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Contents
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A
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 A .......................................................................................................................... 5
 A  ................................................................................................. 5
E 1 ............................................................................................................................. 5

  !"#$ A%&' (  ')* ..................................................................... 5


1.1.
  -!"# ............................................................................................ 6
1.2.
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E 2 ........................................................................................................................... 14
 %./0 1 '23* ............................................................................. 14
 4 ....................................................................................................................... 22
   5# ...................................................................................... 22
E 3 ........................................................................................................................... 22
 678 ' ......................................................................................................... 22
E 4 ........................................................................................................................... 37
  A7# .......................................................................................................... 37
E 5 ........................................................................................................................... 46
3*  ................................................................................................. 46
5.1. 5 ................................................................................................................... 46
5.2. 3* ;6<=> ?2@* A 7;0 <
B28/0 CD .......... 47
 E ....................................................................................................................... 53
 F ......................................................................................................... 53
E 6 ........................................................................................................................... 53

 AG' FH (I) .................................................................................. 53


E 7 ........................................................................................................................... 67

3*  AG' F ............................................................................ 67


7.5. " 7J
KL 1 '23* (Omissions)
B< M NO ....................... 82
7.6. P5 /0 3*
'  F( ................................................... 87
E 8 ........................................................................................................................... 92

'Q*( RS T* AU' F .............................................. 92


8.2.
4 ' T* F( .............................................................................. 94
E 9 ......................................................................................................................... 102

E '  AU'  F ............................................................................. 102

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@n]]

76
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0 ‚' _c; <e 1 '2 Aƒ tK{
(Substantial) <C'
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A \4]]” <A ;º “;` A6 ;S |K  KI. ?” ;B
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6<"Ì & ;%q &Ö A'; ”  ;4 3*  =<
0 ‚' tK{ '0]] 3d ;0
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6< (/0
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;S  ' ;=K "ZT* P7 \]] n(0 ‚' 6%&0 1


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WXY*  ; T* =<
KF# (observation)
6n (Perception) E(

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and Dhirajilal p. 38)]]
C' C@ ;P[ _
B280 WX '0]]

. <A EN' /0


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0  E ;J y ‚'
BK ; C@ '2 
A'
BK ; ( _K
B*  7% _C *]] ? ;A
1 '2 
7z 3*
e
'  ‚'
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BK 8/0( _KD
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0  '
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CD  1 '23* t ;$ <& A%ƒq A=8{ 4^K .


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6 
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w>
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39)::


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79
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A%ƒq Aƒ
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4/80
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2. ;A
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?/ //–.
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3*  6
7.4.2 6"" ' B< 0 NO

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7. 5.2.
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;A= ? ; ?  ;I WX  B7#


?w ?

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WX ="  WX
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B 0 A2i
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84

6< 0 0 %q0
680( ; 3*
6(20 & ($
? A= WI) ;P
6%q CD .2P

WX I(  ?5 (;?w <8
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B0 ?5m ; !#x If
WX I(
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ŠK 5# A; 8
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B A2XG I# ;Z;
4^Km  ( ¬
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K?7 1 '2
@ ? A@ ;  (  A6.2 m ? A6I2% ;B

3*  jj 62 A I ]]
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B.P <C' ?IS I IB   28]] S =


t 0
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A 28 ]]

62
7.5.3. Zi* 62 T*
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? 7| E 3*  ) < _/2 *M]] ? &
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– "
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85
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680 #  " 2v <7
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6%q; "> _2v 28n]] tK{ '2 '0]] '2 


; CD 62ý 8; 4^K “
0 A '  ) A2q
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7 0 0 ? %vf;K 0 "> E€" _


5 *]]

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  & %q ; ;


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560 4^K ; F( 
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0 ;&Ö0 EŠ A?70? Ž  '20? A4 EŠ "

A60?
BM P[T* _7z( 0 'S P[T* ;B 0
Í t _F 28m
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A\ E€4  & y%q
<';0 5; $ <&Ö0 4^K … Aƒ = A; ]] (Ratanlal and
Dhirajilal p. 38)

? P[T*

A  3 6<"ï* C #0 0 I ; # „* ‹;›

680 2; 0i ?I  y <º0 6<K 0 I 0 ;c

86
I#;0( ;Ó ;0. “=g( '0H ;C' 4^K 20K ;B
7;8/0 
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?/ //–. 67/80

6? I)]]
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AG' I0 E( ; F( lI

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6
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š _@/0
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7.6.3.
# A; '

;t # A;


C' 0 A#3 ;6< 0  C' S4 0 
EX C
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< J ?

6< J T* AIH0 ZH0 _  *M]]  C@  A#3


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7.7.1.
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B
–  P[ 2F#(   E<\M  ; '
<5# EI <<M A7f 62ýA]] '2 
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680 “ ƒ(
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_IM B*M <62'Fz 1 '2 0` ; T* A H C'
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;S t
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j7ÏT*
1. A
4 o Z “
R  ;I Y   -;'ƒq
7;”
2. Black, H. Campbell, Black’s Law Dictionary, 6th ed. West Publishing
Co.St. Louis, Minn. USA(1990)
3. Clermont, Kevin M. Standard of Proof in Japan and the United States,
Cornell Law School Working Paper series, Paper 5 (2003)
http://15r.nellco.ors/cornell/clsops/papers/5
4. Demougin, D and Claude Fluet, Preponderace of evidence: Tort Rules
and the Efficient Standard of proof (July, 2000)
5. Fisher,S.Z. Ethiopian Criminal procedure; A Source Book, Faculty of
Law, HSIU(1969)

108
6. Hermann. J Models for Reform of the Criminal Trail in Eastern
Europe: A Comparative Perspective, st.Louis, 127 Warsaw
Transatlantic L.J. (2003)
7. p2z  6<"Í E ' ( .{ NO $ .{' vx 5
1 –P 2 ('!Ë 1981 . )
8. May, R. Criminal Evidence (3rd ed), Sweet and Maxwell, London
(1995)
9. Ratanlal and Dhirajlal, The Law of Evidence 21st ed, N.D., India
(2004)

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1.
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2.
 ’#• p2# –P 1730/80
3.
?w 8g p2# –P 1118/76
4.
?w 8g p2# –P 4/80
5.
?w 8g p2# –P 67/80
6.
?w 8g p2# –P 112/80

109
110

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