RNA ( RIBONUCLEIC ACID)

DR. KAVITA MEENA

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOTHERAPY
INTRODUCTION →

• Ribonucleic acid is a polymeric molecule that is essential for most

biological functions, either by performing the function itself or by
forming a template for the production of proteins.
• Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid that contains a long chain
of nucleotide units. It is similar to DNA, but contains ribose instead
of deoxyribose. Various functions coded in the genes are carried
out in the cytoplasm of the cell by RNA. RNAs is formed from DNA.
 STRUCTURE OF RNA →
1. Ribose sugar
2. Phosphate group
3. Nitrogen base
Purines:
i. Adenine (A). ii. Guanine (G)
Pyrimidines:
i. Uracil (U). ii. Cytosine (C).
Uracil replaces the thymine of DNA and it has similar structure of
thymine.
 TYPES OF RNA→
• There are three main types of RNA.
1. m – RNA (messenger)
2. t – RNA ( transfer)
3. r – RNA ( ribosomal)
GENE EXPRESSION →
• Gene expression is the process
by which the information
encoded in a gene is
turned into a function.
• Gene expression involves two steps,
1. Transcription
2. Translation
1. TRANSCRIPTION →
• Transcription is related to genomics.
• It is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence.
This copy, called messenger RNA (mRNA), carries the gene's
protein information encoded in DNA.
• Proteins are synthesized in ribosomes in the cytoplasm. However,
synthesis of different proteins depends upon information (sequence
of codon) encoded in genes of the DNA which is present in nucleus.
• DNA is a macromolecule, it cannot pass through the pores of
nuclear membrane and enter cytoplasm.
• But, the information from DNA must be sent to ribosome. So, the
gene has to be transcribed (copied) into mRNA which is
developed from DNA.
• First stage in the protein synthesis is transcription of genetic
code, which occurs within nucleus.
• It involves the formation of mRNA and simultaneous copying or
transfer of information from DNA to mRNA.
 1. TRANSLATION →
• The mRNA enters cytoplasm from the nucleus and activates ribosome to
synthesis of protein.
• The enzyme is responsible for transcription is RNA polymerase.
• Translation is the process by which protein synthesis occurs in ribosome
under the direction of genetic instruction carried by mRNA from DNA.
• It is the process by which mRNA is read by ribosome to produce a protein.
• tRNA & rRNA Play a major role in this process.
• The mRNA moves out of nucleus into cytoplasm Now, a group of ribosomes
called polysome gets attached to mRNA.
• The sequence of codons in mRNA are exposed and recognized by
complementary sequence of base in tRNA.
• The complementary sequence of base is called anticodon. According to the
sequence of bases in anticodon, different amino acids are transported from
cytoplasm into ribosome by tRNA that acts as a carrier.
• With the help of rRNA, protein molecules are assembled from amino acids.
• Protein synthesis occurs in ribosomes which are attached to rough endoplasmic
reticulum.
Thank
You
Dr. Kavita Meena

Department of Physiotherapy