PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

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GROUP 7
•• Mulqiyati Zikra (8)

•• Lu’luan Thahura H (4)

•• Marlina (34)
DEFINITION
 Protein is a macromolecule composed by various
amino acids. Meanwhile, enzymes are proteins that
have the ability as a catalyst for biochemical reactions
in the process of cellular metabolism. Based on the
results of Beadle and Tatum’s (1941) experiment,
genes controlling the metabolic processes or the lives
of individuals through the process of enzyme control.
Thus, changes in gene structure can cause changes in
protein structure at amino acid level, which in turn
will cause changes in metabolic processes
 Protein is not synthesized directly
by genes, but through the process
of transcription and translation
(the gene is a functional, is a
DNA structure). Transcription is
the process of DNA replication to
form the RNA-d. Meanwhile, the
translation is the process of
translating genetic information
contained in RNA-d into the
polypeptide amino acid runs. In
transcription, DNA is used as a
model for protein synthesis.
1. TRANSCRIPTION

 Transcription is the process of transfer of genetic information

from DNA segments (genes) into RNA molecules which are
guided by a katalisatornya transcriptase enzyme. Pieces of
base sequence on RNA-d is determined by the base of runs
contained in one segment of DNA, and each of these bases
will be searched ribonukleotidanya counterparts, then bundled
into the RNA chain-d. Readings by the beginning of the
earliest signs transcriptase (promoter) to mark the end
(terminator). Only the segment flanked by two signs that will
be transcribed. Gene is a gene controlling the protein so that
there should be at the link between the promoter and
terminator.
2. TRANSLATION
 After the process of transcription in the nucleus of cells is
completed, then the RNA-d out from the core to be printed in
the preparation of a series of model amino acids in the
translational process. Genetic information carried by RNA-d
contained in the base runs, they contain. Each type of
combination of three adjacent bases that contain the genetic
code (codon) specific, which can be translated into one type of
amino acid. In one chain of RNA-d, only certain parts of a
mold pattern in protein synthesis, namely segment flanked by
initial codon (AUG) and the final codon (UAA, UAG, UGA)
 After RNA-d to the ribosome, RNA-t begin
transporting amino acids into the complex translation
(ribosomes), also read codes (codons) RNA-d.
Furthermore, the amino acids brought by the RNA-t
assembled into polypeptides. The ability of RNA-t
perform these tasks, due to the anti-codon loop and
the ability of a compound with an amino acid called
aminoacyl-t RNA. The process of translating a series
of RNA codons-d into the polypeptide amino acid
sequence called a translation.
STAGES OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
 1. Conduct DNA transcription (print dRNA) to bring the code - the code-
forming proteins, based on the sequence of nitrogenous bases
2. mRNA to escape from the DNA and carry the code - the genetic code
(codon) exit from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. This mRNA
acts as a template (matrix). In this ribosomes attached to mRNA ribosomal
RNA (rRNA)
3. tRNA in the cytoplasm came with amino acids in accordance with the code
- the code that was brought by the mRNA. tRNA is attached (coupled) with
the mRNA in accordance with pasngan - nitrogen base pairs (with a triple
from nitrogenous bases of tRNA).
4. acids - amino acids that are brought by the tRNA will be holding each other
and form a series of polypeptide chains to form proteins that are expected in
the ribosome. Proteins that form this is an enzyme that regulates cellular
metabolism.
GENETIC CODE
 The genetic code is the code carried by
messenger RNA (mRNA) to be submitted to the
transfer RNA (tRNA). The genetic code is a
sequence of three nitrogenous bases that make up
a so-called codon tripet (kodogen)
DELIVERY MECHANISM OF GENETIC CODE
 Each code (one codon) is comprised of three nitrogen bases
located in the mRNA sequence. Codon - codon on the mRNA
must be translated by the tRNA, to learn which amino acids
should he brought
Example: if the codon on the mRNA read urasi-uracil-uracil
(UUU), the tRNA must deliver the amino acid phenylalanine.
The genetic code is universal to all organisms, meaning that
an organism's genetic code can be translated by other
organisms and form the same amino acid.
Example: AAA codon in human cells and in bacterial cells
will generate Lysine