Introductory Statistics Formulas

Population Mean:
1

=
N
i
i
x
x
x
N N

; Sample Mean:
1


n
i
i
x
x
x
n n

Percentile Location:
100
p
i n ; Range: R = Maximum Value Minimum Value
Quartile locations (Minitab):
1 2 3
( 1) 2( 1) 3( 1)
@ ; @ ; @
4 4 4
n n n
Q Q Q
+ + +
.
Interquartile range: IQR = Q
3
Q
1


Potential Outlier Limits: Lower Limit = Q
1
- 1.5 IQR ; Upper Limit = Q
3
+ 1.5 IQR

Population Variance:
2
2
( )
x
x
x
N

; Pop. Standard Deviation:
2
( )
x
x
x
N

Sample Variance:
2
2
( )
1
x
x x
s
n

; Sample Standard Deviation:

2
( )
1
x
x x
s
n

Population Coefficient of Variation: 100%
x
x
CV

Sample Coefficient of Variation: 100%
x
s
CV
x

Standardized Pop. Data Value:
x
x
x
z

; Standardized Sample Data Value:

x
x x
z
s

Ts Theorem: Regardless of how the data are distributed, at least
2
1
1 100%
k
_


,
of the values will fall within
k standard deviations of the mean.

Expected Value for a Discrete R.V.: ( ) ( )
x
E x x P x

Standard Deviation for a Discrete Random Variable:
2
[ ( ) ] ( )
x
x E x P x

Counting Rule for Combinations:
!
!( )!
n
x
n
C
x n x

; where n! is n-factorial.
Binomial Formula:
( )
( ) (1 )
n x n x
x
P x C p p


Mean of the Binomial Distribution: ( )
x
E x n p
Standard Deviation of the Binomial Distribution: (1 )
x
n p p n p q
Normal Distribution Formula:
2
1
2
1
( )
2
x
x
x
x
f x e

_

,

Normal Probability Formula:
2
1
2
1
( )
2
x
x
x
b
a
x
P a x b e

_

,

Introductory Statistics Formulas

Population Mean: =
x
x
N

; Sample Mean:
x
x
n

Population Variance:
2
2
( )
x
x
x
N

; Pop. Standard Deviation:
2
( )
x
x
x
N

Sample Variance:
2
2
( )
1
x
x x
s
n

;
Sample Standard Deviation:
( )
2
2
2
( )
1 1
x
x x
s
n
x x n
n

z-Score:
( )
x
x
x
z

; Population x-Value:
x x
x z + ;

Sampling Error
x
x ; Standard Error of x :
x
x
n

;
z-Score for x :
0
x
calc
x
z

; t-Value for x :
0
x
calc
x
t
s
n


Confidence Interval for
x
(
x
Known):
/ 2 / 2
;
x
x
x z or x z
n

t t ;
Confidence Interval for
x
(
x
Unknown):
/ 2
x
s
x t
n

t ;
Margin of Error:
/ 2 / 2
x
x
e z z
n

; Sample Size Requirement (

x
Known):
2
/ 2 x
z
n
e

_

,


Continuous Uniform Distribution:
1
, for (a b)
(b - a) ( )
0 if is not in the interval (a,b)
x
f x
x

'

Population Proportion:
x
N
Sample Proportion:
x
p
n

(In proportions, the numerator x is the number of observations that have the characteristic of interest.)
Sampling Error for Proportions = p Standard Error of p:
(1 )
p
n

z-Score for a Proportion:
p
p
z

Confidence Interval for :

/ 2
(1 ) p p
p z
n

t
Margin of Error for Estimating :
/ 2
(1 )
e z
n

; Sample Size for Estimating :
2
/ 2
2
(1 ) z
n
e

Power of the Test: Power = 1 ; where is the probability of a Type II Error.
z-Test Statistic for Proportions:
0
0 0
(1 )
p
z
n

; Chi-Square Test Statistic:

2
2
2
( 1)
x
x
n s