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Contents

 ................................................................................................................................ 2
A   ................................................................................................. 4
 A .......................................................................................................................... 5
 A  ................................................................................................. 5
E 1 ............................................................................................................................. 5
  !"#$ A%&' (  ')* ..................................................................... 5
1.1.   -!"# ............................................................................................ 6
1.2.   ')* ................................................................................................. 8
E 2 ........................................................................................................................... 14
 %./0 1 '23* ............................................................................. 14
 4 ....................................................................................................................... 22
   5# ...................................................................................... 22
E 3 ........................................................................................................................... 22
 678 ' ......................................................................................................... 22
E 4 ........................................................................................................................... 37
  A7# .......................................................................................................... 37
E 5 ........................................................................................................................... 46
3* 


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5.1. 5 ................................................................................................................... 46
5.2. 3* ;6<=> ?2@* A 7;0

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CD .......... 47
 E ....................................................................................................................... 53
 

F ......................................................................................................... 53
E 6 ........................................................................................................................... 53
 AG'

FH (I) .................................................................................. 53
E 7 ........................................................................................................................... 67
3*  AG' 

F ............................................................................ 67
7.5. " 7J KL 1 '23* (Omissions) B< M NO ....................... 82
7.6. P5 /0 3* '  F( ................................................... 87
E 8 ........................................................................................................................... 92
'Q*( RS T* AU' 

F .............................................. 92
8.2. 4 ' T* F( .............................................................................. 94
E 9 ......................................................................................................................... 102
E '  AU'  

F ............................................................................. 102

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FH0

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FH (Clear and Convincing

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FH (Preponderance of evidence)
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1 '2 Aj> 4^KT* =M( Pj10 K{ <CD 6<"Ì

Pj10 6B
C 28n (Ratanlal and Dhirajalal,p. 36)]]

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FH (Clear and Convincing
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68 <(? # EIZ0 ;v( / ;B"   X
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BC'0 0 ;6\
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FH (Clear
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j7ÏT*
1. A 4 o Z “ R  ;I Y   -;'ƒq 7;”
2. Black, H. Campbell, Black’s Law Dictionary, 6th ed. West Publishing
Co.St. Louis, Minn. USA(1990)
3. Clermont, Kevin M. Standard of Proof in Japan and the United States,
Cornell Law School Working Paper series, Paper 5 (2003)
http://15r.nellco.ors/cornell/clsops/papers/5
4. Demougin, D and Claude Fluet, Preponderace of evidence: Tort Rules
and the Efficient Standard of proof (July, 2000)
5. Fisher,S.Z. Ethiopian Criminal procedure; A Source Book, Faculty of
Law, HSIU(1969)

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6. Hermann. J Models for Reform of the Criminal Trail in Eastern

Europe: A Comparative Perspective, st.Louis, 127 Warsaw
Transatlantic L.J. (2003)
7.
p2z  6<"Í E ' ( .{ NO $ .{'
vx 5
1 –P 2 ('!Ë 1981 . )
8. May, R. Criminal Evidence (3rd ed), Sweet and Maxwell, London
(1995)
9. Ratanlal and Dhirajlal, The Law of Evidence 21st ed, N.D., India
(2004)

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1.  ’#•
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p2# –P 67/80
6. ?w 8g
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