DNA &

DNA Replication
by: Joeric C. Carinan
PRAYER
4 pics, 1 word
 DNA &
DNA Replication
by: Joeric C. Carinan
 At the end of the discussion students
are expected to:
• Describe the structure of DNA
Our Agenda for molecules.
Today • Identify the correct pairing of
nucleotides.
• Enumerate and explain the
process of DNA Replication.
• Give the importance of DNA
replicaton
 What comes into your
mind when you hear the
word DNA?
What is DNA?
DNA or Deoxyribonucleic
acid is a molecule that
contains and stores the
genetic information of an
organism.
• Rosalind Franklin took
diffraction X-rays,
photographs of DNA
crystals
• The photographs
suggested that the DNA
molecule resembled a
tightly coiled helix
composed of chains of
nucleotides
Who was the one who took an x-ray
photograph of DNA, and suggested
that DNA molecules remembled a
tightly coiled helix chains of
nucleotides?
Nucleotides – subunits of nucleic
acids

Nucleic acid – organic molecules

that stores information for cell
function
 What is Nucleotide?

What is Nucleic acid?

Each nucleotide consists of:
• a nitrogenous base
(cytosine, guanine.
Adenine, and thymine)
• a five-carbon sugar
molecule
(deoxyribose)
• a phosphate
molecule.
What does each nucleotide consist of?

What are the four nitrogenous bases?

In 1950, Erwin Chargaff
discovered that the
amounts of adenine and
thymine in DNA were
roughly the same, as
were the amounts of
cytosine and guanine.
This later became known
as the first of Chargaff's
rules.”
Who discovered the amount of adenine
and thymine were equal or roughly the
same, as were the amounts of cytosine
and guanine?
These are the amounts of DNA bases presented by
Erwin Chargaff:

Adenine = 30.3%
Thymine =30.3%
Guanine =19.5%
Cytosine =19.9%
What can you say about the pairing?

What does it mean by complementary

base pairing?
 Complementary base pairing is a phenomenon
wherein adenine is paired with thymine through
hydrogen bonds as well as guanine and cytosine.
This pairing also follows the chargaff`s rule.”
 When does hydrogen bond form?

Will it be okay if adenine will be paired

to cytosine or guanine to thymine?
 Question:
*If adenine is 20%, how much is thymine?

*If adenine is 20%, how much is cytosine?

 Example of Complementary base pairing:

DNA coding strand: TAC ATG CGG ATT ACT GTA

DNA template strand: ATG TAC GCC TAA TGA CAT
Let's try!
CCG TAG CGC GAT CAA

GAC TAC CTG ACC TTA

What does DNA stands for?
What is the function of DNA?
What are the components of DNA?
What are the four nitrogenous bases?
What binds the nitrogenous bases to its pair?
What is paired to Thymine? Cytosine?
 In the 1950s,
James Watson &
Francis Crick
built the first
model of DNA.
How did James Watson and Francis
Crick come up with that kind of
structure? Where did they base this
structure?
Adenine -Thymine
Guanine -Cytosine
What can you say about the
structure of DNA?
• The DNA helix looks like a "spiral
ladder".
• The legs are composed of an
alternating phosphate group and
deoxyribose sugar.
• The rungs of the ladder are the
nitrogenous bases in their
complementary pairing.”
What does the DNA structure looks like?

What does the leg of the DNA composed of?

How about the rungs of the ladder?

“Cells are dividing and DNA
has to be copied before they
divide so that each resulting
cell will have an identical or
exact DNA strand.”
 What do you think is the
importance of copying first
the DNA before cell
division?
What is
DNA Replication?
DNA Replication
• Process of synthesizing
or making copies of
• DNA.
DNA replication is one of the
most basic processes that occurs
within a cell.
DNA Replication is "Semi-
conservative."
• Each 2-stranded
daughter molecule is
only half new
• One original strand was
used as a template to
make the new strand
There are 4 major steps
in the replication
process:

-Separation
-Binding
-Elongation
-Proofreading
HELICASE
• The first step in replication is the separation
of the two DNA strands.”
• Enzyme Helicase unwinds and separates the
1st step
2 DNA strands by breaking the weak
hydrogen bonds.
• The separated strands are called the
replication fork.
PRIMER
• The next step is primer binding. Once the DNA
strands have been separated, a short piece of RNA
called a primer binds to the end of each strand. This
will serve as the starting point for the replication.”
• Primers are generated by the enzyme primase.

2nd step
POLYMERASE
• The third step is the elongation process. 3rd step
DNA polymerase binds to the strand and
then it will add new complementary
nucleotide bases to the strand of DNA.”
• This is where replication occurs or the
complementary base pairing.
• The last step of DNA replication is proofreading.
Once the elongation of the DNA strands is
complete, the strands are checked for errors, and
repairs are made.
• Proofreading is made to make sure that there are
no mistakes in the new DNA sequence.
• Finally, after proofreading, an enzyme called DNA
ligase seals up the sequence of DNA into two
continuous double-helix strands.
 ACTIVITY:
I CAN DO IT!
Group 1 - The Singers and Musicians
-Create and compose a song about DNA,
Complementary base pairing, and DNA
replication process. The song must show and
explain the importance of DNA replication.
After creating a song, you will sing it in front of
the class.
Group 2 - The Historian
-Research about the discovery of DNA and its
structure and then present it through a timeline. The
output should be written in a manila paper or
presented through a powerpoint presentation.
After presenting the discovery and timeline about
DNA, you will share your insights and realization
about the importance of the discovery in DNA in
the present day.
Group 3 - The Biologist
-Research about the similarities and differences of
different organisms when it comes to its DNA and
genetic information. After researching the needed
information, it will be presented in a powerpoint
presentation and it should emphasized “what makes us
-HUMANS different to other organisms?” The
Presentation should run in 3-5 minutes.
Group 4 - The Engineers
-Create a model of structure of DNA. The model should
include the 3 components of nucleotides which are the
phosphate molecule, the sugar (deoxyribose) and the
Nitrogenous bases with correct complementary base
pairing. The model/output should be presented in front
of the class and you should explain during the
presentation what is DNA, DNA structure,
Complementary base pairing and importance of
studying DNA. (Materials should be recyclable and avoid
spending money)
Group 5 - The Actors/Actresses
-Create a short role play or skit about the
Complementary base pairing and the chargaff`s rule.
The role play must explain why adenine must pair
with thymine, and why guanine must pair with
cytosine. It can be a drama, comedy, romance or the
combination of the three given genres. Each member
of the group must participate in the role play.
Group 6 - The Doctors
-Research 1 disease or genetic disorder that is
caused by DNA and then explain why it is
happening. You will present your output through a
powerpoint presentation or through visual aids and
every member of the group should have
contribution in the presentation. The presentation
should run 3-5 minutes only.
 ACTIVITY:
REPLICATE ME!
T h a n k
you!