DNA(DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID)

• DNA CARRIES GENETIC INFORMATION TO OFFSPRING OF AN ORGANISM.

• IT CONTAIN HEREDITARY INFORMATION.

• IT CONTAIN INSTRUCTION FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF PROTEIN IN RIBOSOMES.

DNA→RNA→PROTEIN (CENTRAL DOGMA)

• MITOCHONDRIAL DNA IS CALLED NO CHROMOSOMAL DNA.

 STRUCTURE OF DNA
• CELL → NUCLEUS → CHROMATIN → CHROMOSOME → DNA → GENE
• WATSON AND CRICK FIRST DISCOVERED THE DOUBLE HELIX MODEL OF DNA
• DNA IS MADE UP OF FOLLOWING COMPONENTS.
1. SUGAR (DEOXYRIBOSE)
2. PHOSPHATE GROUP
3. NITROGEN BASE
• PURINE (ADENINE & GUANINE).
• PIRIMIDINE (THYMINE & CYTOSINE).
• DNA IS A DOUBLE-STRANDED COMPLEX NUCLEIC ACID.
• IT IS FORMED BY DEOXYRIBOSE, PHOSPHORIC ACID AND FOUR TYPES OF BASES.
• EACH DNA MOLECULE CONSISTS OF TWO POLYNUCLEOTIDE CHAINS, WHICH ARE
TWISTED AROUND ONE ANOTHER IN THE FORM OF A DOUBLE HELIX.
• THE TWO CHAINS ARE FORMED BY THE SUGAR DEOXYRIBOSE AND PHOSPHATE
WHICH FORM THE BACKBONE OF DNA MOLECULE.
• STRANDS OF DNA ARE ARRANGED IN SUCH A WAY THAT BOTH ARE BOUND BY
SPECIFIC PAIRS OF BASES.
• THE ADENINE OF ONE STRAND BINDS SPECIFICALLY WITH THYMINE OF OPPOSITE
STRAND. SIMILARLY, CYTOSINE OF ONE STRAND BINDS WITH GUANINE OF OTHER
STRAND.
• DNA FORMS COMPONENT OF CHROMOSOMES, WHICH CARRIES THE HEREDITARY
INFORMATION. HEREDITARY INFORMATION THAT IS ENCODED IN DNA IS CALLED
GENOME.
• DNA IS A POLYNUCLEOTIDE CHAIN WHICH CONTAIN PHOSPHATE GROUP, NITROGEN BASE AND
DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR.
• SUGAR + PHOSPHATE + N2 BASE → NUCLEOTIDE
• SUGAR + PHOSPHATE → NUCLEOSIDE
• ANY KIND OF INDIVIDUAL HAS UNIQUE DNA LIKE FINGER PRINTS.
• ONLY IDENTICAL TWINS HAVE SAME DNA.
• DNA HAVE LOW MUTATION TENDENCY THAT’S WHY IT IS MOST STABLE FORM OF GENETIC
MATERIAL.
 GENE
• GENE IS THE BASIC HEREDITARY UNIT OF CELL. IT IS A PORTION OF DNA CH
MOLECULE THAT CONTAINS THE MESSAGE OR CODE FOR SYNTHESIS AB OF A
SPECIFIC PROTEIN FROM AMINO ACIDS
• THERE ARE 20 AMINO ACIDS AND THERE IS SEPARATE CODE FOR EACH AMINO
ACID.
• IN NUCLEOTIDE OF DNA, THREE OF SUCCESSIVE BASE PAIRS ARE TOGETHER
CALLED A TRIPLET OR A CODON. EACH CODON CODES OR FORMS CODE
WORD (INFORMATION) FOR ONE AMINO ACID.
• THE TRIPLET CCA IS THE CODE FOR GLYCINE AND GGC IS THE CODE FOR
PROLINE.
 GENETIC DISORDERS
• GENETIC DISORDERS IS A DISEASE CONDITION THAT MAY BE OCCURS DUE TO...
1. ABSENCE OF GENE
2. DEFECTIVE GENE
3. CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES
• CAUSES OF GENETIC DISORDERS.
• 1. GENETIC VARIATION: PRESENCE OF A GENE THAT DIFFERS FROM NORMAL GENE.
• 2. GENETIC MUTATION: ALTERATION OR A CHANGE IN NATURE, FORM, OR QUALITY. GENETIC
MUTATION REFERS TO CHANGE OF THE DNA SEQUENCE WITHIN A GENE OR CHROMOSOME
OF AN ORGANISM, WHICH RESULTS IN THE CREATION OF A NEW MOCHARACTER.
 CLASSIFICATION OF GENETIC DISORDERS
• THERE ARE FOUR TYPES OF
GENETIC DISORDERS...
 CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS
• CAUSED BY ABNORMALITIES IN CHROMOSOME.
• CHANGE MAY BE HAPPEN IN STRUCTURAL & NUMBERS.
1. I. STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITY→ (ALTERATION) OF CHROMOSOMESWHICH LEADS TO
DISORDERS LIKE CHROMOSOME INSTABILITYSYNDROMES
2. NUMERICAL ABNORMALITY →……
(A) MONOSOMY → DUE TO ABSENCE OF ONE CHROMOSOME FROM NORMAL DIPLOID
NUMBER. EXAMPLE IS TURNER SYNDROME
B. TRISOMY→ DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF ONE EXTRA CHROMO- SOME ALONG WITH NORMAL
PAIR OF CHROMOSOMES IN THE CELLS.
THANK
YOU
DR. KAVITA MEENA♥️