8

Workbook

Beena Sugathan

New Delhi • Mumbai • Chennai • Kolkata • Bengaluru • Hyderabad • Kochi • Guwahati

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 Preface
As an internationally accepted language, English plays a central role in shaping the
careers and lives of young people worldwide. For Indians, English is not only a window
to the world, but a bridge between the languages and cultures at home. It carries the
images of progress and modernity, and is a synonym for success in the globalized world.
Consequently, there is tremendous demand for quality English education.
In order to understand, interpret and respond effectively to a fast-changing world,
learners require applied practice and the best-available language-learning tools.
In Real English, learners and facilitators will find a systematic exposition of language
concepts and thorough practice for each language skill, with focus on the larger goal of
language-enabling.
The workbook reinforces the concepts learnt in the coursebook through extra
exercises. It is guided by the twin objectives of ELT, language development and language
use, in its structuring and grading of exercises and activities. It provides exposure to
language in a variety of contexts with ample scope for practice.
The workbook complements the coursebook. It helps develop and reinforce concepts
of grammar, offers practice in contemporary usage, develops vocabulary and facilitates
development and honing of the skills of reasoning and interpretation of facts, figures,
tables and pictures. Its distinguishing feature is its easy accessibility to both teacher and
learner. The instructions are clear and focused. It promotes gradual learner autonomy in
learning and practising language. It also facilitates the development of cognitive skills and
encourages creativity.
Real English workbooks offer an excellent language-learning experience with
challenge and fun.
Beena Sugathan
 Contents
1. Modal Auxiliaries 1
2. Tenses 5
3. Non-Finite Forms of Verbs 15
4. Advertisements 18
5. Purpose and Cause 21
6. Subject–Verb Agreement 23
7. Punctuation 26
8. Making Friends 27
9. Idioms 29
10. Interrogative Sentences 30
11. Question Tags 34
12. Short Responses 36
13. Additions to Remarks 38
14. Reported Speech 41
15. Prefixes and Suffixes 44
16. Synonyms and Antonyms 47
17. Active Voice and Passive Voice 48
18. Comics 49
19. Conditionals 51
20. A Film Review 56
21. Future Time Reference 57
22. Dare to Dream 59
23. Relative Clauses 61
24. Writing a Letter 65
25. Do, Have, Make, Take, Give 68
 1 Modal Auxiliaries
Read the short passage and study the modal auxiliaries given in italics.
It is said that one person’s bravery can change another person’s destiny. 13-year-old
Sumit was destined to have another lease of life, thanks to the timely act of bravery
by a stranger. Maybe he would have drowned and perished in the deep waters of
the pond in his village in Bhiwani had it not been for the timely help by a stranger
named Sukhbir Singh. He is physically handicapped and cannot do many things that
an able-bodied person can easily do but may not do. But Sukhbir proved that he could
do extraordinary things like saving someone’s life. He can be called an unlikely hero
who is willing to walk into hell at the call of the needy. You can honour brave men
and women for their acts of bravery and it may inspire millions more. The act of one
person can make a difference and maybe change the destiny of the nation.

Ability in the Present

• We use can and cannot to suggest ability in the present.
We can help others. A lame person cannot walk properly.
We can use is/are/am able to instead of can, but can is used more often.

Ability in the Past

• We use could to suggest general ability in the past.
When he was ten years old, he could play cricket well.
• We use could not to suggest ability in the past, in both general and particular
situations.
Most children couldn’t do the kind of things that he did with ease.
• We use were/was able to to suggest ability in a particular situation
ation
in the past.
When he was in class VII, he was able to play guitar.
• If the action was especially difficult, we can use managed to.
In spite of his poor financial resources he has managed to
buy a number of musical instruments.

Ability in the Future

• To speak about ability in the future we use will be able to.
He will soon be able to get a driving licence.
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 Requests and Permission
• We use could you or would you when we ask someone to do something. They are
more polite than can.
Could you please ring her up?
Would you please give her the message?
• We use can, could and may to ask for permission. Could is more polite than can.
Can we go now?
Can we take a leaflet with us? Of course, you can.
Could we ask them to help us?
• May is more polite than can.
May I bring a few samples to show you?
• We use can’t to refuse permission.
But you can’t give the same type of design to them.
• We often use be allowed to to ask for, give or refuse official permission, which
requires rules and regulations to be followed.
You are not allowed to charge more than the maximum retail price printed
on the packet.
Are they allowed to sell it without the original packing?
• We use be allowed to to suggest permission received in the past, or to be received
in the future.
Last year we were not allowed to sell a similar product at a higher price.
We will be allowed to sell our product at a higher price.

A. Rewrite the descripƟve sentences given below using could you or would you.
An example has been given.
They asked the salesman to tell them all about the product.
Could you please tell us all about the product?
Would you please tell us all about the product?
1. They asked the salesman to tell them the unique features of the product.

2. They asked the salesman to tell them the benefits of using it.

3. They asked the salesman to explain how it worked.

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 4. They asked the salesman to tell them if a similar product of another company
existed.

B. Mohan and David asked for permission to do the following tasks. Ask their
quesƟons using may or can.
1. They wanted to see the leaflets. Can/May we see the leaflets?

2. They wanted to look at the samples.

3. Mohan wanted to test the samples.

4. They wanted to wait and see the results.

5. They wanted to come again after a month.

C. Extend the conversaƟon between two salespersons and David, and enact
the scene in your classroom.
David : Can I test this gadget here?
Salesgirl : Yes, sir, you can.
Salesman : No, sir, I am sorry. You can’t. You are not allowed to test it here.

D. Complete the leƩer Mohan and his fellow students wrote to the manager
of a factory to visit the factory on a certain day. Use could you please/
would you please/are we allowed to.
Dear Sir
We are a group of science students who wish to visit your
factory to have first-hand experience of the working of a
factory. give
us permission to visit the factory in the second week of
November? As we are interested in seeing for ourselves how
the employees work, allow us to visit
that section of your factory?
handle some of the equipment to see how they work?
take photographs in
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 the premises? arrange a tour of the factory with a
guide? let us know if we take
food and drinks with us? let us know in advance the
procedure needed to organize this visit to the factory?
Yours faithfully

Have to, Used to, Need, Dare

In olden days people used to show genuine respect to politicians. Nowadays things are
different. Usually a politician has to face a lot of criticism from the public. Therefore
he needs to be patient to explain things to people. He dare not take unpopular policy
decisions for fear of losing votes.

E. Look at the list of professions. What kind of person would be suited to do

each of these jobs? Write sentences using modals and expressions such as
I believe, I would say that, I would think that and As far as I can see. The
Įrst one has been done as an example.

lawyer doctor accountant teacher musician

pilot advertising executive politician

I think a lawyer needs to argue well.

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 2 Tenses
Read the passage and study the italicized words. They show the different tenses of verbs.
In 2006 during the monsoon season there were unprecedented floods in Barmer in
Rajasthan. This desert area has not seen floods in the last 200 years. In the light of such
reports, experts are raising the fear of global warming and its impact on the earth.
They say that it is all due to the burning of the fossil fuels and other harmful actions
that we have taken that the world is suffering such unusual weather. We learn from
history that human race has always survived inclement weather, it has always adapted
itself to the surroundings. The Eskimos have been living in their igloos for centuries.
As primitive people, once our ancestors were roaming about in the jungles. As Stone
Age people they had been living the life of hunters. They
had lived in caves before they built houses for themselves.
According to experts rainwater harvesting in areas that
see excessive rain at one time of the year will help in raising
the water table. A raised water table will be providing us
enough water for our basic needs. If rainwater harvesting
is done, it is hoped that in a matter of a few years the
water table will have risen to a comfortable level. When
everybody gets enough water, we shall have been conserving
this precious commodity for a long time.
say, is, learn, see, gets – simple present tense
are raising, is suffering – present continuous tense
has not seen, have taken, has always survived, has always adapted – present perfect
tense
have been living – present perfect continuous tense
were, built – simple past tense
were roaming – past continuous tense
had lived – past perfect tense
had been living – past perfect continuous tense
will help – simple future tense
will be providing – future continuous tense
will have risen – future perfect tense
shall have been conserving – future perfect continuous tense

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 A. Read the following leƩer wriƩen by a girl who is on a visit to the naƟonal
capital. Fill in the blanks with the correct tense forms of the verbs given in
brackets.
Dear Sujata
I have been (be) here for two days now and
(let) me (tell) you, I
(enjoy) every minute of it. Delhi (be)
really an exciting city and so far nothing terrible
(happen) to us. The media
(show) the crime graph soaring in the
national capital. We (hear) so much
about it, don’t we? So, perhaps, it isn’t as bad as they (say) it (be).
Everyday we (go) out for sight-seeing and shopping. I must say, certain
things (be) a lot more expensive here than what they (be) back
home. But other things (be) much cheaper. Yesterday I (buy)
two pretty skirts, one for you and one for me. I (hope) you (like) it.
Tomorrow we (go) to the Trade Fair. They (organize)
this fair in November for a fortnight every year. My friend already
(warn) me that the whole place (will) be teeming with
people! How I (wish) you (be) here! It (will) be fun to
be jostling with the crowd (provided we don’t get lost!).
I (hope) you (be) fine now after the illness. When I
(get) back, I (want) to tell you all about the exciting places of tourist
interest in Delhi.
I (look) forward to meeting you.
Love
Mili

Simple Present Tense

Study the italicized verbs.
Scientists say that the effects of global warming are already upon us. Floods in the
desert and drought in some of the wettest places on the planet are some of the strange
weather patterns that people experience in different parts of the world. They suffer from
such wildly unpredictable weather. Rajasthan struggles to cope with copious amount
of rainfall in its desert regions whereas Assam faces a drought. Natural calamities come
in various forms. Heavy rainfall causes severe floods. We know that lack of rainfall in
a region for a long period leads to severe droughts in that area. Some atmospheric
conditions result in super-cyclones that cause devastation in our coastal areas. We
6
need to be prepared for the worst in terms of natural calamities.
Present ConƟnuous Tense
Uses
• For something happening in the present
Please don’t disturb them. They are watching their favourite programme.
Look, that boy is talking to the watchman.
• For a routine or a temporary situation
At the moment she is preparing a thesis.
• We can use present continuous with always to mean ‘very often’ or ‘too often’.
He is always talking in the class.

Present Perfect Tense

Monica Have you ever been to the Andaman and Nicobar islands?
:
Manish I have never been to those islands.
:
Pranav Have you seen corals?
:
Pamela I have never seen corals.
:
Monica Have you travelled in a glass-bottomed boat, Pranav?
:
Pranav Never. But I have gone on a sea voyage, of course.
:
Monica Have you heard of the Cellular Jail? Have you read about the exiled
:
freedom fighters?
Pamela : I have seen a documentary film about them.
Uses
• For a completed action with just and already and in sentences with not . . . yet.
They haven’t exhibited those landscape paintings yet.
• Use already, often and never after the auxiliary verbs have, do and be but before the
main verbs.
She has already given the finishing touches to the portrait.
• For a completed action at an unknown time, not stated, often with ever and
never.
Have you ever painted any portrait?
If you have never attempted to do a portrait before, you may try it now.
• With verbs not normally used in the continuous tense such as be, have, know,
like, see.
Have you known the master painter for long?

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 B. Complete the following sentences using the present perfect tense of the
verbs given. The Įrst two have been done as examples.
1. The parents have set (set) the furniture properly.
2. Sanjay has removed (remove) the old newspapers from the shelf.
3. He (arrange) the books properly on the shelf.
4. He (discard) the faded flowers from the vase.
5. He (place) new ones instead.
6. Mira (dust) the furniture.
7. She (cook) five delicious dishes.
8. Sanjay and Sonia (wash) the plates.
9. Sonia (wipe) the plates.
10. The children (lay) the table for their guests.
11. They (place) the main plates and the side plates.
12. They (keep) the teaspoons and the soup bowl beside each plate.
13. Sonia (put) a paper napkin with each plate.
14. She (keep) some seasonal fruits in the fruit bowl.
15. Mohan (insert) a clean towel on the towel holder near the washbasin.
16. He (replace) the small cake of soap with liquid soap.

Present Perfect ConƟnuous Tense

Uses
• Shows an action that has been going on continuously or repeatedly over a period
of time, starting in the past and extending up to the present.
The girl has been studying in that college over two years.
• Shows the progressive performance in the past of an activity that is now complete
and is connected with the present in some way.
Her parents have been looking for a suitable bridegroom for her.
• Used often with verbs that suggest time-consuming actions such as do, learn,
live, play, rain, read, sleep, wait, work and so on.
The girl has been learning classical dance for five years now.
• We use since and for usually with a verb in the present perfect continuous tense,
to say how long something has been happening.
We use for to denote a period of time and since to denote a point of time.

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 They have been waiting for two hours.
They have been working since 7 o’clock in the morning.

C. Make correct sentences using one phrase from each of the four columns.
Use the correct tense forms of the verbs given. The Įrst one has been done
as an example.

A hermit live in a dense forest for decades

A king search for a few answers for long
A number of answer those questions ever since
scholars
His Royal dismiss all of them as incorrect already
Highness answers
The questions torment the king’s mind ever since
He not get the correct answers yet

A hermit has been living in a dense forest for decades.

Present Perfect Tense and Present Perfect ConƟnuous Tense

Compare the pairs of sentences showing present perfect and present perfect continuous
tenses.
He has worked for ten years. (present perfect)
He has been working for ten years. (present perfect continuous)
Look at the ground. It has rained. (present perfect)
It has been raining for three hours. (present perfect continuous)

D. Fill in the blanks with the present perfect conƟnuous tense or the present
perfect tense of the verbs given in brackets.
1. Sharma and his family (live) in New Delhi since 2004 and they
like the city.
2. We (know) Sheila’s family ever since she was a small child.
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 3. The girl (become) very tall now.
4. She (not meet) their cousins in their ancestral village since last
summer.
5. The boys (not write) to her for a long time.
6. The eldest son (visit) his uncle many times before.
7. The younger boy never (come) to the capital city.
8. Her father (wait) for almost three months now for a transfer.
9. He (work) for that company for two years now.
10. It (rain) since 5 o’clock and there are still clouds.
11. Frankly, I (have) nothing to eat since 10 o’clock.
12. I (try) to finish this work since morning.

Simple Past Tense

I was in my friend’s house.
What date was it? It was 2 May.

E. Fill in the blanks using the simple past tense or simple present tense of the
verbs given in brackets.
Sheila : I (suppose) you (know) how to knit, do you?
Maya : Yes, but not very well, I (be) afraid. I (learn) knitting
only last winter. But I (be) not good at
it. I (be) too slow at it. When
you (learn) knitting?
Sheila : Oh, I (learn) it the year
I (join) this school. My craft
teacher really (encourage) me to
knit it and I (pick) it up pretty fast. I have seen my grandmother
knitting. It (be) not very difficult, I (think).

Past ConƟnuous Tense

It is used for an action that was happening, but not completed at a particular time in the past.
The teacher was narrating an incident and the students were listening.
The continuous form of the verb is more vivid and descriptive, whereas the simple form is
rather impersonal and detached. Compare the two sentences.
The cows were grazing on the meadows.
The cows grazed on the meadows.
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Sometimes one past action interrupts another. We use the past continuous for the action that
was already happening to describe the background and the past simple for the interrupting
action.
She was talking to him when suddenly they heard a loud scream.

F. Complete the following conversaƟon using the simple past or past

conƟnuous tense of the verbs given in brackets.
Inspector : What were you doing (do) at your friend’s house?
Witness : We (discuss) next week’s programme.
Inspector : you (notice) anything unusual?
Witness : Honestly, I (not notice) anything unusual.
Inspector : When you (feel) that something was amiss?
Witness : I (feel) so when I (hear) something falling outside.
Inspector : you (look) outside at that time?
Witness : Of course, we (look) around, and after some time we
(see) one of the two accomplices. He (try)
to get out of a pit into which he had fallen.
The other man (see) us coming
and (run) away. It (be)
completely dark.
Inspector : Why you (not catch)
him red handed?
Witness : Frankly speaking, we (be)
afraid initially. Then my neighbour
(come) out of the house with a torch. It
(be) at the same time that the fellow (manage) to
scramble out of the pit. We (try) to catch him, but in
vain. We (give) him a spirited chase. But as luck would
have it, he (disappear) under the cover of darkness.

G. Read what one of the neighbours had to say about the above menƟoned
incident. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given in
brackets.
I (work) in the kitchen at that time. I (prepare)
dinner. Then I (hear) a loud thud. I (look) out of the
window. I (see) two people running away. I (be) so frightened
that I (lock) the door and windows and (remain) inside.

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 H. Read what her husband had to say. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms
of the verbs given in brackets.
I (ride) my scooter when suddenly I (notice) a man
sneaking past. I (think) it (be) strange. After a minute or so,
another man almost (jump) in front of my scooter. It (take)
me by surprise. I (be) scared that my scooter would hit him. I
(get) panicky and I (swerve) the scooter to the side and nearly
(hit) a tree on the side.

I. Grammar game
Every student will write the first part of a sentence using the past continuous tense +
when on the top of a sheet of a paper.
I was sleeping when . . .
Fold the sheet so that the first part of the sentence is at the back. Exchange the sheet.
He/She will write the second part of the sentence using suddenly + simple past tense.
. . . suddenly I fell off the cot.
Read out the completed sentences in the class. Each student will read one sentence
each.

Past Perfect Tense

Uses
• Describes an action completed before a certain time in the past.
He had met a specialist two weeks before.
He had taken the medicine for five days; then he stopped that medicine and
went to the specialist again.
• Shows an action that had happened earlier than the first action, if there are two
actions and if both of them occurred in the past.
He had already left the hospital by the time his cousin reached the place.
When he came home, his sister had already reached there.
• It is the equivalent of the present perfect.
He had written to the chief and informed him about the illness.
• When it is used in indirect speech, the present perfect tense becomes the past
perfect tense.
He said, ‘I have taken this medicine before.’ – He said that he had taken that
medicine before.

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 The simple past becomes the past perfect.
He said, ‘I consulted the doctor in St John’s Hospital.’ – He said that he had
consulted the doctor in St John’s Hospital.

J. Read the dialogue among friends about a recent Ňood in one of the districts
of their state. Fill in the blanks with the simple past or the past perfect forms
of the verbs given in brackets.
Mahesh : The monsoon season already (set) in before the
municipal authorities (begin) their repair work of the drains.
Ali : But to their credit, I must say, the authorities (prepare)
an emergency plan before heavy rains (lash) the city for five
consecutive days.
Paul : There is nothing to be proud of, Ali. The people living in low-lying areas
(give) up hope even before they (see)
the heavy downpour.
David : It’s such a pity! The people in the worst affected areas
(flee) their homes before the floodwater (submerge) the
entire area.
Mahesh : It’s scary. After the floodwater (inundate) those areas,
the authorities (start) transporting the affected people to
safer places.
Paul : Several youngsters and voluntary organizations (swing)
into action much before government agencies finally
(arrive) with help.
Mahesh : The irate people (accuse) them of negligence and
indifference because they (not supply) food or any
essential medicines.
Paul : They (become) pacified only after the senior officers
(intervene).
Ali : The volunteers (put) up temporary shelters before the
government agencies (bring) food and medicine.
David : Epidemics (break) out before the floodwater finally
(recede).
Ali : The authorities (release) compensation money after they
(receive) many complaints about inadequate relief.

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 Revision Exercise in Tenses
K. Complete the following dialogue. Use the correct forms of the verbs given in
brackets.
Krishna : Hi, Shiva! How was (be) your trip to Mumbai?
Shiva : It (be) wonderful. I really (enjoy) it.
Krishna : How long you (stay) there?
Shiva : We (stay) there for three weeks.
Krishna : Great! you (go) to Pune?
Shiva : Yes, we (do). It (be) a beautiful city.
Krishna : What you (do) there?
Shiva : Well, we (visit) the local tourist attractions. Then we
(go) to Mahabaleshwar. The journey (be) fantastic. You
(know), there (be) a famous lake. Film shooting
(take) place there very often. In fact, one day we (see)
the shooting of a film. I (meet) Ashwini and Khan.
Krishna : Wow, Shiva, You (be) really lucky.
Shiva : Watching a shooting (be) really fun at first. But the novelty
(wear) off with all those taking and retaking of the same scene.
It (become) so boring.
Krishna : Still, you (can see) Ashwini and Khan. I
(wish) I (be) there too.
Shiva : I (understand). You (be) his great fan, aren’t you? By
the way, you (want) to see the snaps that I (take)?
Krishna : Sure!

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 3 Non-Finite Forms of Verbs
Read the story and study the italicized words.
An old man who lived a good life saw that his years were waning
away. One day he said to himself, ‘Having led a pious life, I think
I have the right to ask something from God.’ He was sure of getting
his wish granted instantly.
And he prayed, ‘O Lord, hear me. I’ve been a good man. I’ve never
asked anything of you before. I’m grateful for all you have given me.
Now I would like to request you to grant me just one thing. Please,
bless me! How I wish to win the lottery! Let me win a lottery.’
Weeks passed and nothing happened, but the disappointed man went
on praying, with tears rolling down his cheeks. And finally, looking
up at the heavens, the crying man said, ‘Lord, will you give me a
break? All I’m asking is let me hit the jackpot.’
A smiling face replied immediately, ‘At least buy a ticket.’

The infinitive of a verb is the base form, for example, ask, request, grant, stand, talk, want
and drink. The infinitive is often used with to in front of it. It is used after certain verbs.
I would like to request you to grant me just one thing. How I wish to win the lottery!
I would like to meet him. I want to discuss this urgent matter.
A participle is a form of verb that can be used as an adjective to describe a noun. Participles
can be present participles (-ing form) or past participles (-ed form) of verbs.
a crying child = a child that is crying (present participle)
a smiling face = a face that is smiling (present participle)
the disappointed man = the man who was disappointed (past participle)
Having gone that far, he couldn’t walk back home to be on time for the ceremony. =
He had gone that far and he couldn’t walk back home to be on time for the ceremony.
(perfect participle)
Having led a pious life, I think I have the right.

A. Use the verbs given in the box and Įll in the blanks with suitable present
parƟciples. An example has been given.
neigh bark growl bellow drone
chirp croak trumpet squeak
15
 the chattering children
1. a horse 4. a dog 7. a bear
2. bulls 5. beetles 8. mice
3. frogs 6. sparrows 9. elephants

B. Use the words given in the box and Įll in the blanks with suitable past
parƟciples. An example has been given.
damage write dent print polish
construct paint break fall manage

a stained carpet
1. a chair 6. a parcel
2. a tree 7. a hand- message
3. a car 8. paper
4. a wall 9. a newly- bridge
5. a well- company 10. a pair of shoes

C. Read the paragraph. Use the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets
(to-inĮniƟves or parƟciples, -ed/-ing form of verbs).
14 October is (celebrate) as World Standards Day. With rapid
scientific and technological development, there is an urgent need
(bring) order and stability through formulation of worldwide standards. International
Standards are acceptable to all countries of the world, both the
(develop) and the (develop). International Standards play a vital
role in (facilitate) the smooth flow of goods and services from one
country to the other without any friction and conflict. This is of great significance
as these standards are (develop) jointly by all concerned countries.
It is (believe) that the WTO-TBT Agreement will encourage the
harmonization of regulatory policies through the use of International Standards.
This is expected (usher) in greater industrial development and
prosperity in the world. Standards, whether national or international, help in
(create) conditions conducive to the prosperity of the country and
the world community.
Adherence to standards helps (maintain) high levels of safety,
performance and quality in a vast range of products and services. They help in
(ensure) environmental friendliness as well.

16
 In India the Bureau of Indian Standards is the authority that has
been (establish) in order (keep) a
watch on quality. It goes all out (make) sure that
the quality of products and operational systems conforms to the
(desire) standards. It does this through products
certification, i.e. grant of ISI mark on products quality systems
certification as per IS 9000 series, Environmental Management
Systems Certification, Certification of Imported Goods,
Certification for Food Safety, Hallmarking of gold jewellery for
purity, etc.

D. Read the following circular. Fill in the blanks with the correct opƟons from
brackets.
Dear Parents
I am delighted (to inform/informing/informed) you that we will
be having a Fun-Fete for the school children and their parents
(to celebrate/celebrating/celebrated) Christmas. You are cordially invited
(to attend/attending/attended) that Fun-Fete in the (to sprawl/
sprawling/sprawled) school quadrangle between 9 a.m. and 12 noon on Saturday
22 December. There will be fun- (to fill/filling/filled) games,
(to tempt/tempting/tempted) ice creams, mouth- (to
water/watering/watered) snacks and delicacies in the food stalls and
(to enchant/enchanting/enchanted) paintings and (to captivate/
captivating/captivated) craft items for sale.
I take this opportunity (to wish/wishing/wished) you a Merry
Christmas and a Happy New Year. We do look forward to meeting you.
With regards
Teacher-in-charge

17
 4 Advertisements
Study the advertisement given below.

Cooking at a snail’s pace? Bring in LIFTER and lift your lifestyle.

• Stainless steel stove

• Auto-ignition system with 3-year warranty
• Adjustable gas pipe nozzle
• Adjustable ‘easy-to-remove and clean’ pan supporters
• Unique jet burners
• Blue flame adjuster with locking system
• Also available with three burners
• A product from an ISO 9001 company
NEVER BEFORE OFFER!
Exchange your old gas stove. Save up to `1000.
LIFTER lifts up your lifestyle
Rush to Victor Home Appliances, The Central Market, Vijay Vihar
www.liftergasstove.com

A. Study the features of the adverƟsement and its contents. On the basis of
your reading of the adverƟsement, answer the following.
1. What is the product being advertised?
2. Who is the advertiser? Where can you buy this product?
3. Who is this advertisement targeted at? Are you among the target audience?
18
 4. What is the attraction for people already using gas stoves?
5. What is the slogan used by the gas stove company?
6. List four features of the Lifter gas stove.
7. What is the choice in the case of burners?
8. What does ISO 9001 signify?
9. What is the warranty period?
10. What does the advertiser claim the product can do?
11. What does auto-ignition mean?
12. Does the picture in the advertisement give a true image?
13. Does the advertisement seem honest and truthful?
14. How does the advertiser use words? Select two relevant words used to attract, to
persuade, to entertain, to amuse and to inform.
15. With what particular way of life does the advertisement connect the product?
Select the most relevant word from the options given:
a) rustic life
b) urban life
c) rural life

B. Imagine that your adverƟsing agency has been asked to draŌ an aƩracƟve
adverƟsement for a range of lightweight suitcases in pastel shades which
is to be launched soon by Pack Well Industries, Industrial Estate, Bandra,
Mumbai. DraŌ a suitable adverƟsement.

19
 C. A manufacturing company called Bright CosmeƟcs, located in Ambala, is
going to introduce a new brand of toothpaste called Bright with a unique
polishing agent containing the parƟcles that are eīecƟve against surface
stains and discolouraƟon. The manufacturers claim that its mulƟ-acƟon
formula helps in safe cleaning, removing plaque, ĮghƟng caviƟes, whitening
teeth and freshening breath. DraŌ a suitable adverƟsement for the product.
The slogan is ‘Bright for cleaner, whiter and healthier teeth’.

20
 5 Purpose and Cause
The to-infinitives in these sentences show ‘purpose’.
Hemant used a nail to fix the portrait on the wall.
A hammer was used to push the nail into the wall.
He needed another nail to hang the calendar on the wall. ll.
Sheena used a knife to cut vegetables and fruits.
She used a spoon to serve the food.
The child used a spoon to eat the noodles.
Several verbs are followed by the infinitives.
refuse to do, choose not to comment, decide to continue, manage to survive, threaten
to leave, agree to come, afford to buy, hope to complete, forget to inform
Study these sentences:
The beauty of a simple yet powerful vision is that it is easy to understand, to communicate,
to share and to move towards.
He came here to tell you the truth. He walked away to get some rest.
Some verbs are called bare infinitives because they do not take the preposition to before
them and do not have -ing following them.
A bare infinitive is used as a complement of verbs like let, see, hear, feel, notice, observe, have,
watch, make, overhear. Study these sentences:
I let him go there. He made her cry.
I heard them whisper among themselves.
Other examples:
He had better resign rather than continue in disgrace. (after had better, rather than)
These days the boy does nothing but watch cricket match on TV. The girl does nothing
except talk on the mobile phone all the time. (after but/except)
It is easier to find fault with the work than do it well. (after comparative form + …
than)

A. Read these sentences and Įll in the blanks with suitable verbs from the
box with or without the preposiƟon to before them. The Įrst two have
been done as examples.

21
 repeat do break give understand rise
decide tell sign talk tremble move discuss

1. Let the women have their say in the matter.

2. The manager found it difficult to believe the story.
3. The watchmen were trying him whatever they had experienced.
4. He told them not the same mistake.
5. Manish saw the culprits open the lock of the front door.
6. Sanjay noticed two strangers suspiciously among the employees.
7. He could not think of what in that particular case.
8. Sheena observed the police officer instructions to his men.
9. They came over the matter with their superiors.
10. The investigating officers will meet the future course of action.
11. The officer made him the documents.
12. They overheard the peons about the shocking incident.
13. He made her the significance of this event.
14. He felt her anger to a new high.
15. He heard her voice as she was talking about the theft.

B. Match the parts of sentences in columns A and B to make meaningful

sentences.

A B
1. David went there
2. He read the document aloud
3. He told them the episode
4. He lifted the heavy box
5. It is impossible
6. It is important
7. The purpose of school trips is
8. The boys were taken there
a. to move it out of the way.
b. to give children first-hand experience.
c. to get hands-on experience of the
latest technology.
d. to understand it better.
e. to share his agony.
f. to give the message.
g. to have a good handwriting.
h. to read this shabbily written paragraph.

22
 6 Subject–Verb Agreement
A. Read the interview and Įll in the blanks with the correct opƟons from
brackets.
Interviewer : Congratulations, madam, your latest
film
(has become/have become) a
smashing hit. A lot of compliments
(is coming/
are coming) your way from the film
fraternity as well as critics and audience.
Now, do you feel on top of the world?
Actor : Yes, I (does/do), of course
and thanks. One (feels/feel)
good, especially after all those not-so-
polite terms used by the same critics against one’s last film.
Interviewer : You (is/are) right, ma’am. But your debut film
(was/were) well received four years ago, wasn’t it?
Actor : Yes, we received a lot of accolades for that. Thankfully, the next two
films (was/were) also appreciated. But success
(puts/put) a lot of responsibility on you. People
(expects/expect) you to be successful all the time. (Is/Are)
it possible?
Interviewer : True, a celebrity (gets/get) a lot of bouquets, and brickbats
as well. But what, according to you, (was/were) the possible
reasons for criticism during that not-so-successful phase?
Actor : Maybe, I (was/were) not careful about the roles, probably
looking at them superficially. I realized that when people who really
(cares/care) for me told me the truth. They reminded
me that I (was losing/were losing) my identity. ‘Don’t
follow the crowd,’ they warned me. I (has/have) to
hold on to my identity, all the time. And I (am/is) glad
I did.
Interviewer : The result (is/are) here, for all to see, isn’t it?
Actor : Yes, I (has/have) always believed that things would
change and they did. You see, my biggest dream of being an actor
23
 (has been fulfilled/have been fulfilled).
Thereafter, after the first film, I (means/mean), maybe,
I (was resting/were resting) on my laurels. But
now I (am/are) careful of the roles I do. And in future
too, I’ll be particularly choosy, so to speak.
Interviewer : And congratulations once again and best wishes for all future
endeavours. On behalf of our viewers, I (thanks/
thank) you very much indeed for sparing your valuable time.
I (wishes/wish) we had some more time.
Actor : My pleasure. Thank you.
A verb must agree with its subject in number and person. The error of proximity can occur
when the verb is made to agree with a noun near it instead of being in agreement with its
proper subject.
The condition of the two victims of the road accident is not known.
One of the workers belongs to this town.

B. Choose the correct opƟon. An example has been given.

A cup of coffee has (has/have) been made with the leftover milk.
1. The graphics (convey/conveys) the message better than the text.
2. The data collected (prove/proves) beyond doubt that we
(has/have) made a lot of progress.
3. The media baron (try/tries) to have his way in all matters related to
the press.
4. The latest police report (say/says) that the situation in the trouble-
torn area (are/is) now well under control.
5. A two-thirds majority (is/are) needed to amend the Indian constitution,
but last month a majority of the Lower House (was/were) opposed to
the proposed bill.
6. A majority of journalists (agrees/agree) with the proposed reforms.
7. A number of such fraudulent cases (has/have) been reported.
8. The police (has/have) not given any new details about the case.
9. Four students (was/were) injured and all (has/have) been
admitted to hospital.
10. Three of them (has/have) suffered serious injuries.
11. The number shown in the report (is/are) much lower than the actual
casualty.
24
 12. The press release (says/say) that a number of people
(was/were) questioned during the investigation.
13. The news (has/have) been broadcast by all channels.
14. The media (has/have) sensationalized the incident.

C. Choose the correct opƟon.

1. One of the clinics (is/are) located close to his house.
2. The collection of the samples (is/are) done in the morning.
3. The results of the investigation (shows/show) a lot of improvement.
4. The assistants working in the laboratory (is/are) skilled people.
5. One of those men (has/have) been trained by a nutritionist.
6. The quality of their experiments (is/are) never in doubt.
7. Their knowledge in the medicinal value of local herbs (is/are) also very
helpful to treat these minor ailments.
8. The state of affairs in the lab (is/are) worthy of emulation.

D. Use the correct forms of the verb be (is, am, was, are, were) to Įll in the
blanks.
1. The dispensary located in the heart of the town.
2. One of the doctors a paediatrician.
3. Most of the attendants local people.
4. I not a doctor; but she a surgeon.
5. Yesterday I not well and they on leave.
6. They not present at the counter now.
7. One of the administrators a general physician.
8. Three trainees recruited last week.

25
 7 Punctuation
The aim of punctuation is to make writing clear.
• Capital letters are used at the beginning of a sentence, for names and the pronoun I.
The principal of St Mary’s School, Ms Sheila Mehta, was present at the
event.
• A full stop is used to mark the end of a sentence.
• A comma represents short pauses that we make while speaking. It is used at
word level and phrase level.
It was a warm, fresh, splendid morning.
• A comma introduces direct speech.
He said, ‘I was badly hurt.’
• Commas are used in pairs to separate elements that are not part of the main
statement.
The boy, of course, is good at studies.

Punctuate the following passage.

Two mountaineers named sandy irvine and

george mallory had made an unsuccessful
attempt to conquer the mountain almost
thirty years before sir edmund hillary and
tenzing norgay reached the summit andrew
salkeld co-author of a book on the mystery of
mallory and irvine is an authority on everest
he says irvine and his climbing companion
were spotted on the north-east ridge on
June 8 1924 by noel odell i saw them going
strong towards the top what happened to
them afterwards is an enduring mystery

26
 8 Making Friends
Read the dialogue between a mother and her daughter about making friends.
Mother : Rakhee, what is the matter with you? What
do you mean you have no friends at school?
Rakhee : Yes, mom, I really have no friends here.
Mother : Yes, my child, we have just shifted to this
place. Did you ever try to make friends with
the other girls of your class?
Rakhee : Yeah, I did. But somehow I can’t find
anyone who is really friendly to me.
Mother : Well, whose fault do you think it is, Rakhee?
Rakhee : How can I say that? I don’t know. They just say, ‘hello’ to me and that’s
it. Then they move away.
Mother : But why?
Rakhee : How should I know?
Mother : Rakhee, you miss your old friends, don’t you? Isn’t it possible that you are
not friendly enough towards the new classmates here?
Rakhee : What do you mean? I don’t understand.
Mother : See, you have come from a big city. These girls are new to you. They
probably think you may be snobbish or snooty from the way you talk
to them. They may be thinking that you may not like to talk to them.
Rakhee, you have to go out of your way to make friends with them. You
have to prove that you are a friendly person. After all, you had a number
of friends at the previous school.
Rakhee : Mom, do you think it will work?
Mother : Of course, it will. You can’t make friends if you don’t try. I mean, you
have got to meet them at least half the way. You are still quite new to this
place. These things take time, my child.
Rakhee : I know, but still I feel it is strange.
Mother : Believe me, things will change. Give your classmates time to get to know
you. And on your part, do try to be friendly and get to know them better.
I am sure they are nice girls.
Rakhee : Yeah, some of them are nice, I think. Okay, let me see, mom.

27
 A. On the basis of your reading of the dialogue, idenƟfy the aƫtudes and make
inferences. What inferences can you make from the following aƫtudes? Use
the statements given below.
• She is snooty.
• They are not friendly.
• She has no friends.
• You are friendly.
• She is not friendly to her new classmates.

attitudes inferences
a) Rakhee looks sad.
b) Her classmates say hello and move away.
c) She misses her old friends.
d) The way she talks to others.
e) Try to get to know people better.

B. MenƟon three things one can do to make friends.

1.
2.
3.

C. Follow the example and write suitable quesƟon tags for these statements.
You miss your old friends, don’t you?
1. We have just shifted to this place, ?
2. You are not friendly enough towards them, ?
3. I don’t understand it well, ?
4. You have come from a big city, ?
5. These girls are new to you, ?
6. You are still quite new to this place, ?
7. These things take time, ?
8. It is strange, ?
9. It is not my fault, ?
10. Things will change, ?
28
 9 Idioms
Read these short dialogues and learn the idioms.
Mother : Sheena, what are you doing with that leaf? Why are you turning it over and over
again? Don’t be funny, Sheena.
Sheena : Yes, mom, yesterday my teacher scolded me for misbehaviour. She asked me
to turn over a new leaf. I realized I was in the wrong. I thought I should start
behaving in a more acceptable way. So I promised to turn over a new leaf. But this
is fun.

Father : Nicky, where is the spanner? I kept it here half an hour ago.
Nicky : Dad, you are looking for the spanner? Why? I saw Neil throwing a spanner in the
works.
Father : What? Don’t be funny. Neil can’t possibly do that. He is too small to cause
problems in my plan, too young to prevent things happening smoothly in the way
they were planned.

Boy : Prices are falling, food prices are falling.

Passer-by : Is he crazy? Why is he saying the prices of food are falling? Actually, aren’t they
going up?
Onlooker : Oh, yes, of course he knows that. He is just hoping that someone will make him
eat his words. I mean, someone will make him admit that he was wrong about
prices and feel foolish.
Passer-by : Why?
Onlooker : Well, he can’t afford to eat anything else now.

Interviewer : So you say the project in the present form is not viable. Do you think it is a
futile effort, a wild goose chase?
Anil : No, I didn’t say that.
Interviewer : But you didn’t deny it either.
Anil : You see, what I mean is the project is viable to some extent, maybe up
to the first stage but not beyond that. They have not been given correct
information, and if they act on incorrect information it is like wasting a lot
of time, searching for something that they have little chance of finding. Having
made that statement, I still feel that some cost-cutting can be done and it
needs to be done.
29
 10 Interrogative Sentences
Interrogative sentences are questions. They can be yes/no questions or questions that ask for
information.
Study the word order in yes/no questions: the auxiliary verb comes first, then the subject
and the main verb.
Have you seen the report? Yes, I have./No, I haven’t.
Do you understand the problem? Yes, I do./No, I don’t.
Questions that ask for information begin with question words such as what, where, when,
who, which, why, how, how many/how much, how often, how long, what sort of, what kind of,
what time and so on. We put the question word before the auxiliary verb.
What is the matter?
Where is the document?
Who has taken it?
Why has he written it this way? (asking for reason)
If who or what is the subject, the verb in the question is the same as in an affirmative
sentence.
Who writes these reports? His assistant writes them.
What happens to shabbily written reports? They are not received well.
If who or what is the object, the verb in the question is the same as in a yes/no question.
What do you think of this report? What have you got to say about it?
Compare the following:
Who has told you? (Who – subject) The manager has told me.
Who/Whom have you told about it? (Who/Whom – object) I have told the chief.
We can use what/which with or without a noun.
What day is it? Which do you prefer?
We usually use what if there are many possible answers and which if there are only a few.
What are you going to eat? Which fruit do you like,
oranges or apples?
We usually use which for people, even if there are a lot of
possible answers.
Which newspapers do you read often?
Which worker did this good deed?
30
A. Frame quesƟons using do or does from the groups of jumbled words given
below. Also punctuate the quesƟons. The Įrst one has been done as an
example.
1. Where/you/live Where do you live?
2. What/father/your/do
3. What time/father/come back/from/your/office/his
4. Where/mother/work/your
5. When/her/return/mother/your/from/of work/place
6. Where/go/you/for shopping
7. What fruits/the most/you/like
8. What vegetables/the most/you/dislike
9. When/your/homework/do/you
10. When/with/your/you/friends/play
The interrogatives who, whom, which and what can come as objects of a preposition. If there
is a preposition in the question, it usually goes at the end.
What are you searching for? Which website is it on?
In formal English we use prepositions before whom, which and what. But in informal spoken
English we normally put the preposition at the end of the sentence.
To which email ID did you send the message?/Which email ID did you send the
message to?
To whom did you convey the message?/Who did you convey the message to?
Who did you lend the CD to? Who do you wish to dedicate it to?
Who were you yelling at? Who do you wish to gift it to?
Who were you ringing up? Who did you borrow it from?
What are you taking about? What does he insist on?
What are you thinking about? What are you relying on?
What is she raving about? What does all this result in?
What are you worried about? What does she believe in?
What were you waiting for? What does it consist of ?
What is he looking for? What is he objecting to?
What do you usually associate it with? What is she pointing at?

31
 NegaƟve QuesƟons
We add not/n’t to the auxiliary verb and make a negative question. Negative questions can
express surprise, regret or annoyance.
Is there any sense in saying that?
Why shouldn’t we tell them bluntly?
Suggestions can be made with Why don’t we/you . . . ?
Why don’t we meet them?

B. Read these sentences carefully and change them into quesƟons using
do or does. The Įrst one has been done as an example.
1. My school opens on 2 July. Does your school open on 2 July?
2. It rains a lot in July.
3. The school starts at 8 o’clock.
4. My friends play football.
5. Those boys play cricket.
6. Sanjay plays table tennis well.
7. He likes classical music.
8. His sister paints well.
9. Sanjay and Sheila live with their
grandparents.
10. He does not come to school on time.
11. His friends tease him a lot.
12. Those NCC cadets go trekking every
summer.
13. You drink a lot of soft drinks.
14. Your brother complains too much.

C. Read these sentences and make negaƟve quesƟons. The Įrst one has been
done as an example.
Anil : We can’t go there now.
Sunil : Why can’t we go there now?
Amy : There is no milk in the fridge.
Suma : Why ?
Bobby : We shouldn’t trust him.
32
 Rohan : Why ?
Anil : I don’t like the idea.
Bobby : Why ?
Sunil : He is not the right person.
Bobby : Why ?
Maya : They are not coming this way.
Amy : Why ?
Sunil : It isn’t right.
Amy : What ?

D. Match the quesƟon starters with possible endings to form grammaƟcally

correct interrogaƟve sentences. Then write the complete quesƟons in the
space provided below.
1. Do you a. involved in this mischief ?
2. Can you b. finished the task?
3. Could you c. agree with him on everything?
4. Would you d. interested in this project?
5. Did you e. come here often?
6. Does he f. come in here a moment, please?
7. Will you g. contact him yesterday?
8. Have you h. come with me?
9. Are you i. please finish this for me?
10. Were you j. lend me your calculator?

33
 11 Question Tags
We often use question tags to ask for agreement with a statement.
It was organized well, wasn’t it?
The words wasn’t it form a question tag.
If the verb in the statement is any one of the forms of be, do, have, can, must, will or should,
we repeat it in the question tag. A question tag always ends with I, we, you, he, she, it, they or
there. If the statement is affirmative, we use a negative tag, and if the statement is negative,
we use a positive tag.
You have met him before, haven’t you?
He hasn’t had his breakfast, has he?
She said it was selling at half price, didn’t she?
We use a form of do in the simple present tense or simple past tense with other verbs such
as walk, speak and so on.
Usually they come on time, don’t they?
He doesn’t plan well, does he?
He reaches school late, doesn’t he?
You don’t know about the changes, do you?
You slept well at night, didn’t you?

A. Read the statements below and supply the correct quesƟon tags from the
box.
can I? are they? isn’t it? have you? was he?
won’t you? should you? aren’t we? shouldn’t they?
weren’t you? is there? can’t you?

1. There isn’t enough space here,

2. They should consult us first,
3. You shouldn’t be rude to others,
4. You were in St Paul’s School last year,
5. You will be our monitor,
6. You can speak on those topics,
7. They are not difficult topics,
8. You have not thought of it,
9. I can’t take your place,
34
 10. Rahul was not present yesterday,
11. We are going to the match tomorrow,
12. It is great to be here on this day,

B. Supply suitable quesƟon tags to these statements.

1. It is not yet summer,
2. But it is very hot these days,
3. We should drink a lot of water,
4. There isn’t any cold water in the fridge,
5. We can’t drink ice-cold water,
6. You didn’t fill water in those bottles,
7. You think we can survive without water,
8. Let’s go to the canteen,
9. We can have some ice cream,
10. You will get a bad throat,

C. Rashid is not sure of certain points about the Mughal dynasty. He asks his
friend these quesƟons. Supply suitable quesƟon tags to these statements
about the great Mughals.
Babar – Humayun – Akbar – Jahangir – Shahjahan – Aurangzeb
1. You have done a lot of research about the Mughals,
2. You know a lot about those great emperors,
3. You will write an essay about them,
4. There were six great emperors,
5. Babar was the first ruler,
6. Akbar was not Babar’s son,
7. Akbar was Humayun’s son,
8. Jahangir’s original name was Salim,
9. Jahangir was Shahjahan’s father,
10. Shahjahan built many magnificent palaces and mosques,
11. The Taj Mahal was built in memory of Mumtaz Mahal,
12. The queen died in childbirth,
13. We don’t know much about Aurangzeb’s personal life,
14. We can find that out from history books,
15. Let’s visit the Taj Mahal,
35
 12 Short Responses
It is impolite to answer a question with yes or no alone. Therefore it is usual to add a short
answer. We use the verb from the question along with a suitable pronoun.
Anita : Did you go to his house to finish the project?
Mohan : No, I didn’t.
Vijay : Yes, I did.
Anita : Was the project very difficult?
Mohan : Yes, it was.
Vijay : No, it wasn’t.
Anita : Does he help others?
Vijay : Yes, he does.
Mohan : No, he doesn’t.
Anita : Does he have a computer at home?
Vijay : Yes, he has.
Mohan : No, he doesn’t.

A. Complete the dialogue between David, who is a new boy in the class, and
Mohan, Rohit’s friend. Use suitable short answers.
David : Does Rohit live in the same locality as yours?
Mohan : No, . He lives in the colony next to ours.
David : Is his father a doctor?
Mohan : Yes, . He works in St John’s Hospital.
David : Is his mother a housewife?
Mohan : No, . She works in the telecom department.
David : Does he have two younger brothers?
Mohan : No, . He has two elder brothers.
David : Do his brothers study in our school?
Mohan : No. . They are at college.
David : Does he have an elder sister?
Mohan : No, . He has a cousin studying in our school.
David : Does he play games?
Mohan : Yes, . He is the captain of our school basketball team.
36
 David : Does he have many friends?
Mohan : Yes, . Most of his friends are his classmates.
David : Rohit seems to be very popular here.
Mohan : Yes, . He has an amicable nature.
We also make short answers using so with the verbs expect, think, believe, hope, suppose and
be afraid.
Alisha : Do you think this is the way to the Community Hall?
Binu : I think so.
Alisha : Will we reach there in time?
Anita : I believe so.
Alisha : Will they start the function in time?
Mohan : I expect so.
The following negative forms are usual.
Will they leave us in the lurch? – I don’t think so./I don’t expect so.
Is that possible? – I don’t suppose so.
Have we forgotten something? – I hope not.
Have you bought a ticket? – I am afraid not.

B. Complete the dialogue with suitable short responses.

Sanjay : The new chief is a disciplinarian.
Neil : Yes,
Sanjay : Do you think we have to follow all the instructions?
Neil : Yes,
Sanjay : Has he given detailed guidelines?
Neil : Yes,
Sanjay : Will they overlook our claim?
Neil : Oh, no,
Sanjay : Will they inform us?
Neil : Yes,
Sanjay : Will there be enough time?
Neil : Yes,
Sanjay : Is there any bad news?
Neil : Yes,

37
 13 Additions to Remarks
We use so + auxiliary verb + subject to make affirmative additions to affirmative remarks. If
the verb in the original statement is an ordinary verb (walk, enjoy, come, know), or used to,
we use a form of do after so or neither.
He enjoys comedies. So do I.
He reads short stories. So do you.
Nor/Neither + auxiliary verb + subject is used to make negative additions to negative remarks.
Examples: Neither do I, Neither did you.
He doesn’t know the way to the Town Hall. Neither do they.
I didn’t get any information. Neither did he.
If verbs such as be, have, do, can, could, should, will, would or must is used in the original
statement, we use a form of the same verb after so or neither.
So must you, So has my mother, So has Vijay, Neither should you, Nor was my father
The girl didn’t like the picture. Neither did the boy.

A. Study the words in italics in the following conversaƟon.

Anita : Let’s visit the zoo, shall we?
Mohan : I wouldn’t go there.
Vijay : Neither would I.
Mohan : There are many wild animals and I am afraid of them.
Vijay : So am I. Besides, there are too many people in such places. I get scared
when I go to crowded places.
Anita : So is my brother. He is scared of strangers too. He ran out in fear the last
time when we went to some crowded place.
Vijay : So did you when somebody rang the doorbell. Are you scared of deserted
places, Anita?
Anita : I am terrified of lonely places. I am scared of closed spaces as well.
Vijay : So am I. I would never enter a tunnel. It’s so dark inside, isn’t it?
Anita : Neither would I. I have the fear of darkness as well.
Vijay : So have many children.
Mohan : But some people have fear of open spaces.
Vijay : So has my sister. She was screaming the other day.
38
 Anita : So were you, Mohan.
Vijay : But I don’t have that fear.
Anita : Neither do I have it.
Mohan : I don’t like going up tall buildings in a glass lift.
Vijay : Nor do I.
Anita : I can’t stand people playing loud music.
Mohan : Neither can I.
Anita : I was not comfortable during Rohit’s birthday party.
Vijay : Neither was I.
Mohan : But you didn’t tell him.
Vijay : Neither did you.
Anita : I like living in an independent house rather than a noisy apartment.
Vijay : So do I.

B. Complete the short answers with so or neither and the correct verbs.
Binu : Sadik and Sanya live in Park Lane.
Alisha : Rohit and Ritu.
Binu : Ritu does watering of the plants kept in the front lawn.
Alisha : her neighbour. She thinks the rainy season is over.
Binu : the meteorologists.
Alisha : I don’t agree with them.
Binu : I.
Alisha : My brother Anand wouldn’t take an umbrella
to school.
Binu : my brother Bijoy.
y.
Bijoy likes to get wet in the rain.
Alisha : Sanya.
Binu : As a child, Bijoy used to get sick often.
Alisha : Anand.
Binu : Bijoy has a health problem.
Alisha : many people.
Binu : I have informed them about the latest change.
Alisha : I.

39
 Binu : Rohit would be scared if he saw the principal.
Alisha : several of his friends.
Binu : I am scared of the headmistress.
Alisha : he.
Binu : I am not frightened of the class teacher.
Alisha : I.
Binu : I haven’t got any objection to his candidature.
Alisha : they.
Binu : He can’t stand any difference of opinion.
Alisha : his brother.
Binu : I’ll never have that much courage.
Alisha : I.

C. Imagine that your friend is talking to you. Read the statements and write
your addiƟons to these remarks.
Friend : I can read a novel in three days.
You :
Friend : I take one week to do a project.
You :
Friend : I may opt for science.
You :
Friend : I will not waste my time now.
You :
Friend : I wouldn’t think of anyone as perfect.
You :
Friend : I am scared of missing the deadline.
You :
Friend : I must complete the project today.
You :

40
14 Reported Speech
Read the dialogue between a father and a son.
Father : Son, did you get your report card?
Neil : Yes, I’ve got it.
Father : You’ve got it? When? When did you get it?
Neil : Er … er … got it yesterday.
Father : Why didn’t you show it to me?
Neil : I forgot to show it to you.
Father : You forgot? What made you forget it?
Neil : Well, I was going to ... er ... but ... I thought it’d be wiser not to ...
Father : What did you think?
Neil : Nothing.

A. Let’s report the conversaƟon to a common friend. Choose the correct

opƟons and complete the paragraph.
1.a) whether he got his report card b) he had got his report card
2.a) he had got it b) he has got it
3.a) when did he get it b) when he got it
4.a) he got it the day before b) he got it yesterday
5.a) why didn’t he show it to him b) why he didn’t show it to him
6.a) he had forgotten to show it to him b) he forgot to show it to him
7.a) what made him forget it b) what made you forget it
8.a) he was going to, but he thought it’d be wiser not to
b) I was going to, but he thought it’d be wiser not to
9. a) what he thought b) what did he think
10. a) it was nothing b) nothing

Neil’s father asked him (1) . Neil

replied that (2) . His father was
surprised and asked him (3) . He
replied that (4) . His father was
furious and asked him (5) . The
boy replied that (6) . The father
41
 wanted to know (7) . The boy
muttered that (8) . The father asked
him (9) and the son replied that
(10) .

B. Seven children are coming to school aŌer a long summer vacaƟon. Report
what they are saying to their friends.
Vijay : Aren’t you happy to be back at school?
Mohan : I am happy to come back to school.
Arun : I wish I could just go back home and sleep.
Anita : My bag is always heavy. I can’t carry it.
Anila : Don’t worry. I am always there for you.
Rahul : I haven’t done my homework.
Rita : When will school days get over?
Mohan : Please don’t say so. Do you believe it when they say that childhood is the
best time of one’s life?
Vijay asked his friends

Mohan remarked

Arun wished

Anita complained

Anila advised her

Rahul remembered

Rita wondered

Mohan told her

He asked her

42
C. Read the dialogue and complete the paragraph.
Gautam : Karan, My uncle often goes to Anthropology Museum. He says that there
is an exhibition of art and craft there. Shall we go to see it this Saturday?
Karan : Art and craft, did you say? Hey, look, there’s one on fossil fuels.
Sahil : That’s interesting. I’d like to see that Exhibition. Is it at Bio Park?
Karan : Yes, I think it is.
Sahil : How do we organize that visit?
Ganesh : We can request the science teacher to take us. I’m sure she would be
interested too. Let’s try our luck.
Sahil : You’re right.
Gautam told Karan that . His uncle said that
. Gautam asked Karan .
Karan did not seem to be interested in art and craft. Instead he told Gautam that
Sahil said . He
asked Karan said . Sahil
wondered . Ganesh told him . He
was sure . He wanted all of them .
Sahil said .

D. Read the dialogue and complete the paragraph.

Patient : Doctor, I’ve a terrible toothache.
Dentist : Oh, I see. Open your mouth. Let me examine your teeth.
Patient : But will it hurt?
Dentist : I promise it will not, if you cooperate.
Patient : Is this OK?
Dentist : What’s the use of opening your lips?
Patient : You can see the teeth, can’t you?
Dentist : But you’ve kept them clenched. Please open your mouth wide.
Patient : Doctor, please be gentle with my teeth.
The patient complained to the doctor of . The dentist
asked him as the doctor wanted .
The patient . The dentist .
The patient opened his mouth a little and . The
dentist wanted to know . The patient told him that
. The dentist and
. The patient .
43
 15 Preƙxes and Sufƙxes
Prefixes and suffixes are added to word stems that may or may not have an independent
meaning. The word stem relates to a particular area of meaning and the knowledge of
that helps us to guess the meaning of a lot of unfamiliar words. But an additional check is
necessary as certain words derive their meaning from the context.
Consider these sentences:
She bought a priceless gift. The recipient was highly pleased. (invaluable gift)
He bought a worthless gift. The recipient was not pleased. (gift of no value)

PreĮx
A prefix is a verbal element placed at the beginning of a word to qualify meaning, to make
antonyms or to change a word to a different part of speech.
Take the prefix, mis (= wrong)
lay mislay
spell misspell
fortune misfortune
understanding misunderstanding
Consider these pairs of words:
recover = regain possession of recreation = means of entertainment
re-cover = to cover again re-create = to create anew

A. Match the preĮxes in column A with the areas of meaning in column B.

A B
1. anti- a. opposed to
2. trans- b. act on each other
3. pre- c. across, beyond
4. un- d. one, single
5. mal- e. many
6. dis- f. reversal of action
7. inter- g. bad
8. multi- h. not, opposite of
9. mono- i. before
44
Each of these following words begins with a prefix. Guess the meaning by looking at the
prefix and the formation of the word.
interact maltreat anticlimax antibiotic
disability multi-coloured interconnect pre-board
disadvantage multipurpose malfunction predispose

NegaƟve PreĮxes
B. NoƟce the negaƟve preĮx un- in the word unable. Make the following words
negaƟve by adding an appropriate preĮx: in-, un-, ir -, il-, im-.
significant hospitable
mortal logical
necessary responsible
religious sincere
considerate partial
auspicious sophisticated
capable natural
manageable articulate

C. Add preĮxes to the adjecƟves in the given phrases to give each an opposite
meaning. Rewrite the phrases in the space provided. The Įrst one has been
done as an example.
a hygienic hospital an unhygienic hospital
a provoked response an
an expensive proposition an
a realistic dream an
a logical solution an
a perfect combination an
a published novel an
adequate security
a responsible boy an
a popular policy an

Suĸx
The letters added at the end of a word to form another word is called a suffix.

45
 D. Match the suĸxes with their meanings.
1. -ness a. quality
2. -ish b. without
3. -dom c. resembling
4. -ible/-able d. to speak or say
5. -dict e. showing qualities of
6. -less f. suffering or feeling
7. -pathy g. condition or state

E. Add suitable suĸxes to these words to form nouns.

sick king happy bore free good

F. Add suitable suĸxes to these words to form adjecƟves.

hope love law child pity sense blue help

G. Add suitable suĸxes to these words to form verbs.

strength beauty ripe simple sad
identity length certificate

46
16 Synonyms and Antonyms
A synonym is a word or phrase which is similar in meaning to another word or phrase.
close and shut
An antonym is a word which is opposite in meaning to another word or phrase.
strong and weak

Choose the synonyms and antonyms from the given groups of six words each. The
Įrst one has been done as an example.
words synonyms antonyms
1. explanation, confusion, explanation confusion
description, mystification, description mystification
obscuration, exposition exposition obscuration
2. liberty, independence,
submission, restraint,
freedom, servitude
3. prosperity, failure,
adversity, success, welfare,
woe
4. resolute, infirm, cowardly,
steadfast, weak, constant
5. excessive, flagrant,
moderate, outrageous,
justifiable, reasonable
6. illustrious, ignominious,
brilliant, dishonourable,
scandalous, glorious
7. care, overlook, ignore,
heed, neglect, consider
8. disregard, mark, condone,
scrutinize, investigate,
pardon

47
 17 Active Voice and Passive
Voice
Use the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets. An example has been given.

We act with our mind and it has tremendous powers. Thoughts are turned (turn) into
reality by the mind.
Once a shipwrecked sailor (wash) ashore on an uninhabited island. When
he regained consciousness, he (plague) by hunger. He searched for food but
nothing (find) on the shore. Tired, he sat under a tree. The sailor had no
idea that the tree (bless) with special powers. A person resting under the tree
could imagine anything and his imagination (turn) into reality.
How the sailor wished he could have something to eat! Lo and behold! A sumptuous feast
(spread) before him by some unseen hands. The hungry man ate to his heart’s
content and it (finish) in no time. But he (taunt) by thirst. He
thought, ‘If only I had some water to drink!’ A glass of water (keep) for him
by the same powers in a fraction of a second.
Satiated, the sailor slept soundly till midnight. When he woke up, his mind
(trouble) by disturbing thoughts. Perhaps, the tree (haunt), he thought. Sure
enough, ghosts appeared. The frightened man felt that he (torture) by them
Soon he (torment) by the ghosts. By now he (convince)
by the turn of events that he would die and he did.
48
18 Comics
Comics are indeed fun and entertaining. They can make even complex stories easy to understand.
Drawing pictures for comics is serious business, and it needs great artistic skill and an eye for
detail.
Read an excerpt from an interview with a renowned illustrator of French comic books, Francois
Dermaut, to get some fascinating insights into the art of drawing.

Interviewer : Mr Dermaut, how did you get into the

business of drawing pictures for comics?
Dermaut : My father was an amateur painter, who
painted on Sundays, so to speak. I was
born in Roubaix, in the north of France.
Many famous painters would come and
stay with us. As a child I was fascinated
by their paintings. I may add ours is
a family which encouraged creativity.
Interviewer : You are lucky in that way.
Dermaut : Yes, indeed. My parents weren’t the sort to blow their tops if I was caught
drawing on the walls. My father encouraged us to follow our hearts. And
that really helped us to pursue our respective careers.
Interviewer : What was your first break into this field?
Dermaut : I put the story of Oliver Twist in pictures. It was a make-or-break thing for
me. It was the first break and I had to do it well.
Interviewer : Were you satisfied with the work?
Dermaut : Before I started my sketches, I had read the novel. It was an abridged
version. But I’d say you should know the characters in the story you’re going
to portray very well. It is among the foremost stuff, any illustrator has to get
it right.
Interviewer : How is a comic different from a caricature?
Dermaut : Unlike a caricature, a comic character can be used to teach effectively.
Interviewer : What tips would you like to offer budding artists?
Dermaut : You tell a story through the characters. So make sure you have a good story.
Then give your characters well-defined characteristics. Work till you perfect
what you’ve set out to do. It’s easy to do a drawing. Better it in the next box
that you draw.
49
 Interviewer : How do you draw life-like gestures?
Dermaut : Nothing beats observation. So look around yourself. Observe your surroundings
and you might get some great tips for developing a wonderful comic strip
from the stuff right around you.
Interviewer : So, you stress on the power of observation.
Dermaut : Precisely. Next time you are at a coffee shop, observe how people are drinking
their coffee. Gestures reveal feelings. (winks knowingly) An angry man will
roughly put on his glasses and bang his mug down. A peaceful person will
move gently. Watch their expressions and you’ll know how they feel. So
make sure your comic has well-etched expressions especially since you can’t
use too many words.
Interviewer : One last question. What is a good comic?
Dermaut : A good comic is one that is complete in what it has to say.
Interviewer : Thank you very much for sparing us your valuable time.
Dermaut : Thank you. My pleasure, I enjoyed it.

Complete the following on the basis of the informaƟon gathered from the interview.
Name :
Place of birth :
Impressions about the family :
First break :

Caution for beginners :

Four tips for budding artists :

50
19 Conditionals
Read the diary entry by Diana about her sister Alana who is in class XII. Pick out the
conditional sentences.

14 February 2017
Poor Alana! How she struggles to complete her revision! If she had started her
revision much earlier, things would have been different. She really looks haggard
now. It is clear she doesn’t sleep well. Stress is writ large on her face. Is it the fear
of the unknown? She doesn’t know what to do after schooling. Quite a challenge,
I must say. I’m happy I am not in class XII. Up to class X my sister was such a happy-
go-lucky girl. Why did she ever grow up? I can hardly understand her stress. If I had
had some knowledge of her subjects, I could have helped her. I wonder if mom and
dad comprehend her fears fully.
It was her last two years of schooling and everything was planned according to her
schedule, as if I didn’t exist. The never-ending stream of tests and exams kept her
busy and was a challenge even for mom and dad. Now the stress level has reached
a climax. How I wish it’s the end of March! And the end of exams and the stress!

CondiƟonal Clause
A conditional clause is a subordinate clause which refers to a situation which may exist or
whose probable consequences are in consideration.
The third conditional, which is used in the diary entry above, is an unfulfilled
condition; it talks about an imaginary event in the past. It tells us that something did
not happen because a certain condition was not fulfilled.
If she had started her revision much earlier, things would have been different.
51
 If I had had some knowledge of her subjects, I could have helped her.
If she had worked hard, she would have got a better grade.

A. Complete the sentences using the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets.
Use the past perfect tense with would have/could have/might have.
1. If I (see) him in the morning, I (send) the document
with him.
2. If I (try) the landline, I (get) through.
3. If she (have) the mobile in her bag, she (contact) you
earlier.
4. If the chief (tell) him earlier, he still
(make) it.
5. If you (come) to know about it, you (inform) me.
6. I not (feel) so bad, if you (go) there
personally.
7. If I not (be) so mean to him, he (help) me.

B. Comment on each situaƟon using an if-clause and would have/could have/

might have. Choose from the opƟons given in the box and complete the
sentences.
more participants would have attended it.
more schools could have visited it.
she could have read the message on her
mobile phone.
she could have bought a few interesting books.
she wouldn’t have been so embarrassed.
an ugly scene could have been avoided.
things might have worked better with him.
it wouldn’t have been such a mess.
she could have saved the day.
they could have completed it by now.

1. If the Book Fair had been extended by one week,

52
 2. If they had planned the schedule well,

3. If they had started the work early,

4. If they had publicized the event through media,

5. If Maya had visited the Book Fair,

6. If she hadn’t dropped the spectacles,

7. If Manish had controlled his temper,

8. If he hadn’t been so impatient,

9. If she had been informed,

10. If he had told her before,

C. Match the two parts of these wise sayings.

A B
1. If you intend a thing, a. the kite will fly.
2. If everyone gives one thread, b. it will not stay in its hole.
3. If the string is long, c. God will help you.
4. If you run after two hares, d. it will at least leave a mark.
5. If a crab gets fat, e. the poor man will have a shirt.
6. If a ball does not stick to the wall, f. you will catch neither.

53
 D. Complete these condiƟonal sentences using the best opƟons possible.
you will hear them.
there will be a gold mine even in the jungles.
have no fear that the wind will damage the tree.
all the rest will follow.
he will set him to work.
you will cry before night.
he will pay himself.

1. If God is with us,

2. If the roots are deep,

3. If one sheep leaps over the ditch,

4. If you do not pay a servant his wages,

5. If you speak insults,

6. If you sing before breakfast,

7. If the devil finds a man idle,

E. Read these condiƟonal sentences and write their meaning in the same way
as done in the example.
Read the sentence. An elderly person is giving a piece of advice to a youth.
If you had told me the truth in the beginning, you could have saved us a lot of
trouble.
This conditional sentence means: ‘You did not tell me the truth in the beginning,
and you caused us a lot of trouble.’ It is an unfulfilled condition.
1. If you had remained awake all night, you would have felt lethargic in the morning.

54
 2. If your mother had had her way, she would not have sent you to this camp site.

3. If I had met the lady, I could have told her the true story.

4. If you had taken her advice, you would not have got into this mess.

5. If you had told her the real reason, the lady might have relented.

6. If you had had an inflammation down there, the stomach would have been hard
and rigid.

F. Complete these improbable or imaginary condiƟons in a meaningful and

grammaƟcally correct way.
1. If I were the prime minister,
2. If I were a billionaire,
3. If I were the principal of my school,
4. If I were a film star,
5. If you were an architect,
6. If you overcame your fear,
7. If she stopped finding fault with others,
8. If I had a rooftop garden at home,
9. If we flew down to Hawaii islands,
10. If they made a journey to Antarctica,

55
 20 A Film Review
The Princess and the Frog
The Princess and the Frog is an animation film with the voice of Oprah
Winfrey, Anika Noni Rose, Bruce Campos and Terrence Howard, and
directed by Ron Clements.
Tiana is a hardworking black New Orleans girl who is chasing a
dream. She wants to set up a restaurant and works double shifts as a
waitress. But one fine day, she is kissed by a frog and before she can
pucker up in disgust, she is a frog too and her quest to be human again
begins.
Disney’s new animated feature is a delightful revisionist tale. It not only features a black
princess in the traditional fairy tale, it opts for an Indian prince too. The frog prince goes by
the name Naveen and is the typical brown Asian.
Reworking the frog and the princess story completely, the film sees both the hero and
heroine ending up as a bunch of amphibians. They must undertake their metaphorical
journey to be humans once again.
As they tour the charmed forest in their search for the blind sorceress, who would
share her secrets with them, they find two unforgettable friends who accompany them in
their life-altering journey. One is the alligator Louis who wants to be human too in order
to join the boys for some real jazz. The other is Ray, the firefly, who swears eternal love to
Evangelina, the evening star. The evil voodoo villain, Dr Facilier wants Tiana and the prince
to remain frogs forever.
The film portrays a swamp and castle adventure that sets the temperatures rising with
its riot of colours, its songs and dances and its state-of-the-art animation. The film dishes
out arresting and engrossing fare with a fulsome storyline and uncluttered pure animation.
Children will love it.
(Based on a film review by Nikhat Kazmi, The Times of India)

Comprehension
Answer the following.
1. The phrase ‘chasing a dream’ means ...
2. The twist in the animation film is that ...
3. The writer calls the film ‘a delightful revisionist tale’ because ...
4. The frogs hope that the blind sorceress ...
5. The two friends that they meet in the forest are ...
56
21 Future Time Reference
Usually we use will/shall to refer to the future.
I will do the homework first. We will play later.
Simple present tense and present continuous tense forms can also be used to refer to future
events depending on what we may think is likely to happen, what our future plans or
intentions are, whether it is part of a timetable or a universal truth.
Tomorrow is Friday.
Hurry! Line up! The drill is about to start.
The Sports Minister is visiting our school next month. (present continuous tense)
The principal is going out of station next month.
I am attending an Inter-School Meet next Monday.

A. Read the dialogue and Įll in the blanks with the correct tense forms of the
verbs given in brackets.
Shiva : Hello, Sanjay, how (be) you?
Sanjay : Oh, I (be) OK.
Shiva : Well, you (not look) OK to
me! What (be) the matter?
Sanjay : You (know), Shiva, it
(be) that speech that I (go) to
make at the farewell party tomorrow.
I (be) really worried.
Shiva : Oh, no! Don’t worry, Sanjay. Hey, you (be) great.
Sanjay : Thanks, Shiva.
Shiva : By the way, what you (go) to say?
Sanjay : First, I (suppose) I (greet) everybody present and
perhaps, I (say) something introductory.
Shiva : Like what?
Sanjay : I (think) of something. Maybe, something like ‘Graduation
(be) a time to thank those who (help) you to make it
through all those tough years of growing up and schooling. Your parents,
teachers, siblings and mostly friends …’
57
 Shiva : Great, Sanjay, it (be) a great beginning. Well, then, what next?
Sanjay : We (study) in this school for the past 12 years and we
(have) great time together.
Shiva : That (be) wonderful. You may continue in this way. You can do
it, my boy. What (be) your problem, anyway? Yes, you can!
Sanjay : Yes, I can.

B. The senior students of St Paul’s School are planning Teachers’ Day

celebraƟons. Read the dialogue and complete it by using the correct tense
forms of the verbs given in brackets.
Rajesh : Come on, folks, next month (be) September. Come, we
(plan) for Teachers’ Day. Students (make) ‘thank you’ cards
for every teacher, I am told.
Suhail : But 5 September (be) Saturday.
Mira : That doesn’t matter. We (celebrate) it on the 5th itself.
Everything is ready. We (begin) our practice next week.
Diya : We (attend) the Student’s Council meeting tomorrow.
We (discuss) some more points during that
meeting. As far as I know, the programme (start) at 8 a.m.
Class XI (go) to perform a dance drama.
Rajesh : Besides, the managing committee members (visit) the school
on the 5th. They (honour) the teachers during the
programme.
Mira : Really? Our class (enact) a humorous skit.
Suhail : Rajesh, the bell (ring) any time now. Hurry up. Maths class
(be) about to start.

58
22 Dare to Dream
Read an excerpt from the speech given by N.R. Narayana Murthy, the founder
of the software company Infosys, to MBA students of Wharton.
As I look upon your bright and confident faces, my mind goes back to
a sultry, fateful morning in July 1981, to my meeting with the other six
founders of Infosys. The seven of us had forsaken – at least as it then
appeared to our friends and families – safe and promising corporate
careers.
We were huddled together in a small room in Bombay in the
hope of creating a brighter future for ourselves, for the Indian society
and, perhaps, we dreamed, even for the world. Confidence, commitment, passion, hope,
energy, enthusiasm, and the capacity for hard work were available in plenty.
However, money was in short supply. We struggled to put together a princely sum
of US Dollar as our initial seed capital. We were helped in this by our ever-enthusiastic
bankers – our generous wives! Our enthusiasm can be expressed in the words of Eleanor
Roosevelt, who said: The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams.
We knew our dream had to be based on a lofty vision, something larger than ourselves.
Our vision was and is to be a globally respected software corporation providing best-in-
class business solutions employing best-of-breed professionals. I have realized, over the
years, that a powerful vision expressed as a simple sentence, capturing the core of our values
and aspirations, enthuses generation after generation of employees in the company.
The beauty of a simple yet powerful vision is that it is easy to understand, to communicate,
to share and to move towards.
The Economic Times

Choose the correct answer.

1. The way that the speaker talks of the meeting of the seven founders of Infosys in
July 1981 suggests that
a) they had abandoned their respective secure corporate careers.
b) their friends and families did not share their enthusiasm.
c) the hot and humid morning reflected their mood as well.
2. Which of the following statements is based on the evidence found in the speech?
a) The speaker and the six others dared to dream big.
b) They were apprehensive about the future.
c) They knew they were on the threshold of a bright future for themselves.
59
 3. Their initial seed capital came from
a) their ever-enthusiastic bankers.
b) their generous wives.
c) their families.
4. Which of the following best paraphrases the quotation, ‘The future belongs to
those who believe in the beauty of their dreams’?
a) You should dream to make the impossible possible in the future.
b) Faith in oneself is important to secure one’s future.
c) You should believe in the beauty of your dreams and the future is yours.
5. Which of the following is not the vision of the founders of Infosys?
a) to set up a globally respected software corporation
b) to provide the best business solutions
c) to take the services of mediocre professionals
6. Which words of the speaker show that the employees in the company share his
vision?
a) As I look upon your bright and confident faces …
b) I have realized over the years …
c) We knew our dream had to be …
7. As suggested by his language, the speaker’s tone during the speech was
a) enthusiastic.
b) condescending.
c) pedagogic.
8. Which word is closest in meaning to ‘huddled’ as used in the passage?
a) crowded
b) flocked
c) crammed
9. In the sentence below, which one of the italicized words is an adjective?
However, money was in short supply.
a) b) c)
10. Which of the following pairs of words from the text are not of the same
grammatical word class (nouns, adjective, adverbs and so on)?
a) confidence and beauty
b) available and globally
c) forsaken and based
60
23 Relative Clauses
A relative clause is a subordinate clause which specifies or gives information about a person
or thing. We use the relative pronoun which to specify things, ideas or situations whereas
who is used to refer back to persons.
St Mary’s School, which is on the forefront of the green movement, is organizing
this campaign. The religious order that was founded in the 18th century is engaged
in the education of girls. This educational institution, which is located on the Ring
Road, has no other branches in the city. The principal is the same lady who was there
two years back. The ‘Save Water’ campaign, which is supported by a manufacturing
firm, aims at spreading awareness. This movement, about which much is written, is
well received.
We use the relative pronoun that only in defining relative clauses, i.e. clauses that restrict the
antecedent. That is used for persons or things. It is never used with prepositions preceding.
Here comes the person that I warned you about.
All that was written about him had no meaning.
The thing that I detest most is indiscipline.
He is the type of person that you’ll rarely come across.
This is the option that you may think of. This is the book that I was talking of.

A. Natasha, a class VIII student who parƟcipated in the on-the-spot painƟng

compeƟƟon, has wriƩen a report for the school magazine. Fill in the blanks
with suitable words (who/that/which/where).

Art is nothing but self-expression we try to discover ourselves. It seems

that Picasso, is considered the father of modern art, was right when he
made the famous statement, ‘Every child is an artist’.
61
 It was a sunny Sunday, a bright day on about five hundred children
from twenty schools of the city gathered on the lush green lawns of the Galaxy
Planetarium to paint the town ‘green’. The competition was organized by V4 Earth,
a non-governmental organization, works for spreading awareness about
environmental protection. It was an event in children of all ages could give
free rein to their flights of fantasy. The Planetarium was an ideal venue
school children wanted to express their concern about the state of the
environment got an opportunity to do so. The paintings showed their creativity at
its best and the message, came direct from the heart, was loud and clear.
As aptly voiced by the eminent artist, Mr K.N. Singh, was one of the
judges, the paintings, were well appreciated, gave the impression that
those children made them could look at the problem from every possible
angle. It was amazing to see the tremendous talent of these participants,
had to conceive an idea and then execute it in a short span of time.
It was similar to a scene from a recent film in students were
very enthusiastic about painting splashed out their imagination on canvas in bright
and vibrant colours. They were encouraged by their arts teacher, was their
source of inspiration.
Read these humorous defining relative clauses.
A specialist is one who knows everything about something and nothing about anything
else.
A tourist is a fellow who drives thousands of miles so he can be photographed standing in
front of his car.
An expert is one who knows more and more about less and less.
A consultant is a person who borrows the client’s watch and tells him the time.
A philosopher is a man who searches for a black cat in a dark room where there is no cat
at all.
A restrictive clause gives essential information about a noun or noun phrase,
whereas a non-restrictive clause gives extra information. A non-restrictive
clause has commas around it.
The palace which was built in the 18th century was demolished in the
19th century. (restrictive clause; identifies the noun phrase the palace)
The Statue of Liberty, which is a large copper statue of a woman, stands
on Liberty Island in New York Harbour. (non-restrictive clause; gives
extra information about the noun phrase The Statue of Liberty)

62
B. Combine the informaƟon given in the three columns and make sentences
having non-restricƟve clauses. Use who or which. The Įrst one has been
given as an example.
A B C
The Taj Mahal It is one of the wonders of It is located in Agra.
the world.
The Colosseum It was built in 72 ad. It is situated in Rome.
The Eiffel Tower It was designed by Alexander It is an iron-framed tower.
Eiffel.
The Egyptian It existed along the river Nile. It flourished from 3400–30 bc.
civilization
Emperor Asoka He was the greatest among He renounced war.
the Mauryas.
Emperor Akbar He was the greatest of his He built a new capital near
dynasty. Agra.
Marie Curie She was a polish scientist. She discovered radium.
The Taj Mahal, which is one of the wonders of the world, is located in Agra.

C. Add a deĮning relaƟve clause to each of the following sentences. Choose

from the opƟons given below. The Įrst one has been done for you as an
example.

that his wife had painted while on a visit here.

who built the bungalow several decades ago.
which the Chairman sat during the meeting.
that I won’t forget easily.
who migrated to the US last year.
that they bought a couple of years ago.
who was on duty on that day.
where the meeting was held last time.
that were added by the previous owner.
that the lady planted five months ago.

1. This is the building that they bought a couple of years ago.

2. The previous owner was the one

63
 3. Those are the guest rooms

4. This is the portrait of the man

5. This is the room

6. That chair is the one on

7. This picture is the one

8. These are the plants

9. That watchman is the one

10. This is one visit

D. Read the following sentences. IdenƟfy the relaƟve clauses. Circle those that
give essenƟal informaƟon. Underline those that give extra informaƟon.
1. Acacia tree, which grows in warm countries, usually has small yellow or white
flowers.
2. A tall tropical plant which has hard, hollow stems is called bamboo.
3. A daisy is a small wild flower which has a yellow centre and white petals.
4. A flower that has a lot of brightly coloured petals is dahlia.
5. Jasmine is a climbing plant which has small white flowers with a pleasant smell.
6. A climber that has thin, red or purple flowers is bougainvillea.
7. A plant that has pink, white or purple flowers shaped like short, wide cones is
known as petunia.
8. Bamboo, which many people think is a tree, is actually a type of grass.

64
24 Writing a Letter
Read the leƩer wriƩen to a company by an enraged customer complaining about
the poor service their dealer had provided. The lady wants the grievance to be
redressed.
24, D Block
Jupiter Apartments
Foresight Town
Mumbai 400 308

17 October 2017

The Manager (Customer Care)

Alpha Mobile
16, Plaza Tower
Villa Town
Mumbai 400 049
Subject: Defective Mobile Phone

Sir
I would like to bring to your notice a grievance which needs to be redressed as soon as
possible.
I bought a mobile phone Alpha 54 on 13 September 2017. Within a few days it
developed some snag and started freezing frequently. The outgoing calls I make do not get
connected and cut off after a few seconds of blank reception. Moreover, the phone is not
receiving any incoming calls and the caller hears that the phone is switched off. Contrary to
what appears to be a carrier-related issue, the handset shows good network signal. This has
been verified with the carrier company, and my SIM card is working perfectly when tried
in other handsets.
I submitted the defective handset to your authorized dealer Gallery Electronics,
Greenville Town, after they assessed the faults. But I was told that my mobile will cease to
be under the warranty if it is repaired, and the repair would be chargeable. They would not
accept the handset for repair unless I agreed to this condition.
I have not received any update regarding the repair as it was promised within seven days
of the submission. I tried reaching them on call but every time I find myself explaining the
case to a new executive of theirs. It’s been 15 days since I submitted my mobile and a month

65
 since I bought it. Besides all such hassle the inconvenience that I’m facing every day even
after investing in a premium product is bizarre.
I believe it is the responsibility of the authorized dealer to keep their customers informed
about service status. It is not fair on the part of the company to take any undertaking for
forsaking the warranty of the product in lieu of the repairing needed unless it is confirmed
that the handset isn’t originally a faulty one. I would like the company to either replace the
faulty handset or refund the amount without any further delay.
Yours faithfully
Tina Rathore

A. In pairs, answer the following quesƟons.

1. Whose address is written at the top left hand side?
2. To whom has the letter been addressed?
3. What is the subject of the letter?
4. Was the product covered under the warranty?
5. What was the condition for the submission of the handset?
6. What seemed bizarre to the writer of the letter?
7. Mention the following:
a) Three problems faced by the customer.
b) Two points that imply the authorized dealer’s irresponsible handling of the
customer’s grievances.
8. Complete the following:
a) The customer bought the mobile phone on
.
b) The malfunctioning started
.
c) The mobile phone was submitted at
.
d) The mobile phone has been with the authorized dealer for
.
e) Her observation is that .
f ) Her suggestion is that .

B. You live in a colony which is fairly well populated, but it faces frequent power
cuts. Write a leƩer to the Regional Director (OperaƟons), State Electricity
Board, AusƟn Town 567009, complaining about power cuts in your area.
66
 MenƟon that students like you face untold diĸculƟes as power cuts are more
common during the busy examinaƟon Ɵme. Suggest a possible soluƟon to
the problem.

C. A local driving school has started to use your playground to give people
driving lessons. Write a leƩer of complaint to the municipal authority to
stop this misuse of public space.

67
 25 Do, Have, Make, Take, Give
Some verbs such as do, have, make, etc. are frequently used in certain common expressions.
• The verb do is often used when we talk about work or task.
Do your homework. Do well in your class tests.
I did my graduation from St Peter’s College.
• The verb have is used with some nouns to talk about common activities.
Have your dinner.
Have some soft drink.
He is having a chat.
We need to have a holiday.
• The verb make is used with certain nouns referring to plans, travel, conversations,
sounds, food and drinks. It gives the meaning ‘create’.
make a complaint, make a visit, make a sound, make sandwiches, make a call

A. Make phrases by matching words from the Įrst two columns and write them
in the third column. The Įrst Įve have been done as examples.
make plans make plans
do exercise do exercise
have dinner have dinner
take leave take leave
give advice give advice
duties
decisions
shopping
enquiries
trip
a choice
harm
freedom
breakfast
progress
a speech
68
CausaƟve Verbs Have, Get
Have and get may be used with the meaning ‘cause to be done’.
• If you have or get something done, someone does it for you.
She had your rooms cleaned and dusted.
She got the curtains washed.
• If you have or get someone do something, you persuade, cause or order them to
do it.
Our class teacher had had us all working so hard.
The organization is not as reliable as some of them would have us believe.
How did you get her to sign the document?
He should get his eyes examined by an eye specialist.
• If someone/something has something unpleasant, it happens to them.
Their house had its roof blown off in the storm.
They had their money stolen.
• If you have or get something in a particular state, it is in that position or condition.
Grandpa has the speaker on when he listens to his favourite hymns. Grandma
has her eyes closed as she says the prayer. My brother has the music on when
he sits down to do his homework.
Mother had the cupboard open. Father had his old CD player taken out. My
sister had her dress stitched by the tailor.
The firm has several projects still to be completed.
The birthday girl has a few gift boxes yet to be opened.
Molly and Dolly have many friends to be invited.
Tina and Mina have a few lessons to be learnt.
It is best to get things done quickly.
Do you get to see them often?
They get to stay in five-star hotels during their trips abroad.
It is difficult to get things done with these lethargic workers.
It is almost impossible to get these people work with enthusiasm.

B. Mahesh’s father has given some instrucƟons to Mahesh. Use have or get
appropriately to complete them.
1. Please the garden gate painted.
2. those branches of the tree pruned.
69
 3. the walls whitewashed.
4. the broken window panes fixed.
5. the car serviced.

Have may be used in different ways.

Sanjay : They have a good time at their countryside villa.
Sonia : I will not have your untidy look any more.
Sheila : I don’t know why you have a grudge against me.
Sanjay : The newspaper has it that the police questioned the chief yesterday.
Mohan : Rumour has it that Hemant will have his way at any cost.

C. Rewrite the given sentences using the Įrst person pronoun I and the verb
have. The meaning should remain the same in each case. An example has
been given.
a) Rita’s college-going sister stays in a hostel.
Nina’s brother studies in a boarding school.
Rita : I have a college-going sister staying in a hostel.
Nina : I have a brother studying in a boarding school.
b) Rita wants to say that her father owns a textile shop in Central Market. Nina
wants to say that her mother is the owner of a boutique in Grand Mall.
Rita : .
Nina : .
c) Rita’s cousin lives in Agra. Nina’s cousin works in Agra.
Rita : .
Nina : .
d) Mohan wishes to complete his homework by 5 o’clock. Mina wants to finish
hers by 6 o’clock.
Mohan : .
Mina : .
e) Mohan wants to send an urgent message to his uncle. Mina wishes to send a
birthday card to her cousin.
Mohan : .
Mina : .

70
D. Get may be used in diīerent ways. Study the following and write in what
sense get has been used in each sentence. Choose from the clues given. An
example has been given.
prepare contract persuade become
understand obtain reach catch

1. He has got two days’ leave. Receive as one’s lot

2. Sahil is trying to get a job.
3. His sister has got a cold.
4. I don’t get what you mean.
5. I’ll get you something to eat.
6. The police have got the accused at last.
7. I’ll get the chief to attend your cultural programme.
8. Get to the office as soon as possible.
9. By 2 p.m. I get very hungry.

E. Use the correct form of get/have/has got/have got in the following short
passages.
1. Manish, you an urgent message. to the
conference room as soon as possible. Your chief mild fever.
Remember, you a good scolding yesterday for the delay
in sending the message. You toothache, though. Try to
some food from the canteen on the way back, please.
2. He said to me, ‘Come on, a heart. I a lot
of work to do.’ At last he me to agree to the project. He hopes
to a prize for this entry. But he to get to
the city by midweek and them to attend the presentation.
3. His parents a lot of property. His father
a factory in the city. He wants to a good time. But he
two sisters and he wants them to
married. During the wedding they will a lot of expenses.
The boy to keep that in mind.

F. Rewrite these sentences with have/had so that the meaning is the same in
each case. The Įrst two have been done as examples.
1. There was a 14th-century castle built on a hillock.
They had a 14th-century castle built on a hillock.
71
 2. A group of tourists waited for long for a guide who knew Spanish.
A group of tourists had a long wait for a guide who knew Spanish.
3. The imposing fortress impressed the tourists.
The imposing fortress .
4. The visitors looked closely at the portraits displayed in the hall.
The visitors .
5. They sat down on the steps and discussed the typical architecture in a lively
manner.
They sat down .
6. There weren’t any shops selling brochures or leaflets in the vicinity.
They .
7. Luckily their hotel was nearby.
Luckily they .
8. The children came back from the park and changed their clothes.
The children came back .
9. The parents went out and walked around the garden.
The parents .
10. There was a good view of the valley below from the sunset point.
They .
11. There was a change of venue at the last moment.
They .
12. ‘Please come and eat ice cream with us,’ said a tourist.
‘Please come and .
13. ‘There is no alternative but to hail a taxi,’ said another.
‘You .

72