DNA

Wag kayo mag tanong pls. :’((

Nicole Shane Abonal

 OBJECTIVES

• To know what is the function of the DNA

• Structure of the DNA
• What is genome sequencing and DNA sequencing
 TERMINOLOGY

• Bases-These are the sub-units of DNA and mRNA which make up the genetic
code (A, T, G and C).
• Complementary-Refers to the specific way that the bases in DNA pair with
each other ( A-T and G-C).
• double helix-The shape of the DNA molecule with two strands twisted
together in a spiral.
• geneThe basic unit of genetic material inherited from our parents.
• genetic code-The code formed by the order of the bases in DNA that
determines an organism's characteristics
• Nucleotide-The units or molecules of which DNA is composed.Building blocks
of DNA. In humans, a copy of the entire genome—more than 3 billion
DNA base pairs—is contained in all cells that have a nucleus.
 DNA

• DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary

material in humans and almost all other organisms.
• DNA is the genetic code
• This double helix structure was first discovered by
Francis Crick and James Watson with the help of
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins.
• Every human being shares 99% of their DNA with
every other human.
• Long term storage of information
 FRANCIS CRICK AND JAMES WATSON

• American biologist James Watson and English physicist Francis Crick

were not the discoverers of DNA, but rather the first scientists to
formulate an accurate description of this molecule's complex,
double-helical structure.

• Rather, DNA was first identified in the late 1860s by Swiss chemist
Friedrich Miescher followed by and Erwin Chargaff and Rosalind
Franklin
 STRUCTURE OF DNA

NUCLEOTIDE
(3 types of chemical components)

1. Phosphate
2. Sugar(Called deoxryibose)
3. 4 nitrogenous bases
A- adenine
T- thymine
C-cytosine
G-guanine
 STRUCTURES OF DNA

• Major and minor Groove

1. Major groove- where the 2 backbone is far apart from each other
2. Minor groove- where the 2 strands of backbones is closer to each other
• Primes
• Prime marks are used to distinguish the carbon atoms of the sugar from the
ring atoms of the nitrogenous base.
 DNA SEQUENCING

• DNA sequencing
• DNA sequencing is technology that allows researchers to determine the
order of bases in a DNA sequence. The technology can be used to
determine the order of bases in genes, chromosomes, or an entire
genome.
 GENOME SEQUENCING

• GENOME-The complete set of genes or genetic material present in a

cell or organism.
• 99% of our sequencing is the same and 1% that makes us different
• That 1% can be the color of your eyes,hair,skin color,muscle mass, and learning
skills
 GENOME SEQUENCING

• They will take blood example(Because it is a common source of DNA)

• Once the DNA is obtained, it is prepared in a special way and put into the
sequencing machine. the machine runs for several days.
• The data comes out of the machine as short pieces of DNA sequence called
reads.
• A computer takes these reads and maps them, creating a picture of the
individual’s genome. Once the genome picture is assembled, another program
looks for differences in the DNA, or variants, that may be causing the medical
condition.
• A team of specially trained scientists and physicians in the laboratory review
the medical information along with these variants to try to connect the
patient’s medical condition to one or more variants. When the laboratory
concludes that a particular DNA change is connected to the patient’s disease,
it is confirmed with an additional test before the report is issued to the
ordering physician.
ASSESSMENT
1) What is the meaning of DNA
2) What are the 3 chemical components of nucleotide
3) Who were the first scientists to formulate an accurate description of this
molecule's complex, double-helical structure.
4) The complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.
5) Where can you find the DNA
6) What are the 4 nitrogenous bases
7) What is DNA sequencing
8) The basic unit of genetic material inherited from our parents.
9) Where can you find the chromosomes
10)The shape of the DNA molecule with two strands twisted together in a spiral.