APPENDIX

Population Mean and Standard Deviation for Ungrouped Data:

∑𝑥
𝜇=
𝑁

2 (∑ 𝑥)2
√∑ 𝑥 − 𝑁
𝜎=
𝑁

Sample Mean and Standard Deviation for Ungrouped Data:

∑𝑥
𝑥̅ =
𝑛

2
∑ 𝑥 2 − (∑ 𝑥)
√ 𝑛
𝑠=
𝑛−1

Population Mean and Standard Deviation for Grouped Data:

∑ 𝑚𝑓
𝜇=
𝑁

2 (∑ 𝑚𝑓)2
√∑ 𝑚 𝑓 − 𝑁
𝜎=
𝑁

Sample Mean and Standard Deviation for Grouped Data:

∑ 𝑚𝑓
𝑥̅ =
𝑛

2
∑ 𝑚 2 𝑓 − (∑ 𝑚𝑓)
√ 𝑛
𝑠=
𝑛−1

Chebyshev’s theorem:

1
1− ;𝑘 > 1
𝑘2
Coefficient of Variation (CV):
𝜎
𝐶𝑉 = x 100%
𝜇
𝑠
𝐶𝑉 = x 100%
𝑥̅

Conditional Probability:

𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝑃 (𝐴 | 𝐵) =
𝑃(𝐵)

Addition Rule:

𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

Multiplication Rule:

𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃 (𝐵 | 𝐴)

Mean and Standard Deviation of Discrete Probability Distribution:

µ = 𝛴 𝑥 𝑃(𝑥)

𝜎 = √Σ 𝑥 2 P(x) − µ2

Binomial Probability Distribution:

𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = 𝑛𝐶𝑥 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞 (𝑛−𝑥)

Poisson Probability Distribution:

𝑒 −𝜆 𝜆𝑥
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) =
𝑥!

Normal Probability Distribution:

𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
Sampling Distribution of Sample Mean:

𝜇𝑥̅ = 𝜇

𝜎
𝜎𝑥̅ =
√𝑛

𝑥̅ − 𝜇𝑥̅
𝑧=
𝜎𝑥̅

Sampling Distribution of Sample Proportion:

𝜇𝑝̂ = 𝑝

𝑝𝑞
𝜎𝑝̂ = √
𝑛

𝑝̂ − 𝜇𝑝̂
𝑧=
𝜎𝑝̂

Confidence Interval:

𝑥̅ ± 𝑧𝜎𝑥̅

𝑥̅ ± 𝑡𝑠𝑥̅

𝑝̂ ± 𝑧𝑠𝑝̂

Sum of Squares:

(∑ 𝑥)(∑ 𝑦)
𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑦 = ∑ 𝑥𝑦 −
𝑛

(∑ 𝑥)2
𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 = ∑ 𝑥 2 −
𝑛

(∑ 𝑦)2
2
𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 = ∑𝑦 −
𝑛

Regression Coefficients:

𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑦
𝑏=
𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥

𝑎 = 𝑦̅ − b𝑥̅
Standard Deviation of Errors:

𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 − 𝑏𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑦
𝑠𝑒 = √
𝑛−2

Coefficient of Determination:

𝑏𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑦
𝑟2 =
𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦

Coefficient of Correlation:

𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑦
𝑟=
√𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦

Hypothesis Tests about the Slope Coefficient, B:

𝑏−𝐵
𝑡=
𝑠𝑏

𝑠𝑒
𝑠𝑏 =
√𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥

𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 2