Sut dum It is a question that motivates a person to search A v7) th fora solution. by, ar © 6 1. It implies that one wants or needs to solve . the problem. 2. One has to search for a way to find a solution. @ av G win ‘ =< I @ G tay win Problem Solving What is a problem? It Is finding solutions and not just answers to problems. SOLUTION = METHOD + ANSWER = —_ Inductive and Deductive Reasoning Inductive Reasoning - is the process of reaching a general conclusion by examining specific examples. A conclusion based on inductive reasoning is called a conjecture. A conjecture may or may not be correct. _ Inductive Reasoning EXAMPLE 1: Use inductive reasoning to predict the next number in each of the following lists. pio au 0407 TF, F 1.2,5,10,17,26,? Mui = 74 246-6, 51-19 On, = U 2.5, 10, 15,20, 25,2 9S 45° 4 2 cA el sels 3.1,8, 27, 64, 125,? 47 2b | 7 a OE =" OO Inductive Reasoning EXAMPLE 2: Consider the following procedure: Pick a number. Multiply the number by 9, add 15 to the product, divide the sum by 3, and subtract 5. Complete the above procedure for several different numbers. Use inductive reasoning to make a conjecture about the relationship between the size of the resulting number and the size of the original number. BO): Ler EXAMPLE 8: [inahipnaion [radeon Uso the dota in ho tabo and inductive reasoning to anwar each ofthe follouing questions 8) We pendulum nas a length of 40 nt, what ss 1) the length of @ pondulim Is quadrupled, what ‘ = _ “emet | wagee | EXAMPLE 4: reoeet_| ‘eon ‘A tsunami is @ sea wave produced by an Underwater earthquake, The height of a tsunami as it 2 c approaches land depends on the velocity of the s = tsunami. Use the table at the left and inductive 2 2 reasoning to answer each of the folowing questions. 7 7 2. What happens to the height ofa tsunami when its velocity is doubled? What should be the height of a tsunami fits velocity is 30 feet per second? cE E——— ‘ SI OO —EEEEEEEE Conjecture Consider a circle. For each cre, drew all possible tine segments to connect each dot on the circle wit al the ther dots onthe circle For each circle, count the numberof regions formed bythe line segments that connect the dots onthe cic. Your results should agree withthe results inthe following table. vowel 2 3 4 5 6 Maran | z a @ 16 > oe - |)” ii Counterexamples statement is a true statement provided that it is true in all cases. If you can find one case for which a statement is not true, called a counterexample, then the statement is a false statement= el Countevexamples EXAMPLE 5: Verify that each of the following statements is a false statement by finding a counterexample. For all numbers x: a. |x] >0 bxt>x c. x Question: How many counterexamples are needed to prove that 3 statement is false? eT 6 —EEEEEE Deductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning - is the process of reaching a conclusion by applying general assumptions, procedures, or principles. Deductive Reasoning EXAMPLE 6: Use deductive reasoning to show that the following. procedure produces @ number that i four times the orginal number. Procedure: Pick a number. Multiply the number by 8, add 6 to the product, dlvide the sum by 2, and subtract 3 Inductive Reasoning vs. Deductive Reasoning EXAMPLE 7: Determine whether each of the following arguments is an example of inductive reasoning or deductive reasoning. ‘a. During the past 10 years, a tree has produced apples every other year Last ‘year the tree did not produce apples, so this year the tree will produce apples. b. All home improvements cost more than the estimate, The contractor ‘estimated that_my home improvement will cost $35,000, Thus my home Improvement will cost more than $35,000.<= — — Logie Puzzles EXAMPLE 8: Solve a Logic Puzzle Each of four neighbors, Sean, Maria, Sarah, and Brian, has a different ‘occupation (editor, banker, chef, or dentist). From the following clues, determine the occupation of each neighbor. 1L Maria gets home from work after the banker but before the dentist. 2. Sarah, who is the last to get home from work, is not the editor. 3. The dentist and Sarah leave for work at the same time, 4, The banker lives next door to Brian. OO Logic Puzzles KenKen Puzzles mathematics teacher Tetsuya Miyamoto in 2004. > an arithmetic-based logic puzzle that was invented by the Japanese > The noun “ken” has “knowledge” and “awareness” as synonyms. Hence, Kenken translates as knowledge squared, or awareness squared. > Kenken puzzles are similar to Sudoku puzzles, but they also require you to perform arithmetic to solve the puzzle Ds Kenken Puzzles Ales or Sing enken Pie fora by3 pas, iin exh box are) fhe gi with one ofthe numbers 2,0°3 fora bya prelim een ore ofthe gr wihone ofthe numbers. 2,3, 0°4 feranbye pail Rlivech aecrvel the gil when ol the munber 1 2.3, Grasrage mst oma oyS uo to29 8. * not vee umes nan oo en * thenumber ineachheeyoutined ef qr alle cages, rst combine som arden to prot he ret nambein he tp corer ofthe cg sin the mathematical operation te. 1 cope joe sue sel efile nw ee trge umber { Anumbercanbe een win age along a is ntin the sae ow cen Puzzles column cote? clue 3 come fete et rows ix 7oe * Problem Solving with Patterns ‘Sequences ‘A sequence is an ordered list of numbers. Each number in a ‘sequence is called a term of the sequence. The a, is used to designate the n‘ term of a sequence. ‘A formula that can be used to generate all the terms of a sequence is called ann‘ — term formula. = = = Problem Solving with Patterns EXAMPLE 4: Predictthe Next Term Use a difference table to predict the next term in the sequence a. 2, 7, 24, 69, 118, 207, ... b.1, 14, 51, 124, 245, 426, .. Problem Solving with Patterns EXAMPLE 2: Find an nth-Term Formula Assume the pattern shown by the square tiles in the following figures continues. a. What is the nth-term formula for the number of tiles in the nth figure of the sequence? b. How many tiles are in the eighth of the sequence? c. Which figure will consist of exactly 320 tiles? orl STas = Problem Solving with Patterns EXAMPLE 3: _ Find a Fibonacci Number — ‘ibonacci Numbers 1,F, Use the definition of Fibonacci numbers to find the seventh and eighth Fibonacci numbers. ow Problem Solving with Patterns EXAMPLE 4: Find a Fibonacci Number Determine whether each of the following ‘statements about Fibonacci numbers is true or false. Note: the first 10 terms of the Fibonacci sequence are 1, 1,2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, and 55. a. If nis even, then F, is an odd number. Db. 2Fy — Faz = yyy forn 23 Fata