helix

uncoil at a specific location

PROCESS:
called the ORIGIN, at the origin

HELICASE comes in and unwinds

the DNA And after unzipping it

forms what we called as

REPLICATION FORK.
 STEP 2 STEP 3
•SSB (Single Stranded Binding proteins)
•Primase generates short strands

bind the DNA strands to keep them

of RNA that bind to the single-

seperated, to stabilize the strands and

stranded DNA to initiate DNA

keep them from annealing. synthesis by the DNA polymerase

 STEP 3 STEP 4
•Primase generates short strands
•DNA polymerase (III) attaches to it self to the

of RNA that bind to the single-

DNA strands and is used to add

stranded DNA to initiate DNA

complementary free nucleotide to now expose

synthesis by the DNA polymerase DNA strands.

 STEP 5
•Dna polymerase binds the leading strand adding

new complementary nucleotide bases to the

strand of dna 5' to 3' direction. The polymerase

then continously move towards helicase.

The main difference between leading and lagging

strand is that the leading strand is the DNA strand,

which grows continuously during DNA replication

whereas lagging strand is the DNA strand, which

grows discontinuously by forming short segments

known as Okazaki fragments

 STEP 5
•Okazaki fragments are short sections of DNA

formed at the time of discontinuous synthesis of

the lagging strand during replication of DNA.

•In the lagging strands, RNAse H (DNA pol I)

removes primers as DNA polymerase (III)

approaches from DNA.

STEP 6
ligase combines the okazaki fragments and this final

steps completes the DNA REPLICATION.

TRANSCRIPTION
 WHAT IS TRANSCRIPTION AND
WHY IS CALLED
TRANSCRIPTION?

Transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is copied to make an RNA

molecule. This step is called transcription because it involves rewriting, or
transcribing, the DNA sequence in a similar RNA "alphabet."
 RNA POLYMERASE

The main enzyme involved in transcription is RNA polymerase, which uses a

single-stranded DNA template to synthesize a complementary strand of
RNA. Specifically, RNA polymerase builds an RNA strand in the 5' to 3'
direction, adding each new nucleotide to the 3' end of the strand.
TRANSCRIPTION

KEY POINTS
Transcription is the first step in gene expression. It involves copying a
gene's DNA sequence to make an RNA molecule.
Transcription is performed by enzymes called RNA polymerases, which
link nucleotides to form an RNA strand (using a DNA strand as a template).
Transcription has three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination.
In eukaryotes, RNA molecules must be processed after transcription: they
are spliced and have a 5' cap and poly-A tail put on their ends.
Transcription is controlled separately for each gene in your genome.
TRANSCRIPTION...
In transcription, one strand
of the DNA that makes up a
gene, called the non-coding
strand, acts as a template
for the synthesis of a
matching (complementary)
RNA strand by an enzyme
called RNA polymerase. This
RNA strand is the primary
transcript.
TRANSLATION
 3 STAGES OF
TRANSLATION...

INITIATION ELONGATION TERMINATION

 TRANSLATION
Is the synthesis of a protein
from an mRNA template, where
mRNA is read and translated
into a string of amino acid
chains that make up the
synthesized protein.

WHERE DOES
TRANSLATION OCCUR?
Translation takes place in the
RIBOSOMES of the CELL CYTOPLASM
 KEY MOLECULES USED IN
TRANSLATION PROCESS

TRANSFER RNA MESSENGER RNA RIBOSOME RELEASE FACTOR

 INITIATION
➡️Eukaryotic mRNA (messenger RNA), the substrate
for translation, has a unique 3' end called the POLY-A
TAIL
➡️ The mRNA contains CODONS that will encode for
specific amino acids.
➡️ The translation initiation begins when the small
sub-unit of the ribosome attaches to the methylated
cap and moves to the translation initiation site.
➡️The tRNA (transfer RNA) is another key molecule.
➡️It contains an anti-codon that is complementary to
the mRNA codon to which it binds. The first codon is
typically AUG. Attached to the end of the tRNA is the
corresponding amino acid.
 ➡️ A codon, in biology, is the basic genetic unit of life
CODONS that acts as the template for the amino acid
synthesis required for protein expression.
➡️Consists of THREE consecutive bases that specify a
SINGLE AMINO ACID
AMINO
ACID
CHART
 ELONGATION

➡️METHIONINE corresponds to the AUG codon.

➡️ The large sub-unit of ribosome now binds to
create the peptidyl or P-site and the aminoacyl or
A-site.
➡️The first tRNA occupies the P-site, the second
tRNA occupies the A-site and is complementary to
the second codon.
➡️The methionine is transferred to the A-site
amino acid, the first tRNA exits, the ribosome
moves along the mRNA, and the next tRNA enters.
 TERMINATION
➡️As elongation continues, the growing
peptide is continually transferred to the A-
site tRNA
➡️ The ribosome moves along the mRNA
and new tRNAs enter
➡️ When a stop codon is encountered in
the A-site, a release factor enters the A-site
and translation is terminated
➡️ When termination is reached, the
ribosomes disassociates and the newly
formed protein is released.
 ANALYSIS OF THE
ANSWERS

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deficiency advantages
THANK YOU
I hope you can get helpful
knowledge from this presentation.
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