PRAYER

RNA &
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
LECTURE
BY SIR
JOERIC
LABEL UP!
#BIGYAN NG LABEL
YAN!
Label the parts of the DNA
structure correctly.
ACTIVITY
ANALY-PICS
PICTURE ANALYSIS

Analyze, observe and cite the

similarities and differences of the
picture presented on screen.
 GUIDE QUESTIONS:
QUESTION 1 QUESTION 2 QUESTION 3 QUESTION 4

What can you Describe the Can you cite How about
say about the structure of the the
picture? both DNA differences of similarities
and RNA. RNA and of DNA and
DNA? RNA?
 OBJECTIVES
Explain and

1 3
Describe the
structure of RNA describe the
molecules. process of
transcription and
translation.

Differentiate the Give the

2 structure and
components of
RNA and DNA.
4 importance of
Protein
synthesis.
 “Our own genomes carry the story of
evolution, written in DNA, the language
of molecular genetics, and the narrative
is unmistakable.”
-Kenneth R. Miller
 What is RNA?
RNA or Ribonucleic acid, it is a
complex molecule that consists of
nucleotides.
RNA has the sugar ribose. Both DNA
and RNA contain the same base except
for one. In RNA, thymine is
substituted by uracil (U). The RNA is
also single stranded, while the DNA is
double-stranded.
SCIENCE 101

Role of RNA
The role of RNA is to transfer the coded genes (in
the DNA) from the nucleus to the ribosomes in
order to create the needed proteins.
Ribosomes is a small, granular structure
where protein synthesis takes place
3 TYPES OF RNA
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)

2. Transfer RNA (tRNA)

3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

 3 Types of RNA
1. mRNA - The mRNA carries the information from the
DNA to the ribosomes.

2. tRNA -The tRNA translates the genetic message carried

by the mRNA through protein synthesis.

3. rRNA -The rRNA is the structural component of ribosomes.

It directs the translation of mRNA into proteins.
"Proteins are made up of organic compounds
called amino acids, and different proteins are
made by forming combinations from any of
the 20 amino acids."
 "Amino acids are molecules used by all
living things to make proteins. Amino acids
are also the building blocks of protein."

"A chain of amino acids is linked together by

peptide bonds (chemical bonds formed between
two molecules) and is called a polypeptide. One
or more of these polypeptides make up a
protein."
 WHAT IS

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS?
 Protein synthesis is the process by
which cells make proteins.

It occurs in two stages: transcription

and translation.
TRANSCRIPTION
Transcription is the first step in protein
synthesis. It is a process in which information in
DNA is copied into RNA. It includes three
steps: initiation, elongation, and termination.
• Initiation is the beginning of transcription. It
occurs when the enzyme RNA polymerase
binds to a region of a gene called the promoter.
This signals the DNA to unwind so the enzyme
can ‘‘read’’ the bases in one of the DNA
strands. The enzyme is now ready to make a
strand of mRNA with a complementary
sequence of bases.
2. Elongation is the addition of nucleotides to
the mRNA strand. RNA polymerase reads the
unwound DNA strand and builds the mRNA
molecule, using complementary base pairs.
During this process, an adenine (A) in the DNA
binds to uracil (U) in the RNA.
2. Termination is the ending of transcription
and occurs when RNA polymerase crosses a
termination sequence in the gene. When the
mRNA strand is complete, it detaches from
DNA.
Initiation

Elongation

Termination
TRANSLATION
Translation is the process of converting the
information in messenger RNA (mRNA) into a
sequence of amino acids that make a protein.
It occurs in a ribosome in the cytoplasm.”
Step 1: Messenger RNA (mRNA) binds to a
ribosome. Then, tRNA molecules, each
carrying a specific amino acid, approach the
ribosome. The tRNA anticodon pairs with the
first mRNA (start) codon adenine-uracil-
guanine (AUG), to form the initiation complex.
The two molecules temporarily join togther.”
 Each set of three nucleotides in the
mRNA is called a codon. Each codon
specifies a particular amino acid. While
anticodon is the complement of the
mRNA. It is the triplet code in the tRNA.
 Step 2: The first codon on mRNA
signals the start of protein synthesis.
Then the ribosome slides along the mRNA
to the next codon.
 Step 3: A new tRNA molecule
carrying an amino acid pair with the
second mRNA codon.
Step 4: When the first and second amino acids
are in place, an enzyme joins them by
forming a peptide between them.
 Step 5: A chain of amino acid is
formed until it reaches a stop codon.
The polypeptide is released. Protein
synthesis is complete.
CODON WHEEL
A codon chart is a chart
of all the codons and the
amino acids they stand
for.
 ACTIVITY
DECODE ME!
In this activity, you will apply what you have
learned about DNA Replication, Transcription, and
Translation with the use of the information in the
Genetic Code Table (codon chart).
THANK
YOU!