Central Dogma of

Molecular Biology
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
➢is a polymer composed of two
polynucleotide chains that coil around
each other to form a double helix.
➢is the molecule that records genetic
information.
➢is the hereditary material in humans
and almost all other organisms.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
➢Nucleotides are monomers that make
up DNA.
➢Double helix is 50 times stronger than
a single-stranded form.
➢Nitrogenous groups associated with
DNA molecule is grouped into two,
purine and pyrimidine.
 Purines Pyrimidines
Pure as Gold Pyramids
Pyrimidines Purines
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
➢like DNA, is a nucleic acid biomolecule.
Differences of DNA and RNA
Deoxyribose Ribose
Thymine Uracil
Double helix Single-strand
 Major Types of RNA
➢heterogenous nuclear RNA hnRNA
➢ribosomal RNA rRNA
➢small nuclear RNA snRNA
➢messenger RNA mRNA
➢transfer RNA tRNA
heterogenous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)
➢is formed through DNA transcription.
After transcription, hnRNA is
converted to mRNA.
small nuclear RNA (snRNA)
➢is responsible for the conversion of
hnRNA to mRNA.
 ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
➢is the type of RNA that combines with
a protein to form ribosomes needed
for protein synthesis.
messenger RNA (mRNA)
➢contains the instructions for the
production of protein.
 transfer RNA (tRNA)
➢delivers the amino acids to the
ribosome during protein synthesis.
Protein Structure
➢ is the end product of DNA and most
abundant biomolecule in a living
organism.
➢There are many types of proteins
performing different functions such as in
building up of structures and storing
substances, in transport and defense,
and in enzyme actions.
Protein Structure Amino Acids
➢repeating units of amino acids,
their monomers and building
blocks.
➢are made in similar structures
(20 amino acids)
Protein Structure
➢The formation of protein starts with
amino acids connecting with each other
through peptide bonds.
 Linear and
unbranched
3D shape
Formed
when amino
group bonds
with a
carboxyl
group
➢ Hydrophobic
effect which
happens when
the hydrophobic
R group goes to
the center of the
protein molecule
to escape water.
➢is the union of two
or more tertiary
structured
polypeptide which
may be held
together by
interactions of the R
group, hydrogen
bonding, and
disulfide bonds.
 DNA
Replication
Purpose: cells need to make
a copy of DNA before
dividing so each daughter
cell has a complete copy of
genetic information.
 Steps in DNA Replication
Replication: 1st step Unwinding
DNA GYRASE Topoisomerase
▪ Enzyme that prevents tangling
upstream from the replication
fork.
HELICASE ENZYME
▪ unwinds part of DNA helix
▪ Prevents DNA molecule from
closing
 Steps in DNA Replication
Replication: 2nd step Polymerization
PRIMASE
▪Attracts complementary
RNA bases to make a short
RNA primer where DNA
polymerase (DNAP) will add
complementary DNA bases.
3’

5’
5’
Lagging
Strand
3’

3’

5’

Leading Strand
 Steps in DNA Replication
Replication: 3rd step Termination
▪ Nucleases help the DNA polymerase in
proofreading the newly synthesized
strand of DNA.
▪ Build daughter DNA strand
▪ Add new complementary bases
▪ With the help of the enzyme DNA
polymerase.
 PROTEIN
Make up all living materials.
•Function of proteins:
1.Help fight disease
2.Build new body tissue
3.Enzymes used for digestion and other
chemical reactions.
4.Component of all cell membranes.
•Proteins are manufactured
(made) by the ribosomes
 Protein
Synthesis

The Protein-making
Process
2 Stages of Protein
Synthesis
➢Transcription
➢Translation
 Step 1: TRANSCRIPTION
Copying of genetic information from
DNA to RNA.
DNA has the genetic code for the
protein that needs to be made, but
proteins are made by the ribosomes—
ribosomes are outside the nucleus in
the cytoplasm.
DNA is too large to leave the
nucleus (double stranded), but
RNA can leave the nucleus (single
stranded).
•PROMOTER REGION
TATA box
•Part of DNA temporarily unzips and
is used as a template to assemble
complementary nucleotides into
messenger RNA (mRNA).
• mRNA then goes through the pores
of the nucleus with the DNA code
and attaches to the ribosome.
Step 2: TRANSLATION
Decoding of mRNA into a
protein.
 •Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries
amino acids from the cytoplasm
to the ribosome.

Met-Phe-Lys
•A series of three adjacent
bases in an mRNA molecule
codes for a specific amino
acid—called a codon.
•Each tRNA has 3 Amino acid
nucleotides that are
complementary to the
codon in mRNA.
•Each tRNA codes for a U

different amino acid.

Anticodon
 Protein
Synthesis