Statistics 4040 Revision Notes

Paper 1

Bivariate Data
- Different types of correlation:
—> Strong
—> Weak
—> Positive
—> Negative
—> No correlation

- Candidates are asked to calculate the averages of data in

order to obtain the line of best fit.
—> Overall Mean : (x̄ ,ȳ)
—> Lower Semi - Average : (x ̄ 1 , ȳ1 )
—> Upper Semi - Average : (x ̄ 2 , ȳ2 )
—>To create a line of best fit we use our semi averages and
overall mean to calculate the gradient (m) and the y-intercept(c)
and input these values of the line of best fits equation in the form
y=mx + c
4040/13/ON/20 Q8
Probability

Independent Events:
- P(A and B) = P(A) * P(B)
- P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)
- P(A) + P(B) = 1
- P(A given B) = P(A)
- P(B given A) = P(B)

Mutually Exclusive Events:

- If two events are mutually exclusive that means they can
NEVER happen together. For example : Rolling an even
number on a die and rolling a 5.
- P(A and B) = 0
- P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
Measures of Central Tendency:
—> Mean : The sum of all the values divided by the number
of values.
—> Median : The Middle Value
—> Mode : The most repeated / most frequent value.

Measures of Dispersion
—> Range : Highest Value - Lowest Value
—> Lower Quartile : ¼Nth Value
—> Upper Quartile : ¾Nth Value
—> Interquartile Range : Upper Quartile - Lower Quartile

2
Σ𝑥 Σ𝑥 2
—> Standard Deviation :
Σ𝑁
−( Σ𝑁
)
—> Variance : Square of Standard Deviation
Weighted Averages : Crude and Standardised Rates
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠
—> Crude Death Rate : 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 1000
Σ(𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠)
—> Standardised Death Rates : 100
- Whatever population has a lower Standardised Death
Rate , that environment is healthier.
- Standardised Death rate includes the population
structure , whereas Crude Death Rate doesn’t.