RNA &

DNA
Biotechnology 8 Q2
INTRODUCTION OF REPORTERS
 INTRODUCTION OF REPORTERS:

Millan, Jillian Cabanado, Patricia Digamon,

Candice SB. Angelica Gian Josh
 Lesson
Objectives:
Differentiate DNA & RNA
Understand the Definition &
Function of DNA & RNA
Characteristics of DNA &
RNA
What is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (abbreviated DNA)
is the molecule that carries genetic
information for the development and
functioning of an organism. DNA is made
of two linked strands that wind around
each other to resemble a twisted ladder —
a shape known as a double helix.

a molecule that serves as the hereditary

material containing biological instructions
that make every human and other
organism unique.
What is RNA?
Ribonucleic Acid (abbreviated RNA)
is a nucleic acid present in all living
cells that has structural similarities
to DNA. Unlike DNA, however, RNA is
most often single-stranded. An RNA
molecule has a backbone made of
alternating phosphate groups and
the sugar ribose, rather than the
deoxyribose found in DNA.
 Attached to each
sugar is one of
four bases:
adenine (A), uracil
(U), cytosine (C) or
guanine (G).
SHORT HISTORY!
 SHORT HISTORY!

James Watson and

Francis Crick
In 1953, they concluded that the
DNA molecule appears as a
three-dimensional double helix.

Rosalind Franklin
and Maurice Wilkins
They used X-ray crystallography
to study DNA's structure, which
helped Watson and Crick with
their discovery.
DNA RNA
In eukaryotic cells, chromatin consists of
all the DNA within the nucleus and its
associated proteins, called histones.
Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed
of chromatin, and each consists of two
complementary strands of DNA coiled
tightly around histones.

EUKARYOTIC
 Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than
eukaryotic cells, have no nucleus, and lack
organelles. All prokaryotic cells are
encased by a cell wall.

PROKARYOTIC
 BIOMOLECULES

Carbo
Lipids Proteins
hydrates

= Nucleic Acids
 MONOMERS
NUCLEIC •Monomers are atoms or
small molecules that bond

ACIDS
together to form more
complex structures such as
polymers. There are four
main types of monomer,
including sugars, amino
acids, fatty acids, and
Nucleotides nucleotides.
Deoxyribonucleic Ribonucleic
acid acid
TYPE OF SUGAR - TYPE OF SUGAR -
Deoxyribose Ribose
TYPE OF BIOMOLECULE- TYPE OF BIOMOLECULE-
Nucleic Acid Nucleic Acid
CHARACTERISTICS
CHARACTERISTICS OF DNA

DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Made of nucleotide monomers

DNA Double Helix

Consists of two nucleotide chains
Each nucleotide consists of a
sugar molecule, a phosphate
group, and a nitrogen-containing
base
 CHARACTERISTICS OF DNA

Base Pairs

Adenine (A) bonds with thymine (T).

Cytosine (C) bonds with guanine (G).

 DNA
REPLICATION
CHARACTERISTICS OF RNA

RNA
Ribonucleic Acid
RNA uses the sugar ribose
instead of deoxyribose.
RNA SINGLE HELIX
RNA is most often single-
stranded
It is essential for the transfer of
genetic information during
protein synthesis and in the
control of gene expression.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF RNA

Base Pairs

Adenine (A) bonds with Uracil (U).

Cytosine (C) bonds with guanine (G).

TYPES OF RNA:
TYPES OF RNA:
TYPES OF RNA:
 1.) m RNA
Messenger RNA (abbreviated mRNA) is a type of single-
stranded RNA involved in protein synthesis. mRNA is made from
a DNA template during the process of transcription. The role of
mRNA is to carry protein information from the DNA in a cell’s
nucleus to the cell’s cytoplasm (watery interior), where the
protein-making machinery reads the mRNA sequence and
translates each three-base codon into its corresponding amino
acid in a growing protein chain.
 2.) t RNA
Transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA) is a small RNA molecule that
plays a key role in protein synthesis. Transfer RNA serves as a
link (or adaptor) between the messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule
and the growing chain of amino acids that make up a protein.
Each time an amino acid is added to the chain, a specific tRNA
pairs with its complementary sequence on the mRNA molecule,
ensuring that the appropriate amino acid is inserted into the
protein being synthesized.
 3.) r RNA
rRNAs are found in the ribosomes and account for 80% of the
total RNA present in the cell. Ribosomes are composed of a large
subunit called the 50S and a small subunit called the 30S, each
of which is made up of its own specific rRNA molecules.
Different rRNAs present in the ribosomes include small rRNAs
and large rRNAs, which belong to the small and large subunits of
the ribosome, respectively.
Venn Diagram
There are two processes to
complete protein synthesis:
TRANSCRIPTION
&
TRANSLATION
 What is Transcription?
Transcription generally refers to the written form of something. In
biology, transcription is the process where DNA acts as a template to
form a complementary RNA strand. In this case, RNA is the “written”
form of DNA. This is the first stage of protein production or the flow of
information within a cell. During transcription, DNA transfers genetic
information to RNA, and in translation, it directs the synthesis of
proteins.
 What is Translation?
Translation refers to the conversion of something from one language or form to
another. In biology, translation is the process where messenger ribonucleic acid, or
mRNA, synthesizes proteins. This is accomplished by the production of a chain of
amino acids (a polypeptide chain) determined by the chemical information stored
by a specific strand of mRNA. These polypeptides fold to form proteins. Each strand
of mRNA is coded by a different gene and codes a different protein. This is
important for gene expression.
 Did You Know?
The sequence or order of the bases in a specific DNA
strand is related to the expression of specific traits and
qualities.

About 99.9% of DNA of every person on the planet is the

same - it's the 0.1% that makes us unique. You have 96%
of your DNA in common with a chimpanzee, 90% with a
cat, 85% with a mouse, 80% with a cow, 60% with a
chicken, and 60% with a banana.
 Did You Know?
Some cancer treatments use RNA because of its
ability to reduce expression of cancer-causing
genes. RNA can suppress fruit ripening, keeping
food fresh longer so it can be transported to
stores. Adenine binds to uracil in RNA rather than
thymine as in DNA.
FUNCTIONs
 FUNCTION OF DNA

1.) It contains the blueprint for making protein &

enzymes.
2.) It plays a role in regulating when the proteins
& enzymes are made and when they are not
made.
3.) It carries this information when cells divide.
4.) It transmits this information from parental
organisms to their offspring.
 FUNCTION OF RNA
1.) mRNA- It carries genetic formation of DNA (Gene) for
protein synthesis from nucleus to ribosome in the form of
genetic code.
2.) tRNA- Acts as adapter molecule, carries Amino acid and
GENERALIZATION
drops it to particular location by recognising codon on
mRNA by virtue of having anticodon.

TIME
3.) rRNA- It makes complex with proteins & form ribosomal
subunits which provide space for protein synthesis, single
ribosomal RNA of smaller subunit helps correct
orientation of mRNA during attachment.
GENERALIZATION
TIME
 GENERALIZATION TIME!

characteristics
DISCOVERY DNA is made of nucleotide monomers. The
four bases are adenine, thymine, cytosine &
The double-helical model guanine. It is double-helix.
came from the combined
work of Watson,Crick, RNA is made up of nucleotides, which
Franklin & Wilkins. are ribose sugars attached to
nitrogenous bases & phospate groups.
It is single-helix.
 GENERALIZATION TIME!

function
DNA holds the genetic information or
"blueprint" for the protein. RNA, specifically
messenger RNA (mRNA), carries this
information from DNA to the ribosomes, where
translation into a protein sequence occurs.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
also play key roles in this process.
QUIZ TIME!
Thankyou for
listening!
REPORTED BY: