101 Preliminaries

GENERAL PHYSICS PH1110
Nam Le, Dr.

School of Engineering Physics
Hanoi University of Science and Technology
Nam Le, Dr. (HUST) General Physics PH1110 1 / 28

1. MECHANICS
1.1 PRELIMINARIES
1 Books, lectures and grades

2 Scientific method
3 Physical quantities
4 Unit systems
5 Checking equations
6 Conventions for symbols and units
7 Order of magnitude of quantities
8 Significant figures
9 Accuracy and precision
10 Errors and uncertainties
Mechanics B Preliminaries
1. Books, lectures and grades

♣ Books

♣ Books
1 L. D. Binh et. al, (Bai tap) Vat ly dai cuong - tap 1/2.

♣ Books
2 D. C. Giancoli, Physics: principles with applications, 2014.

♣ Books
3 Halliday & Resnick, Fundamentals of physics, 2014.

♣ Books
♣ Lectures and grades

♣ Books

• Turn off cell phone; no chatting or private work in lecture.

♣ Books

• Please take note; never ask me for the lecture-notes.

♣ Books

• Process grade = midterm + presence + homework.

♣ Books

• Process grade = midterm + presence + homework.
• Final grade = 0.3×(process grade) + 0.7×(final exam grade).

1. MECHANICS
1.1 PRELIMINARIES

2 Scientific method
4 Unit systems
2. Scientific method

♣ Process of scientific method

• Physics is an experimental discipline.

• Physics is an experimental discipline. → It is very important

to have accurate measurements in physics.


• Physicists begin by observing, measuring and collecting

data.



data.
• These data are then analyzed to discover whether they fit

into a pattern.



data.
• These data are then analyzed to discover whether they fit

into a pattern.
• If there is a pattern and this pattern can be used to explain

other events, it becomes a theory.

♣ Blocking diagram of scientific method

Observe and measure

Observe and measure
Record
Observe and measure
Record
Develop theory
Observe and measure
Record
Develop theory
Test
Observe and measure
Record
Develop theory
Test
Accept
Observe and measure
Record
Develop theory
Modify
Test
theory
Accept
Observe and measure
Record
Develop theory
Modify
Test Reject
theory
Accept
Observe and measure
Record
Develop theory
Modify
Test Reject
theory
Accept

1. MECHANICS
1.1 PRELIMINARIES

2 Scientific method
4 Unit systems
3. Physical quantities

A physical quantity

A physical quantity is a feature of

something which can be measured.


♣ Examples: length, weight, time of fall,...


♣ Every quantity has a numerical value and a unit.


♣ Large and small quantities are usually expressed in scientific

notation,



notation, a simple number multiplied by a power of ten.



. 0.00000012



. 0.00000012 = 1.2 × 10−7



. 0.00000012 = 1.2 × 10−7 = 0.12 × 10−6



. 0.00000012 = 1.2 × 10−7 = 0.12 × 10−6 = 12 × 10−8 .



. 0.00000012 = 1.2 × 10−7 = 0.12 × 10−6 = 12 × 10−8 .
. 34000000000000000000000000000000000000



. 0.00000012 = 1.2 × 10−7 = 0.12 × 10−6 = 12 × 10−8 .
. 34000000000000000000000000000000000000 = 34 × 1036 .



. 0.00000012 = 1.2 × 10−7 = 0.12 × 10−6 = 12 × 10−8 .
. 34000000000000000000000000000000000000 = 34 × 1036 .
. Advantage


. 0.00000012 = 1.2 × 10−7 = 0.12 × 10−6 = 12 × 10−8 .
. 34000000000000000000000000000000000000 = 34 × 1036 .
. Advantage → diminish the mistake with the number of figures.
1. MECHANICS
1.1 PRELIMINARIES

2 Scientific method
4 Unit systems
4. Unit systems

4. Unit systems
♣ There are many unit systems.

4. Unit systems
♣ There are many unit systems. E.g.:
• The FPS (foot-pound-second) system
• The CGS system
• The SI system, also called the MKS system
• The natural units

4. Unit systems
• The FPS (foot-pound-second) system → used to be the

most common system.
• The CGS system

4. Unit systems

most common system.
• The CGS system → supplanted by the MKS.

4. Unit systems

most common system.
• The SI system, also called the MKS system → we use this!

4. Unit systems

most common system.
• The natural units → high energy and particle physics.

4. Unit systems

most common system.
• The natural units → high energy and particle physics.
♣ Units of measurement can be converted between systems.

4. Unit systems
♣ SI units

4. Unit systems
♣ SI units
This system has seven base quantities and seven base units.

4. Unit systems
♣ SI units
Base quantity Unit name Unit symbol

4. Unit systems
♣ SI units

length
mass
time
electric current
thermodynamic temperature
amount of substance
luminous intensity

4. Unit systems
♣ SI units

length meter
mass kilogram
time second
electric current ampere
thermodynamic temperature kelvin
amount of substance mole
luminous intensity candela

4. Unit systems
♣ SI units

length meter m
mass kilogram kg
time second s
electric current ampere A
thermodynamic temperature kelvin K
amount of substance mole mol
luminous intensity candela cd

4. Unit systems
♣ Multiples and submultiples of SI units

4. Unit systems
. In SI, each quantity has just

one unit.

4. Unit systems
. In SI, each quantity has just

one unit.
. Each unit has multiples and
submultiples to cater for
larger or smaller values.

4. Unit systems
. In SI, each quantity has just Prefix Symbol Factor

one unit. tera T 1012
giga G 109
submultiples to cater for mega M 106
larger or smaller values. kilo k 103
deci d 10−1
centi c 10−2
milli m 10−3
micro µ 10−6
nano n 10−9
pico p 10−12

4. Unit systems

giga G 109
deci d 10−1
. Beware of converting units centi c 10−2
for areas and volumes! milli m 10−3
micro µ 10−6
nano n 10−9
pico p 10−12

4. Unit systems

giga G 109
deci d 10−1
. 1 mm2 = (10−3 m)2 = 10−6 m2 micro µ 10−6
nano n 10−9
pico p 10−12

4. Unit systems

giga G 109
deci d 10−1
. 1 mm2 = (10−3 m)2 = 10−6 m2 micro µ 10−6
nano n 10−9
. 1 mm3 = (10−3 m)3 = 10−9 m3
pico p 10−12

4. Unit systems

giga G 109
deci d 10−1
. 1 mm2 = (10−3 m)2 = 10−6 m2 micro µ 10−6
nano n 10−9
. 1 mm3 = (10−3 m)3 = 10−9 m3
pico p 10−12
. m2 and m3 are not base units.
4. Unit systems
♣ Derived units

4. Unit systems
♣ Derived units
All quantities, apart from the base quantities, can be
expressed in terms of derived units,

4. Unit systems
♣ Derived units
expressed in terms of derived units, which consist of
some combination of the base units.

4. Unit systems
♣ Derived units
The base units may be multiplied together or divided

by one another,

4. Unit systems
♣ Derived units

by one another, but never added or subtracted.

4. Unit systems
♣ Derived units

• Some quantities have a named unit.

4. Unit systems
♣ Derived units

• Some quantities have a named unit. E.g., the unit of force is

newton (N):

4. Unit systems
♣ Derived units


newton (N): N = kg m s−2 .

4. Unit systems
♣ Derived units


• Quantities which don’t have a named unit are expressed in
terms of other units.

4. Unit systems
♣ Derived units


terms of other units. E.g., the unit of specific heat capacity is
J kg−1 K−1 :
4. Unit systems
♣ Derived units


terms of other units. E.g., the unit of specific heat capacity is
J kg−1 K−1 : J kg−1 K−1 = m2 s−2 K−1 .
4. Unit systems
♣ Some more examples

4. Unit systems
Quantity Derived unit Base units

frequency
velocity
acceleration
force newton (N) kg m s−2
energy
power
electric charge
potential difference
electrical resistance
specific heat capacity J kg−1 K−1 m2 s−2 K−1

4. Unit systems

frequency hertz (Hz) s−1
velocity m s−1 m s−1
acceleration m s−2 m s−2
energy
power
electric charge

4. Unit systems

energy joule (J) kg m2 s−2
power
electric charge

4. Unit systems

power watt (W) kg m2 s−3
electric charge

4. Unit systems

electric charge coulomb (C) As

4. Unit systems

potential difference volt (V) kg m2 s−3 A−1

4. Unit systems

potential difference volt (V) kg m2 s−3 A−1
electrical resistance ohm (Ω) kg m2 s−3 A−2

1. MECHANICS
1.1 PRELIMINARIES

2 Scientific method
4 Unit systems
5. Checking equations

In an equation, every term must have the same unit.

In an equation, every term must have the same unit. We

say that the equation must be homogeneous (or balanced).


♣ E.g.
v = u + at


♣ E.g.
v = u + at
All three terms (v, u, and at) have the base units of m s−1 .


♣ E.g.
v = u + at
All three terms (v, u, and at) have the base units of m s−1 . So,
the equation is balanced.

1. MECHANICS
1.1 PRELIMINARIES

2 Scientific method
4 Unit systems
6. Conventions for symbols and units


♣ The symbol for a physical quantity is printed in italic type,
while its unit is in roman (upright) type.


while its unit is in roman (upright) type. E.g. v = 2 m s−1 .


♣ Convention for labelling columns of data and graph axes


. The symbol in italic (or the name) is printed first, separated
by a forward slash from the unit in roman.


. The data is presented in a column, or along an axis, as pure
numbers.

for sure that the hypothesis is correct. To do th
we would
6. Conventions needand
for symbols to units
greatly reduce the percentag
uncertainties.
es♣ Convention for labelling columns of data and graph axes

Worked example
A student
. The data1is presented in aobtains
column, data shown
or along inasTable
an axis, pure A1
numbers.
o x / cm d / cm
ue,
2.0 3.0
.
3.5 5.0
Table A1.4
yourself
object moving with s.h.m. goes through d angular frequency
o complete cycles in 1.0 s. for
6. Conventions Calculate:
symbols and units e displacement at A
he period T f velocity at B
he♣frequency f
The symbol for a physical quantity is printed g velocity at in
C. italic type,
he angular frequency ω.
while its unit is in roman (upright)13type. An atom E.g. = 2m
in avcrystal s−1 . with s.h.m
vibrates
gure 20.18 shows the displacement–time a frequency of 1014 Hz. The amplitude o
aph♣forConvention forUselabelling
an oscillating mass. the graph tocolumns of dataisand
motion graph
2.0 × 10−12
m. axes
termine the following: a Sketch a graph to show how the displa
. The symbol in italic (or the name) is ofprinted
amplitude
first, separated
the atom varies during one cycle.
period by a forward slash from the unit in roman.
b Use your graph to estimate the maxim
requency
. The data is presented in a column, orvelocity alongof anthe atom.
axis, as pure
numbers.
0.20
Displacement / m
0.10
0 C
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
–0.10 Time / s
A
–0.20
B
FigureNam
20.18 A displacement–time
Le, Dr. (HUST) graph. For TestPhysics
General yourself Q 12.
PH1110 12 / 28

numbers.
• You may see a power of 10 between the slash and the unit,
e.g. t/102 s.


numbers.
e.g. t/102 s. This means that the data has been divided by
100 to shorten the writing of data.


numbers.
e.g. t/102 s. This means that the data has been divided by
100 to shorten the writing of data.
◦ If the data is 1, it means t = 100 s, and so on.

1. MECHANICS
1.1 PRELIMINARIES

2 Scientific method
4 Unit systems
7. Order of magnitude of quantities

♣ If you got the acceleration of free fall g = 9600 m s−2 , you are
obviously wrong,

obviously wrong, because the order of g is 10 m s−2 .

♣ If you got the diameter of a nucleus of 3 Å, you are obviously

wrong,


wrong, because its order is 10−15 m.


♣ However, if you got 3 Å for the diameter of an atom, you are

probably right.


♣ However, if you got 3 Å for the diameter of an atom, you are

probably right.
Always be aware of the order of magnitude of the

quantities that you are measuring and calculating
in order to avoid such obviously wrong results.

1. MECHANICS
1.1 PRELIMINARIES

2 Scientific method
4 Unit systems
8. Significant figures

Significant figures of a number are

Significant figures of a number are digits that carry

meaning contributing to its measurement resolution.


♣ Examples
. 0012304.005


♣ Examples
. 0012304.005
. 12.300


♣ Examples
. 0012304.005
. 12.300
. 120300

♣ The five rules

♣ The five rules
• All non-zero digits are significant

♣ The five rules
• All non-zero digits are significant (0012304.005; 12.300).

♣ The five rules

• Zeros appearing anywhere between two non-zero digits are
significant.

♣ The five rules

significant.
• Leading zeros are not significant.

♣ The five rules

significant.
• Trailing zeros in a number containing a decimal point are
significant.

♣ The five rules

significant.
significant.
• The significance of trailing zeros in a number not containing
a decimal point can be ambiguous

♣ The five rules

significant.
significant.
a decimal point can be ambiguous (120300).

♣ The five rules

significant.
significant.
Indication:

♣ The five rules

significant.
significant.
Indication: 1230̄000;

♣ The five rules

significant.
significant.
Indication: 1230̄000; 120000;

♣ The five rules

significant.
significant.
Indication: 1230̄000; 120000; 1230000 (3sf).

1. MECHANICS
1.1 PRELIMINARIES

2 Scientific method
4 Unit systems
9. Accuracy and precision

A reading may be very precise but it need not be accurate.

. E.g. a micrometer screw gauge is precise to 0.01 mm,

. E.g. a micrometer screw gauge is precise to 0.01 mm, but is

not accurate if there is a large zero error.


Accuracy
Precision


Accuracy refers to the closeness of the

measured value to the ”true value”.
Precision



Precision refers to the closeness of

different measurements to each other.



Precision refers to the closeness of

different measurements to each other.
. Precision is part of accuracy.


♣ Illustrations for accuracy and precision.

KÍ
♣ Number $E5|rE]E` E9N`QkE}
of readings vs. reading graph:
(a) precise and accurate, Đ໠ ؇q୫໠
(b) imprecise but accurate. /%0N୓໠ܷܸ‫ࣤڿ‬N਒ń໠

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9. Accuracy and
ƪ໠ precision
!#
♣ Number
?đĒAũĳƷ
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of readings
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0 reading graph:
(a) precise but not accurate,

(b) imprecise and not accurate.
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1. MECHANICS
1.1 PRELIMINARIES

2 Scientific method
4 Unit systems
10. Errors and uncertainties

♣ The terms uncertainty and error

♣ The terms uncertainty and error are not quite the same thing.

An error is just a problem which causes the

reading to be different from the true value.


The uncertainty is a range of values around a measurement,

within which you expect the true value to lie.



♣ E. g.: the width of a table = 95.50 ± 0.05 cm.




. It is believed to be closest to 95.50 cm.




. It is believed to be closest to 95.50 cm.
. But it could be any value between 95.45 cm and 95.55 cm.

♣ The ruler

♣ The ruler
• In working with the ruler, we need to deal with alignment
and estimation.

♣ The ruler
and estimation.
. Coarse scale → raw estimation

♣ The ruler
and estimation.
. Coarse scale → raw estimation (4.3 cm).

♣ The ruler
and estimation.
. Finer scale

♣ The ruler
and estimation.
. Finer scale

♣ The ruler
and estimation.
. Finer scale → more precise estimation

♣ The ruler
and estimation.
. Finer scale → more precise estimation (4.26 cm).

♣ The ruler
and estimation.
. Finer scale → more precise estimation (4.26 cm).
For very fine scale, read to smallest division only.

♣ The ruler
• There are three possible sources of error.

♣ The ruler
. Incorrect alignment

♣ The ruler
. Incorrect alignment

♣ The ruler
. Incorrect alignment ⇒ zero error.

♣ The ruler
. Incorrect alignment ⇒ zero error. An error which is
involved in every reading is called a systematic error.

♣ The ruler
. Incorrect calibration

♣ The ruler
. Incorrect calibration

♣ The ruler
. Incorrect calibration ⇒ another systematic error.

♣ The ruler
. Incorrect viewing angle

♣ The ruler

♣ The ruler

♣ The ruler

♣ The ruler
. Incorrect viewing angle ⇒ parallax error.

♣ The ruler
. Incorrect viewing angle ⇒ parallax error. An error which
is different for different readings is called a random error.

An error which is
An error which
is different for different readings is called a random error.

♣ Actual and percentage uncertainties


• Suppose that the true value of a quantity is A.


. Measure the quantity for n times


. Measure the quantity for n times → A1 , A2 , . . . An .


. The average value:


n
1X
. The average value: A = Ai .
n
i=1


n
1X
n
i=1
If all systematic errors are removed,


n
1X
n
i=1
If all systematic errors are removed, the true value is equal

to the average value when the number of measurements is
infinitely large:


n
1X
n
i=1

infinitely large: A=A when n = ∞ .


n
1X
n
i=1

. In reality, when n is large enough:


n
1X
n
i=1

. In reality, when n is large enough: A ≈ A.

• Absolute uncertainties:

• Absolute uncertainties: ∆Ai = |A − Ai |,


n
1X
• Absolute uncertainties: ∆Ai = |A − Ai |, ∆A = ∆Ai .
n
i=1


n
1X
n
i=1
• Uncertainty associated with the equipment:


n
1X
n
i=1
• Uncertainty associated with the equipment: ∆Aeq .


n
1X
n
i=1
• Actual uncertainty:


n
1X
n
i=1
• Actual uncertainty: ∆A = ∆A + ∆Aeq .


n
1X
n
i=1
• Percentage uncertainty:


n
1X
n
i=1
∆A
• Percentage uncertainty: δA = × 100% .
A


n
1X
n
i=1
∆A
A
• Final result:


n
1X
n
i=1
∆A
A
• Final result: A = A ± ∆A .

♣ Uncertainties in indirect measurements

• A = B + 2C − 3D

• A = B + 2C − 3D dA = dB + 2dC − 3dD

• A = B + 2C − 3D dA = dB + 2dC − 3dD
∆A = ∆B + 2∆C + 3∆D

• A = B + 2C − 3D dA = dB + 2dC − 3dD
∆A = ∆B + 2∆C + 3∆D
BC 2
• A=
D3

• A = B + 2C − 3D dA = dB + 2dC − 3dD
∆A = ∆B + 2∆C + 3∆D
BC 2
• A= ln A = ln B + ln 2C − ln 3D
D3

• A = B + 2C − 3D dA = dB + 2dC − 3dD
∆A = ∆B + 2∆C + 3∆D
BC 2
D3
dA dB dC dD
= +2 −3
A B C D

• A = B + 2C − 3D dA = dB + 2dC − 3dD
∆A = ∆B + 2∆C + 3∆D
BC 2
D3
dA dB dC dD
= +2 −3
A B C D
∆A ∆B ∆C ∆D
= +2 +3
A B C D
For quantities which are added or subtracted,

add the actual uncertainties.


For quantities which are multiplied together or divided

by one another, add the fractional uncertainties.



BC 2
• A=
D3



2
BC 2 B C
• A= δA = δB + 2δC + 3δD and A = 3
D3 D



2
BC 2 B C
• A= δA = δB + 2δC + 3δD and A = 3
D3 D
∆A = δA A


2
BC 2 B C
• A= δA = δB + 2δC + 3δD and A = 3
D3 D
∆A = δA A → A = A ± ∆A
• More example:


m 4m
• More example: ρ= =
V π(D − d 2 )h
2


m 4m
V π(D − d 2 )h
2
. ln ρ = ln 4 + ln m − ln π − ln(D 2 − d 2 ) − ln h


m 4m
V π(D − d 2 )h
2
dρ
. =
ρ


m 4m
V π(D − d 2 )h
2
dρ dm dπ d(D 2 − d 2 ) dh
. = − − −
ρ m π (D 2 − d 2 ) h


m 4m
V π(D − d 2 )h
2
. = − − −
ρ m π (D 2 − d 2 ) h
∆ρ
. δρ ≡ =
ρ


m 4m
V π(D − d 2 )h
2
. = − − −
ρ m π (D 2 − d 2 ) h
∆ρ ∆m ∆π ∆(D 2 − d 2 ) ∆h
. δρ ≡ = + + +
ρ m π (D 2 − d 2 ) h


m 4m
V π(D − d 2 )h
2
. = − − −
ρ m π (D 2 − d 2 ) h
∆ρ ∆m ∆π ∆(D 2 − d 2 ) ∆h
. δρ ≡ = + + +
ρ m π (D 2 − d 2 ) h
◦ ∆(D 2 − d 2 ) =


m 4m
V π(D − d 2 )h
2
. = − − −
ρ m π (D 2 − d 2 ) h
∆ρ ∆m ∆π ∆(D 2 − d 2 ) ∆h
. δρ ≡ = + + +
ρ m π (D 2 − d 2 ) h
◦ ∆(D 2 − d 2 ) = ∆(D 2 ) + ∆(d 2 ) =


m 4m
V π(D − d 2 )h
2
. = − − −
ρ m π (D 2 − d 2 ) h
∆ρ ∆m ∆π ∆(D 2 − d 2 ) ∆h
. δρ ≡ = + + +
ρ m π (D 2 − d 2 ) h
◦ ∆(D 2 − d 2 ) = ∆(D 2 ) + ∆(d 2 ) = 2D∆D + 2d∆d


m 4m
V π(D − d 2 )h
2
. = − − −
ρ m π (D 2 − d 2 ) h
∆ρ ∆m ∆π ∆(D 2 − d 2 ) ∆h
. δρ ≡ = + + +
ρ m π (D 2 − d 2 ) h
◦ ∆(D 2 − d 2 ) = ∆(D 2 ) + ∆(d 2 ) = 2D∆D + 2d∆d
∆m ∆π 2(D∆D + d∆d) ∆h
. δρ = + + +
m π (D 2 − d 2 ) h


♣ Round up the results


• Example: L = (98.7654321 ± 0.123456789) cm


• Example: L = (98.7654321 ± 0.123456789) cm
Rule 1:


• Example: L = (98.7654321 ± 0.123456789) cm
Rule 1: Take no more than two significant figures

for the actual and percentage uncertainties.


• Example: L = (98.7654321 ± 0.123456789) cm

Rule 2:


• Example: L = (98.7654321 ± 0.123456789) cm

Rule 2: The average value and the uncertainty must

have the same position of the least significant figure.


• Example: L = (98.7654321 ± 0.123456789) cm


. L = (98.765 ± 0.123) cm


• Example: L = (98.7654321 ± 0.123456789) cm


. L = (98.765 ± 0.123) cm 7


• Example: L = (98.7654321 ± 0.123456789) cm


. L = (98.765 ± 0.123) cm 7
. L = (98.765 ± 0.12) cm


• Example: L = (98.7654321 ± 0.123456789) cm


. L = (98.765 ± 0.123) cm 7
. L = (98.765 ± 0.12) cm 7


• Example: L = (98.7654321 ± 0.123456789) cm


. L = (98.765 ± 0.123) cm 7 . L = (98.77 ± 0.12) cm

. L = (98.765 ± 0.12) cm 7


• Example: L = (98.7654321 ± 0.123456789) cm


. L = (98.765 ± 0.123) cm 7 . L = (98.77 ± 0.12) cm 3

. L = (98.765 ± 0.12) cm 7


• Example: L = (98.7654321 ± 0.123456789) cm


. L = (98.765 ± 0.123) cm 7 . L = (98.77 ± 0.12) cm 3

. L = (98.765 ± 0.12) cm 7 . L = (98.8 ± 0.1) cm


• Example: L = (98.7654321 ± 0.123456789) cm


. L = (98.765 ± 0.123) cm 7 . L = (98.77 ± 0.12) cm 3

. L = (98.765 ± 0.12) cm 7 . L = (98.8 ± 0.1) cm 3


• Example: L = (98.7654321 ± 0.123456789) cm


. L = (98.765 ± 0.123) cm 7 . L = (98.77 ± 0.12) cm 3

. L = (98.765 ± 0.12) cm 7 . L = (98.8 ± 0.1) cm 3
• Another example: ρ = (8876.15 ± 119.23) kg m−3 .


• Example: L = (98.7654321 ± 0.123456789) cm


. L = (98.765 ± 0.123) cm 7 . L = (98.77 ± 0.12) cm 3

. L = (98.765 ± 0.12) cm 7 . L = (98.8 ± 0.1) cm 3

ρ = (8880 ± 120) kg m−3

• Example: L = (98.7654321 ± 0.123456789) cm


. L = (98.765 ± 0.123) cm 7 . L = (98.77 ± 0.12) cm 3

. L = (98.765 ± 0.12) cm 7 . L = (98.8 ± 0.1) cm 3

ρ = (8880 ± 120) kg m−3 or ρ = (8900 ± 100) kg m−3

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GENERAL PHYSICS PH1110

Nam Le, Dr.

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1 Books, lectures and grades

1. Books, lectures and grades

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1. Books, lectures and grades

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1. Books, lectures and grades

Nam Le, Dr. (HUST) General Physics PH1110 2 / 28

1. Books, lectures and grades

Nam Le, Dr. (HUST) General Physics PH1110 2 / 28

1. Books, lectures and grades

Nam Le, Dr. (HUST) General Physics PH1110 2 / 28

1. Books, lectures and grades

♣ Lectures and grades

Nam Le, Dr. (HUST) General Physics PH1110 2 / 28

1. Books, lectures and grades

♣ Lectures and grades

Nam Le, Dr. (HUST) General Physics PH1110 2 / 28

1. Books, lectures and grades

♣ Lectures and grades

Nam Le, Dr. (HUST) General Physics PH1110 2 / 28

1. Books, lectures and grades

♣ Lectures and grades

Nam Le, Dr. (HUST) General Physics PH1110 2 / 28

1. Books, lectures and grades

♣ Lectures and grades

Nam Le, Dr. (HUST) General Physics PH1110 2 / 28

1 Books, lectures and grades

Nam Le, Dr. (HUST) General Physics PH1110 3 / 28

♣ Process of scientific method

Nam Le, Dr. (HUST) General Physics PH1110 3 / 28

♣ Process of scientific method

• Physics is an experimental discipline.

Nam Le, Dr. (HUST) General Physics PH1110 3 / 28

♣ Process of scientific method

• Physics is an experimental discipline. → It is very important

Nam Le, Dr. (HUST) General Physics PH1110 3 / 28

♣ Process of scientific method

• Physics is an experimental discipline. → It is very important

• Physicists begin by observing, measuring and collecting

Nam Le, Dr. (HUST) General Physics PH1110 3 / 28

♣ Process of scientific method

• Physics is an experimental discipline. → It is very important

• Physicists begin by observing, measuring and collecting

• These data are then analyzed to discover whether they fit

Nam Le, Dr. (HUST) General Physics PH1110 3 / 28

♣ Process of scientific method

• Physics is an experimental discipline. → It is very important

• Physicists begin by observing, measuring and collecting

• These data are then analyzed to discover whether they fit

• If there is a pattern and this pattern can be used to explain

Nam Le, Dr. (HUST) General Physics PH1110 3 / 28

♣ Blocking diagram of scientific method

Nam Le, Dr. (HUST) General Physics PH1110 4 / 28

♣ Blocking diagram of scientific method

Observe and measure

♣ Blocking diagram of scientific method

Observe and measure

♣ Blocking diagram of scientific method

Observe and measure

♣ Blocking diagram of scientific method

Observe and measure