PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Codons, Anticodons and Processes

Prepared by: Mr. Amiel Clark Laquindanum

Practice Teacher, PNU-Manila
 OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the students should:

1. describe protein synthesis and its corresponding

process involved;
2. perform a simple activity showing various amino
acids in accordance with the appropriate sequence
of nucleotides across DNA and RNA; and
3. appreciate the role of proteins in performing bodily
functions.
ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How does RNA

become a bridge
in building
proteins?
 LET US WATCH...
Instructions:

Let us watch a video entitled:

Decode from DNA to mRNA
to tRNA to Amino Acids

https://youtu.be/0SM1YEBrO
yI?si=bhdqWbFKH-0TH9AA
 SEQUENCE ARE SEQUENCING!

Instructions:

This is a class activity.

A diagram of DNA and RNA types of sequence will be
presented, and shall be filled out with their
complementary nucleotides.
You shall start from the mRNA codons, tRNA anticodons
and their corresponding amino acid.
Answer the guide questions upon accomplishing the
activity.
DNA AND RNA CODON
DIAGRAM
 GUIDE QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions:

How do you determine the complementary

nucleotide sequence for a given DNA or RNA
strand in the provided diagram?
Why is it necessary to accurately match the
nucleotides in the diagrams during this
activity?
THE PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
 WHAT IS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS?

Description

Proteins are fundamental biomolecules with diverse

functions critical for the structure, function, and regulation
of living organisms.
Protein synthesis is the process by which cells build
proteins using instructions encoded in their DNA. It
involves two main stages: transcription and translation.
It is a crucial process in cells as proteins play essential
roles in cell structure, function, and regulation.
 TYPES OF RNA

Description

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Carries genetic information from the DNA in the
cell's nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
This information is in the form of a sequence of
nucleotides, with each set of three nucleotides
(codon) representing a specific amino acid or a
start/stop signal for protein synthesis.
 TYPES OF RNA

Description

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Responsible for bringing specific amino acids
to the ribosomes during protein synthesis.
Each tRNA molecule carries an anticodon, a
sequence of three nucleotides
complementary to the codon on the mRNA.
 TYPES OF RNA

Description

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

It is a component of ribosomes, which are the
cellular structures where protein synthesis
occurs.
Ribosomes consist of a large and a small
subunit, each containing rRNA molecules and
proteins.
 THE PROCESS OF
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

What are they?

Transcription - In this stage, a segment of DNA is copied

into a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) by an
enzyme called RNA polymerase. This process occurs in the
cell's nucleus.
Translation - During translation, the mRNA code is read in
groups of three nucleotides called codons. Each codon
corresponds to a specific amino acid or a signal to start or
stop protein synthesis.
TRANSCRIPTION
Initiation involves RNA
polymerase binding to the
promoter region of DNA.

Elongation involves RNA polymerase

synthesizing a complementary RNA
strand using the DNA template.

Termination occurs when RNA polymerase

reaches a termination signal, leading to the
release of the newly synthesized RNA
molecule.
TRANSLATION
 AMINO ACIDS AND
ITS TYPES

What are Amino Acids?

Amino acids are organic

compounds that serve as the
building blocks of proteins,
consisting of a central carbon atom
bonded to an amino group, a
carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom,
and a side chain (R-group) that
determines the amino acid's
properties.